Cellulose and cellulose derivatives

Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 147-179

  Coffey, Donald G ^a   Bell, David A ^a   Henderson, Alan ^a  

^a DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELLULOSE;

EID: 85051448144     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (155)

1. F.A. Bovey and E.H. Winslow, Macromolecules, An Introduction to Polymer Science, Academic Press, New York, 1981, p. 518.
2. H. Krassig, R.G. Steadman, K. Schliefer, and W. Albrecht, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Organic Compounds, 5th ed., A5, VCH Publishers, New York, 1986, p. 325.
3. D. Klemm, B. Heublein, H.-P. Fink, and A. Bohn, Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustain able raw material, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44:3358 (2005).
4. M. Tenkanen, M.-L. Niku-Paavola, M. Linder, and L. Viikari, Cellulases in food processing, Food Sci. Technol. (New York) 122:771 (2003).
5. S. Malherbe and T.E. Cloete, Lignocellulose biodegradation: fundamentals and applications, Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1:105 (2002).
6. M. Kuwahara, Microbial conversion of lignocellulosic resources by the utilization of lignolytic activity of basidiomycetes, Cellulose Commun. 9:62 (2002).
7. J.B. Russell and D.B. Wilson, Why are ruminant cellulolytic bacteria unable to digest cellulose at low pH?, J. Dairy Sci. 77:1503 (1996).
8. J.L. Black, Bioavailability: the energy component of a ration for monogastric animals, Feed Evaluation 133 (2000).
9. J.L. Black, Bioavailability: the energy component of a ration for monogastric animals, Chem. Abstr. 136:133986 (2002).
10. O. Almazan, L. Gonzalez, and L. Galvez, The sugarcane, its byproducts and co-products, Sugar Cane Int. 3-8 (2000).
11. G. Selman-Housein, M.A. Lopez, O. Ramos, E.R. Carmona, A.D. Arencibia, E. Menendez, and F. Miranda, Towards the improvement of sugar cane bagasse as raw material for the production of paper pulp and animal feed, Develop. Plant Genetics Breeding 5:189 (2000).
12. D.G. Coffey, D.A. Bell, and A. Henderson, Cellulose and cellulose derivatives, Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications (A.M. Stephen, Ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995, pp. 123-153.
13. R.H. Marchessault and P.R. Sundararajan, Cellulose, The Polysaccharides, Vol. 2 (G.O. Aspinall, Ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1983, p. 11.
14. D.R. Nobles, D.K. Romanovicz, and R.M. Brown, Jr., Cellulose biosynthesis in the cyanobacteria with implications for the origin of vascular plant synthase, Cellulose Commun. 8:161 (2001).
15. S. Bielecki, A. Krystynowicz, M. Turkiewicz, and H. Kalinowska, Bacterial cellulose, Biopolymers, Vol. 5 (E.J. Vandamme, S. De Baerts, and A. Steinbuechel, Eds.), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002, p. 37.
16. S. Kimura and T. Hoh, Occurrence of high crystalline cellulose in the most primitive tunicate, appendicularian, Prog. Technol. 18:121 (2001).
17. M.-A. Rousselle, Determining the molecular weight distribution of cotton cellulose: a new gel permeation chromatography solvent, Textile Res. J. 72:131 (2002).
18. P.E. Ducharme, Jr., E.M. Kajiwara, and O.J. McGarel, Blocking-resistant non-derivatized cellu lose food casing and its production, Eur. Pat. Appl. 134:30544 (2001).
19. P.E. Ducharme, Jr., E.M. Kajiwara, and O.J. McGarel, Blocking-resistant non-derivatized cellu lose food casing and its production, Chem. Abstr. 134:30544 (2001).
20. R.C. Sun and J. Tomkinson, Characterization of hemicelluloses obtained by classically and ultrasonically assisted extractions from wheat straw, Carbohydr. Polym. 50:263 (2002).
21. A.D. French, N.R. Bertoniere, O.A. Battiste, J.A. Cuculo, and D.L. Gray, Cellulose, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed., Vol. 5, Wiley, New York, 1993, p. 476.
22. A.K. Murray, Using glycan oligomer analysis for examination of textile fibers, paper, wood, grains, food and other cellulose containing materials of plant origin, PCT Int. Appl. 137:322296 (2002).
23. A.K. Murray, Using glycan oligomer analysis for examination of textile fibers, paper, wood, grains, food and other cellulose containing materials of plant origin, Chem. Abstr. 137:322296 (2002).
24. 13C NMR spectrum of the native cellulose, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:7506 (2002).
25. 1H NMR spectroscopy, Cellulose (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 12:15 (2005).
26. M. Kacurakova and R.H. Wilson, Developments in mid-infrared spectroscopy of selected carbo hydrates, Carbohydr. Polym. 44:291 (2001).
27. B.M. Prado, S. Kim, B.F. Oezen, and L.J. Bauer, Differentiation of carbohydrate gums and mixtures using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics, J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:2823 (2005).
28. T. Sumi, T. Sakaki, H. Ohba, and M. Shibata, Application of matrix-assisted desorption/ioniza-tion time-of-flight mass spectrometry to insoluble glucose oligomers in decomposed cellulose, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14:1823 (2000).
29. R. Lundqvist, Molecular weight studies on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Part 2. Intrinsic viscosity, Int. J. Polym. Anal. Characterization 5:61 (1999).
30. A. Carpov, G.-G. Bumbu, G.C. Chitanu, and C. Vasile, Polysaccharides. I. Viscosity and thermal behaviour, Cell. Chem. Technol. 34:455 (2000).
31. M. Fukasawa, S. Obara, and K. Hayakawa, Analysis method of absolute molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, U.S. Pat. Appl. (2005): Chem. Abstr. 143:45195 (2005).
32. T. Schult, T. Hjerde, O.I. Optun, O.J. Peder, and S. Moe, Characterisation of cellulose by SEC/ MALLS, Cellulose (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 9:149 (2002).
33. T. Bikova and A. Treimanis, Problems of the molar mass distribution analysis of cellulose by steric exclusion chromatography using DMA/LiCl: a review, Carbohydr. Polym. 48:23 (2002).
34. J. Zhou, L. Zhang, and J. Cai, Behavior of cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution characterized by light scattering and viscometry, J. Polym. Sci. B 42:347 (2004).
35. M. Strlic, J. Kolar, M. Zigon, and B. Pihlar, Evaluation of size-exclusion chromatography and viscometry for the determination of molecular masses of oxidized cellulose, J. Chromatogr. A, 805:93 (1998).
36. A. Hernandi, Changes in molecular mass distribution of cellulose caused by thermal treatment, Cell. Chem. Technol. 36:37 (2002).
37. M. Melander and T. Vuorinen, Determination of the degree of polymerization of carboxymethyl-cellulose by steric exclusion chromatography, Carbohydr. Polym. 46:227 (2001).
38. B. Wittgren and B. Porsch, Molar mass distribution of hydroxypropylcellulose by steric exclusion chromatography with dual light scattering refractometric detection, Carbohydr. Polym. 49:457 (2002).
39. M. Fukasawa, Determination of absolute molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose succinate, Jpn. Pat. Appl. 142:318573 (2005).
40. M. Fukasawa, Determination of absolute molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose succinate, Chem. Abstr. 142:318573 (2005).
41. B. Porsch, I. Hillang, A. Karlsson, and L.-O. Sundelof, Distribution analysis of cellulose acetate phthalate by ion-exclusion-moderated steric exclusion chromatography, Carbohydr. Polym. 48:379 (2002).
42. P. Pfferkorn, J. Beister, A. Hild, H. Thielking, and W.-M. Kulicke, Determination of the molar mass and the radius of gyration, together with their distributions, for methyl hydroxyethyl celluloses, Cellulose (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 10:27 (2003).
43. R. Chandrasekaran, Molecular architecture of polysaccharide helixes in oriented fibers, Advan. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 52:311 (1997).
44. V.V. Klechkovskaya, Y.G. Baklagina, N.D. Stepina, A.K. Khripunov, P.A. Buffat, E.I. Suvorova, I.S. Zanaveskina, A.A. Tkachenko, and S.V. Gladchenko, Structure of cellulose Acetobacter xylinum, Crystallogr. Reports 48:755 (2003).
45. K.M. Entwistle, S.J. Eichhorn, and N. Navaranjan, The derivation of the cellulose microfibril angle by small-angle x-ray scattering from structurally characterized softwood cell-wall populations, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 38:505 (2005).
46. R.M. Brown, Jr., Cellulose structure and biosynthesis, Pure Appl. Chem. 71:767 (1999).
47. E. Dinard, M. Vignon, H. Chanzi, and L. Heux, Mercerization of primary cell wall cellulose and its implication for the conversion of cellulose I → cellulose II, Cellulose (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 9:7 (2002).
48. P. Zugenmaier, Conformation and packing of various crystalline cellulose fibers, Prog. Polymer Sci. 26:1341 (2001).
49. R.L. Whistler and J.N. BeMiller, Carbohydrate Chemistry for Food Scientists, Eagan Press, St. Paul, MN, 1997.
50. G.O. Wasteneys, Progress in understanding the role of microtubules in plant cells, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7:651 (2004).
51. H. Yu, R. Liu, D. Shen, Y. Jiang, and Y. Huang, Study on morphology and orientation of cellulose in the vascular bundles of wheat straw, Polymer 46:5689 (2005).
52. D.P. Delmer, Biosynthesis of cellulose, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 41:105 (1983).
53. 13C-NMR and electron diffraction study of bacterial cellulose structure affected by cell wall polysaccharides, Cellulose (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 9:351 (2002).
54. Y. Amano, Rotational movement of cellulose microfibrils during enzymatic degradation, Cellulose Commun. 8:173 (2001).
55. Y. Nishiyama, U.-J. Kim, D.-Y. Kim, K.S. Katsumata, R.P. May, and P. Langan, Periodic disorder along ramie cellulose microfibrils, Biomacromolecules 4:1013 (2003).
56. L. Donaldson and A. Frankland, Ultrastructure of iodine treated wood, Holzforschung 58:219 (2004).
57. O. Ishida, D.-K. Kim, S. Kuga, Y. Nishiyama, and M.R. Brown, Jr., Microfibrillar carbon from native cellulose, Cellulose (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 11:475 (2004).
58. D.P. Delmer and Y. Amoy, Cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7:987,(1995).
59. D.P. Delmer, Cellulose biosynthesis: exciting times for a difficult field of study, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol., 50:245 (1999).
60. D.P. Delmer, Cellulose biosynthesis in developing cotton fibers, Cotton Fibers (A.S. Basra, Ed.), Food Products Press, Binghamton, New York, 1999, p. 199.
61. R.M. Brown, Jr. and I. M Saxena, Cellulose biosynthesis: a model for understanding the assembly of biopolymers, Plant Physiol. Biochem. (Paris) 38:57 (2000).
62. I.M. Saxena and R.M. Brown, Jr., Biosynthesis of cellulose, Prog. Biotechnol. 18:69 (2001).
63. S. Kimura and T. Kondo, Recent progress in cellulose biosynthesis, J. Plant Res. 115:297 (2002).
64. R.M. Brown, Jr., Cellulose structure and biosynthesis: what is in store for the 21st century? J. Polymer Sci. A 42:487 (2004).
65. D.P. Delmer and C.H. Haigler, The regulation of metabolic flux to cellulose, a major sink for carbon in plants, Metabolic Eng. 4:22 (2002).
66. M.S. Doblin, I. Kurek, D. Jacob-Wilk, and D.P. Delmer, Cellulose biosynthesis in plants: from genes to rosettes, Plant Cell Physiol. 43:1407 (2002).
67. C.P. Joshi, Molecular biology of cellulose biosynthesis in plants, Recent Res. Develop. Plant Molec. Biol. 1:19 (2003).
68. S. Robert, G. Moville, and H. Hofte, The mechanism and regulation of cellulose synthesis in primary walls: lessons from cellulose - deficient Arabidopsis mutants, Cellulose (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 11:351 (2004).
69. R. Williamson and J. Burn, Cloning of Arabidopsis thaliana rsw2 and cellulose biosynthesis to improve fiber quality in transgenic cotton, PCT Int. Appl. 141:66296 (2004).
70. R. Williamson and J. Burn, Cloning of Arabidopsis thaliana rsw2 and cellulose biosynthesis to improve fiber quality in transgenic cotton, Chem. Abstr. 141:66296 (2004).
71. S. Sato, Biotechnology in Eucalyptus trees: towards the improvement of pulp quality, Cellulose Commun. 8:111 (2001).
72. C.P. Joshi, S. Bhandari, P. Ranjan, U.C. Kalluri, X. Liang, T. Fujino, and A. Samuga, Genomics of cellulose biosynthesis in poplars, New Phytologist 164:53 (2004).
73. R.J. F.J. Oomen, E.N. Tzitzikas, E.J. Bakx, I. Straatman-Engeln, M.S. Bush, M.C. McCann, H.A. Schols, R.G.F. Visser, and J.-P. Vincken, Modulation of the cellulose content of tuber cell walls by antisense expression of different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) CesA clones, Phytochemistry 65:535 (2004).
74. C.S. Gillmor, P. Poindexter, J. Lorieau, M.M. Palcic, and C. Somerville, A-Glucosidase I is required for cellulose biosynthesis and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis, J. Cell Biol. 156:1003 (2002).
75. R. Himmelspach, R.E. Williamson, and G.O. Wasteneys, Cellulose microfibril alignment recovers from DCB-induced disruption despite microtubule disorganization, Plant J. 36:567 (2003).
76. R. Zhong, D.H. Burk, and W.H. Morrison, III, A kinesin-like protein is essential for oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils and cell wall strength, Plant Cell 14:3101 (2002).
77. G.L. Rorrer and M.C. Hawley, Vapor-phase HF solvolysis of cellulose - modification of the reversion oligosaccharide distribution by in situ methanolysis, Carbohydr. Polym. 22(1):9 (1993).
78. D. Becker, C. Braet, H. Brumer III, M. Clacyssens, C. Divne, B.R. Fagerstrom, M. Harris, T.A. Jones, G.J. Kleywegt, A. Koivula, S. Mahdi, K. Piens, M.L. Simott, J. Stahlberg, T.T. Teeri, M. Underwood and G. Wohlfahrt, Engineering of a glycosidose Family 7 cellobiohydrolose, to more alkaline pH optimum: the pH behaviour of Trichoderma reesei Cel7A and its E223S/A224H/ L225V/T226A/D262G mutant Biochem. J. 356:19 (2006).
79. Y. Akishima, A. Isogai, S. Kuga, F. Onabe, and M. Usada, Kinetic studies on enzymatic hydrolysis of celluloses for evaluation of amorphous structures, Carbohydr. Polym. 19:11 (1992).
80. Y. Cao and H. Ton, Effects of cellulose on the modification of cellulose, Carbohydr. Res. 337:1291 (2002).
81. U.S. Patent 4, 483, 743 (1984).
82. Food Chemicals Codex, 3rd ed., National Academy Press, Washington, 1981.
83. Avicel MCC Product Description, Bulletin 934, FMC Corporation, 1982.
84. G.J. Brownsey and M.J. Redout, Rheological characterization of microcrystalline cellulose dis persions: Avicel RC 591, J. Food Technol. 20:237 (1985).
85. The case for cellulose powder, Food Ingred. Processing Int., 20 (November 1992).
86. R. Takahashi, Y. Hiraiwa, and K. Nishinari, Cellulose and its derivatives, Foods Food Ingredients J. Japan 208:824 (2003).
87. R.A. Chappell, Low dust powdered cellulose as anti-caking agents for foods, U.S. Pat. Appl. (1995); Chem. Abstr. 122:212593.
88. R.P. Mulchandani and M.I. Mahmoud, Liquid nutritional product containing improved stabilizer composition of carrageenan/microcrystalline cellulose/carboxymethylcellulose, PCT Int. Appl. 127:126660 (1997).
89. R.P. Mulchandani and M.I. Mahmoud, Liquid nutritional product containing improved stabilizer composition of carrageenan/microcrystalline cellulose/carboxymethylcellulose, Chem. Abstr. 127:126660 (1997).
90. S. Trusovs, Production of microcrystalline cellulose for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food indus tries, U.S. Patent (2002); Chem. Abstr. 136:387615.
91. G. Samaranayake and W.G. Glasser, Cellulose derivatives with low DS. 1. A novel acylation system, Carbohydr. Polym. 22(1):1 (1993).
92. S. Gedon and R. Fengl, Cellulose esters-organic esters, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed., Vol. 5, Wiley, New York, 1993, pp. 496-529.
93. P. Zugenmaier, Characterization and physical properties of cellulose acetates, Macromol. Symp. 208:81 (2004).
94. R. Fengl, Cellulose esters-inorganic esters, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed., Vol. 5, Wiley, New York, 1993, pp. 529-540.
95. T.G. Majewicz and T.J. Polas, Cellulose ethers, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technol ogy, 4th ed., Vol. 5, Wiley, New York, 1993, pp. 541-563.
96. J.C.F. Murray, Cellulosics, Handbook of Hydrocolloids (G.O. Phillips and P.A. Williams, Eds.), Woodhead Publishers, Cambridge, U.K., 2000, pp. 219-230.
97. M. Zorba and G. Ova, An improved method for the quantitative determination of carboxymethyl cellulose in food products, Food Hydrocoll. 13:73 (1999).
98. Y. Mälkki, R.-L. Heinö, and K. Autio, Influence of oat gum, guar gum and carboxymethyl cellulose on the perception of sweetness and flavour, Food Hydrocoll. 6:525 (1993).
99. T. Kondo, Preparation of 6-O-alkyl celluloses, Carbohydr. Res. 238:231 (1993).
100. S.C. Churms, Modern size-exclusion chromatography of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates, J. Chromatogr. Library 66:267 (2002).
101. S.C. Churms, Carbohydrates, J. Chromatogr. Library 69B:839 (2004).
102. M. Rinaudo, J. Danhelka, and M. Milas, A new approach to characterizing carboxymethylcellu-loses by size exclusion chromatography, Carbohydr. Polym. 21:1 (1993).
103. Blanose Cellulose Gum Handbook, Hercules Incorporated (undated).
104. R. Rakutis, O. Kamatari, and A. Garnett, Chemical Economics Handbook, Marketing Research Report, Cellulose Ethers, SRI International, 1984.
105. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 182.1745.
106. Dow Chemical Co., Form No. 192-1062-88-JB, 1988.
107. Product Development Bulletin, Food Laboratory Bulletin, ICI, p. 16.
108. Dow Chemical Co., Form No. 192-976-586, 1986.
109. American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Method D1347-72.
110. Cosmetic Formulators Guide, Dow Chemical Co., Form No. 192-995-86, 1986.
111. X. Sun, J.B. Litchfield, and S.J. Schmidt, Temperature mapping in a model food gel using magnetic resonance imaging, J. Food Sci. 58(1):168 (1993).
112. Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, Manchester, England (EMC- Edifas A).
113. Hercules Inc., Klucel, Hydroxypropylcellulose, 1981.
114. C.S. Setser and W.L. Racette, Macromolecule replacers is food products, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 32(3):275 (1992).
115. E.J. McGinley and D.C. Tuason, Jr., Applications of microcrystalline cellulose, Gums and Stabil izers for the Food Industry, Vol. 5 (G.O. Phillips, D.J. Wedlock, and P.A. Williams, Eds.), IRL Press, Oxford, 1990, p. 405.
116. E. Llorca, I. Hernando, I. Perez-Munuera, A. Quiles, L. Larrea, S.M. Fiszman, and M.A. Llush, Microstructural studies of frozen batter-coated squid rings prepared by an innovated process without a prefrying step, Food Hydrocoll. 19:297 (2005).
117. A.A. Karim and C. Cwai, Characteristics of foam prepared for starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) puree by using methylcellulose, Food Hydrocoll. 13:203 (1999).
118. D.A. Bell, Methylcellulose as a structure enhancer in bread baking, Cereal Foods World 35(10):1001 (1990).
119. M.R. Hart, R.P. Graham, M. Gee, and A.I. Morgan, Jr., Bread from sorghum and barley flours, J. Food Sci. 33:661 (1970).
120. K.D. Nishita, R.L. Roberts, M.M. Bean, and B.M. Kennedy, Development of a yeast-leavened rice-bread formula, Cereal Chem. 53(5):626 (1976).
121. B.J. Franklin, Food additive containing bean powder, fiber, modified cellulose, and calcium salts for application in microwavable products, PCT Int. Appl. 141:70609 (2004).
122. B.J. Franklin, Food additive containing bean powder, fiber, modified cellulose, and calcium salts for application in microwavable products, Chem. Abstr. 141:70609 (2004).
123. D.A. Bell and L.W. Steinke, Evaluating structure and texture effects of methylcellulose gums in microwave-baked bread, Cereal Foods World 36(11):941 (1991).
124. M.A. Garcia, C. Ferrero, N. Bertola, M. Martino, and N. Zaritzky, Edible coatings from cellulose derivatives to reduce oil uptake in fried products, Innovative Food Sci. Emerging Technol. 3:391 (2002).
125. S. Naruenartwongsakul, M.S. Chinnan, S. Bhumiratana, and T. Yoovidhaya, Pasting characteristics of wheat-flour based batters containing cellulose ethers, Lebens.-Wissenschaft und- Technologie 87:489 (2004).
126. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 320 523 (1989). Chem. Abstr. 112:54077e (1990).
127. D.R. Stewart, Method of making and using an edible cellulose-based polymeric film for decorating foods, U.S. Patent (2003). Chem. Abstr. 139:229693 (2003).
128. G.A. Towle, Stabilization of chilled and frozen foods, Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry 8 (G.O. Phillips, P.A. Williams, and D.J. Wedlock, Eds.), 1996, Proceedings of the International Conference, Wrexham, July 1995, p. 79.
129. S.L. Kamper and O. Fennema, Use of an edible film to maintain water vapor gradients in foods, J. Food Sci. 50(1):382 (1985).
130. J.J. Kester and O. Fennema, An edible film of lipids and cellulose ethers: barrier properties to moisture vapor transmission and structural evaluation, J. Food Sci. 54:1383 (1989).
131. I.K. Greener and O. Fennema, Evaluation of edible, bilayer films for use as moisture barriers for food, J. Food Sci. 54:1400 (1989).
132. K.L. Nelson and O. Fennema, Methylcellulose films to prevent lipid migration in confectionery products, J. Food Sci. 56:504 (1991).
133. H.J. Park, C.L. Weller, P.J. Vergano, and R.E. Testin, Permeability and mechanical properties of cellulose-based edible films, J. Food Sci. 58(6):1361 (1993).
134. U.S. Annapure, R.S. Singhal, and P.R. Kulkami, Screening of hydrocolloids for reduction in oil uptake of a model deep fat fried product, Fett/Lipid 101:217 (1999).
135. F.M. Ward and S.A. Andon, Hydrocolloids as film formers, adhesives, and gelling agents for bakery and cereal products, Cereal Foods World 47:52 (2002).
136. N.M. Emmambux and A. Minnaar, The effect of edible coatings and polymeric packaging films on the quality of minimally processed carrots, J. Sci. Food Agric. 83:1065 (2003).
137. D. Nussbaumer, H.I. Hoerl, W. Demmer, H. Beer, and E. Wuenn, Membranes from cross-linked cellulose hydrate and a process for their manufacture, Ger. Offen. 124:120579 (1996).
138. D. Nussbaumer, H.I. Hoerl, W. Demmer, H. Beer, and E. Wuenn, Membranes from cross-linked cellulose hydrate and a process for their manufacture, Chem. Abstr. 124:120579 (1996).
139. H.W. Staub and R. Ali, Nutritional and physiological value of gums, Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 1 (M. Glicksman, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1982, p. 101.
140. S.L. Ink and D.H. Hurt, Nutritional implications of gums, Food Technol. 41(1):77 (1987).
141. C. Penny, Detailing dietary fiber, Food Ingred. Processing Int. 14 (November 1992).
142. D.J.A. Jenkins, M.J.A. Jenkins, T.M.S. Wolever, R.H. Taylor, and H. Ghafari, Slow-release carbohydrate: mechanism of action of viscous fibers, J. Clin. Nutr. Gastroenterol. 1(5):237 (1986).
143. L.S. Augustin, S. Franceschi, D.J.A. Jenkins, C.W.C. Kendall, and C. La Vecchi, Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:1049 (2002).
144. D. Marthinsen and S.E. Fleming, Excretion of breath and flatus gases by humans consuming high-fiber diets, J. Nutr. 112:1133 (1982).
145. F. Brighenti, G. Testolin, and D.J.A. Jenkins, Laboratory assessment and effects of increased colonic fermentation induced by unabsorbable carbohydrate, Spec. Publ. Roy. Soc. Chem. 83:238 (1990).
146. S.E. Fleming and M.A. Rodriguez, Influence of dietary fiber on fecal excretion of volatile fatty acids by human adults, J. Nutr. 113:1613 (1983).
147. S.E. Fleming, M.D. Fitch, and M.W. Chansler, High fiber diets: influence on characteristics of cecal digesta including short-chain fatty acid concentrations and pH, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:93 (1989).
148. S.E. Fleming and R. Gill, Aging stimulates fatty acid oxidation in rat colonoytes but does not influence the response to dietary fiber, J. Gerontol. A, Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 52:B310 (1997).
149. J.R. Jorgensen, M.D. Fitch, P.B. Mortensen, and S.E. Fleming, In vivo absorption of medium-chain fatty acids by the rat colon exceeds that of short-chain fatty acids, Gastroenterology 120:1152 (2001).
150. J.R. Jorgensen, M.D. Fitch, P.B. Mortensen, and S.E. Fleming, Absorption and metabolism of octanoate by the rat colon in vivo; concentration dependency and influence of alternative fuels, Gut 51:78 (2002).
151. Anon., The safety assessment of hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and cellulose gum, J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 5(3):1 (1986).
152. Anon., Evaluation of certain food additives. Fifty-Ninth Report of the Joint F.A.O./W.H.O. Technical Report Series 2002, 913 i-viii, 1-153.
153. J. Garces, P. Franco, L. Oliveros, and C. Menguillon, Mixed cellulose-derived benzoates bonded on allylsilica as HPLC chiral stationary phases: influence of the introduction of an aromatic moiety in the fixation substituent, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 14:1179 (2003).
154. G. Felix, Regioselectively modified polysaccharide derivatives as chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 906:171 (2001).
155. D. Montea, M. Gaspar, I. Humelnicu, N. Aalenei, and D. Ionescu, Thermogravimetric analysis of some silylcellulose derivatives, Cell. Chem. Technol. 37:35 (2003).