Shiga toxins and stx phages: Highly diverse entities

Microbiology (United Kingdom)

Volumn 161, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 1-12

  Krüger, Alejandra ^a   Lucchesi, Paula M A ^a  

^a CONICET ^*  (Argentina)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SHIGA TOXIN;

BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIOPHAGE; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION; GENE INSERTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHIGA TOXIN PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI; ANIMAL; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; VIROLOGY; VIRULENCE;

ESCHERICHIA COLI;

ANIMALS; BACTERIOPHAGES; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS; HUMANS; SHIGA TOXINS; SHIGA-TOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; VIRULENCE;

EID: 85051605054     PISSN: 13500872     EISSN: 14652080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000003     Document Type: Review

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72. Garg, A. X., Suri, R. S., Barrowman, N., Rehman, F., Matsell, D., Rosas-Arellano, M. P., Salvadori, M., Haynes, R. B. & Clark, W. F. (2003). Long-term renal prognosis of diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression. JAMA 290, 1360–1370.
73. Gianantonio, C., Vitacco, M., Mendilaharzu, F., Rutty, A. & Mendilaharzu, J. (1964). The hemolytic–uremic syndrome. J Pediatr 64, 478–491.
74. Girardeau, J. P., Dalmasso, A., Bertin, Y., Ducrot, C., Bord, S., Livrelli, V., Vernozy-Rozand, C. & Martin, C. (2005). Association of virulence genotype with phylogenetic background in comparison to different seropathotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates. J Clin Microbiol 43, 6098–6107.
75. Gobius, K. S., Higgs, G. M. & Desmarchelier, P. M. (2003). Presence of activatable Shiga toxin genotype (stx2d) in Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli from livestock sources. J Clin Microbiol 41, 3777–3783.
76. Guh, A., Phan, Q., Nelson, R., Purviance, K., Milardo, E., Kinney, S., Mshar, P., Kasacek, W. & Cartter, M. (2010). Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 associated with raw milk, Connecticut, 2008. Clin Infect Dis 51, 1411–1417.
77. Harris, S. M., Yue, W.-F., Olsen, S. A., Hu, J., Means, W. J., McCormick, R. J., Du, M. & Zhu, M.-J. (2012). Salt at concentrations relevant to meat processing enhances Shiga toxin 2 production in Escherichia coli O157: H7. Int J Food Microbiol 159, 186–192.
78. Herold, S., Siebert, J., Huber, A. & Schmidt, H. (2005). Global expression of prophage genes in Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain EDL933 in response to norfloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, 931–944.
79. Huang, A., Friesen, J. & Brunton, J. L. (1987). Characterization of a bacteriophage that carries the genes for production of Shiga-like toxin 1 in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 169, 4308–4312.
80. Imamovic, L. & Muniesa, M. (2012). Characterizing RecA-independent induction of Shiga toxin2-encoding phages by EDTA treatment. PLoS One 7, e32393.
81. Imamovic, L., Jofre, J., Schmidt, H., Serra-Moreno, R. & Muniesa, M. (2009). Phage-mediated Shiga toxin 2 gene transfer in food and water. Appl Environ Microbiol 75, 1764–1768.
82. Jenkins, C., Willshaw, G. A., Evans, J., Cheasty, T., Chart, H., Shaw, D. J., Dougan, G., Frankel, G. & Smith, H. R. (2003). Subtyping of virulence genes in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) other than serogroup O157 associated with disease in the United Kingdom. J Med Microbiol 52, 941–947.
83. Kajiura, T., Tanaka, M., Wada, H., Ito, K., Koyama, H. & Kato, F. (2001). Effects of disinfectants on Shiga-like toxin converting phage from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7. J Health Sci 47, 203–207.
84. Karama, M. & Gyles, C. L. (2008). Characterization of verotoxinencoding phages from Escherichia coli O103:H2 strains of bovine and human origins. Appl Environ Microbiol 74, 5153–5158.
85. Karch, H., Schmidt, H., Janetzki-Mittmann, C., Scheef, J. & Krö ger, M. (1999). Shiga toxins even when different are encoded at identical positions in the genomes of related temperate bacteriophages. Mol Gen Genet 262, 600–607.
86. Karmali, M. A., Petric, M., Lim, C., Fleming, P. C., Arbus, G. S. & Lior, H. (1985). The association between idiopathic hemolytic uremic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 151, 775–782.
87. Keen, E. C. (2012). Paradigms of pathogenesis: targeting the mobile genetic elements of disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2, 161.
88. Kimmitt, P. T., Harwood, C. R. & Barer, M. R. (1999). Induction of type 2 Shiga toxin synthesis in Escherichia coli O157 by 4-quinolones. Lancet 353, 1588–1589
89. Kimmitt, P. T., Harwood, C. R. & Barer, M. R. (2000). Toxin gene expression by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: the role of antibiotics and the bacterial SOS response. Emerg Infect Dis 6, 458–465.
90. Koch, C., Hertwig, S., Lurz, R., Appel, B. & Beutin, L. (2001). Isolation of a lysogenic bacteriophage carrying the stx1OX3 gene, which is closely associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from sheep and humans. J Clin Microbiol 39, 3992–3998.
91. Koch, C., Hertwig, S. & Appel, B. (2003). Nucleotide sequence of the integration site of the temperate bacteriophage 6220, which carries the Shiga toxin gene stx1ox3. J Bacteriol 185, 6463–6466.
92. Kö hler, B., Karch, H. & Schmidt, H. (2000). Antibacterials that are used as growth promoters in animal husbandry can affect the release of Shiga-toxin-2-converting bacteriophages and Shiga toxin 2 from Escherichia coli strains. Microbiology 146, 1085–1090.
93. Konowalchuk, J., Speirs, J. I. & Stavric, S. (1977). Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 18, 775–779.
94. Krü ger, A., Lucchesi, P. M. A. & Parma, A. E. (2011). Verotoxins in bovine and meat verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates: type, number of variants, and relationship to cytotoxicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 77, 73–79.
95. Launders, N., Byrne, L., Adams, N., Glen, K., Jenkins, C., Tubin-Delic, D., Locking, M., Williams, C., Morgan, D. & Outbreak Control Team (2013). Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157 associated with consumption of watercress, United Kingdom, August to September 2013. Euro Surveill 18, 20624.
96. LeJeune, J. T., Abedon, S. T., Takemura, K., Christie, N. P. & Sreevatsan, S. (2004). Human Escherichia coli O157:H7 genetic marker in isolates of bovine origin. Emerg Infect Dis 10, 1482–1485.
97. Leung, P. H. M., Peiris, J. S. M., Ng, W. W. S., Robins-Browne, R. M., Bettelheim, K. A. & Yam, W. C. (2003). A newly discovered verotoxin variant, VT2g, produced by bovine verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli.Appl Environ Microbiol 69, 7549–7553.
98. Linggood, M. A. & Thompson, J. M. (1987). Verotoxin productionamong porcine strains of Escherichia coli and its association with oedema disease. J Med Microbiol 24, 359–362.
99. Livny, J. & Friedman, D. I. (2004). Characterizing spontaneous induction of Stx encoding phages using a selectable reporter system. Mol Microbiol 51, 1691–1704.
100. Loirat, C. (2013). [Hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli]. Rev Prat 63, 11–16 (in French)
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