Poststroke depression biomarkers: A narrative review

Frontiers in Neurology

Volumn 9, Issue JUL, 2018, Pages

  Levada, Oleg A ^a   Troyan, Alexandra S ^a  

^a Ministry of Health of Ukraine   (Ukraine)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Molecular biomarkers; Neuroimaging biomarkers; Neurophysiological biomarkers; Poststroke depression

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; FERRITIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUTAMIC ACID; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; NEOPTERIN; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; VITAMIN D;

BASAL AMYGDALA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DNA METHYLATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HYPERCORTISOLISM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LACUNAR STROKE; LEFT HEMISPHERE; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POST-STROKE DEPRESSION; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REVIEW; THALAMUS;

EID: 85050088105     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16642295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00577     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Crichton S, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG. The natural history of depression up to 15 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register. Stroke (2013) 44:1105-10. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.679340
2. Babkair LA. Risk factors for poststroke depression: an integrative review. J Neurosci Nurs. (2017) 49:73-84. doi: 10.1097/JNN.0000000000000271
3. Towfighi A, Ovbiagele B, El Husseini N, Hackett ML, Jorge RE, Kissela BM, et al. Poststroke depression: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke (2017) 48:e30-43. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000113
4. Sugawara N, Metoki N, Hagii J, Saito S, Shiroto H, Tomita T, et al. Effect of depressive symptoms on the length of hospital stay among patients hospitalized for acute stroke in Japan. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. (2015) 11:2551-6. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S91303
5. Ullberg T, Zia E, Petersson J, Norrving B. Perceived unmet rehabilitation needs 1 year after stroke: an observational study from the Swedish stroke register. Stroke (2016) 47:539-41. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011670
6. Karaahmet OZ, Gurcay E, Avluk OC, Umay EK, Gundogdu I, Ecerkale O, et al. Poststroke depression: risk factors and potential effects on functional recovery. Int J Rehabil Res. (2017) 40:71-5. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0000000000000210
7. Sarfo FS, Jenkins C, Singh A, Owolabi M, Ojagbemi A, Adusei N, et al. Post-stroke depression in Ghana: characteristics and correlates. J Neurol Sci. (2017) 379:261-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.032
8. Omura T, Kimura M, Kim K, Mishina M, Mizunari T, Kobayashi S, et al. Acute poststroke depression is associated with thalamic lesions and clinical outcomes: a case-control study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2017) 27:499-505. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.09.028
9. de Mello RF, Santos Ide S, Alencar AP, Benseñor IM, Lotufo PA, Goulart AC. Major depression as a predictor of poor long-term survival in a Brazilian stroke cohort (Study of Stroke Mortality and Morbidity in Adults) EMMA study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2016) 25:618-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.11.021
10. Razmara A, Valle N, Markovic D, Sanossian N, Ovbiagele B, Dutta T, et al. Depression is associated with a higher risk of death among stroke survivors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2017) 26:2870-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.07.006
11. Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Long J. Prevention of poststroke mortality using problem-solving therapy or escitalopram. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry (2017) 25:512-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.10.001
12. Yuan HW, Wang CX, Zhang N, Bai Y, Shi YZ, Zhou Y, et al. Poststroke depression and risk of recurrent stroke at 1 year in a Chinese cohort study. PLoS ONE (2012) 7:e46906. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046906
13. Hung JW, Huang YC, Chen JH, Liao LN, Lin CJ, Chuo CY, et al. Factors associated with strain in informal caregivers of stroke patients. Chang Gung Med J. (2012) 35:392-401
14. Li J, Oakley LD, Li Y, Luo Y. Development and initial validation of a clinical measure to assess early symptoms of post-stroke depression in the acute stroke patient. J Clin Nurs. (2017) 27:784-94. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14099
15. Ojagbemi A, Owolabi M, Akinyemi J, Ovbiagele B. Proposing a new stroke-specific screening tool for depression: examination of construct validity and reliability. eNeurol Sci. (2017) 9:14-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ensci.2017.10.002
16. Robinson RG, Jorge RE. Post-stroke depression: a review. Am J Psychiatry (2016) 173:221-31. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030363
17. Yang S, Hua P, Shang X, Cui Z, Zhong S, Gong G, et al. A significant risk factor for poststroke depression: the depression-related subnetwork. J Psychiatry Neurosci. (2015)40:259-68. doi: 10.1503/jpn.140086
18. Zhang Y, Zhao H, Fang Y, Wang S, Zhou H. The association between lesion location, sex and poststroke depression: meta-analysis. Brain Behav. (2017) 7:e00788. doi: 10.1002/brb3.788
19. House A, Dennis M, Warlow C, Hawton K, Molyneux A. Mood disorders after stroke and their relation to lesion location. A CT scan study. Brain (1990) 113 (Pt 4):1113-29
20. Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Pratesi L, Traballesi M, Grasso MG, Lubich S. Poststroke depression and its role in rehabilitation of inpatients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. (1999) 80:985-90. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90048-5
21. Berg A, Palomäki H, Lehtihalmes M, Lönnqvist J, Kaste M. Poststroke depression: an 18-month follow-up. Stroke (2003) 34:138-43. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000048149.84268.07
22. Gozzi SA, Wood AG, Chen J, Vaddadi K, Phan TG. Imaging predictors of poststroke depression: methodological factors in voxel-based analysis. BMJ Open (2014) 4:e004948. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004948
23. Murakami T, Hama S, Yamashita H, Onoda K, Kobayashi M, Kanazawa J, et al. Neuroanatomic pathways associated with poststroke affective and apathetic depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry (2013) 21:840-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.057
24. Narushima K, Kosier JT, Robinson RG. A reappraisal of poststroke depression, intra-and inter-hemispheric lesion location using meta-analysis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2003) 15:422-30. doi: 10.1176/jnp.15.4.422
25. Parikh RM, Lipsey JR, Robinson RG, Price TR. A two year longitudinal study of poststroke mood disorders: prognostic factors related to one and two year outcome. Int J Psychiatry Med. (1988) 18:45-56. doi: 10.2190/LW46-3E9F-KYJM-WXGQ
26. Starkstein SE, Robinson RG, Berthier ML, Parikh RM, Price TR. Differential mood changes following basal ganglia vs thalamic lesions. Arch Neurol. (1988) 45:725-30. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1988.00520310031013
27. Morris PL, Robinson RG, Raphael B, Hopwood MJ. Lesion location and poststroke depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. (1996) 8:399-403. doi: 10.1176/jnp.8.4.399
28. Zhang P, Xu Q, Dai J, Wang J, Zhang N, Luo Y. Dysfunction of affective network in post ischemic stroke depression: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biomed Res Int. (2014) 2014:846830. doi: 10.1155/2014/846830
29. Nys GM, van Zandvoort MJ, van der Worp HB, de Haan EH, de Kort PL, Kappelle LJ. Early depressive symptoms after stroke: neuropsychological correlates and lesion characteristics. J Neurol Sci. (2005) 228:27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2004.09.031
30. Bhogal SK, Teasell R, Foley N, Speechley M. Lesion location and poststroke depression: systematic review of the methodological limitations in the literature. Stroke (2004) 35:794-802. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000117237.98749.26
31. Levada OA, Slivko EI. Post-stroke depression. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova (2006) 16:73-9
32. Wongwandee M, Tangwongchai S, Phanthumchinda K. Relationship between poststroke depression and ischemic lesion location. J Med Assoc Thai. (2012) 95:330-6
33. Nishiyama Y, Komaba Y, Ueda M, Nagayama H, Amemiya S, Katayama Y. Early depressive symptoms after ischemic stroke are associated with a left lenticulocapsular area lesion. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2010) 19:184-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.04.002
34. Herrmann M, Bartels C, Schumacher M, Wallesch CW. Poststroke depression. Is there a pathoanatomic correlate for depression in the postacute stage of stroke? Stroke (1995) 26:850-6. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.26.5.850
35. Lassalle-Lagadec S, Sibon I, Dilharreguy B, Renou P, Fleury O, Allard M. Subacute default mode network dysfunction in the prediction of post-stroke depression severity. Radiology (2012) 264:218-24. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12111718
36. Tang WK, Lu JY, Chen YK, Chu WC, Mok V, Ungvari GS, et al. Association of frontal subcortical circuits infarcts in poststroke depression: a magnetic resonance imaging study of 591 Chinese patients with ischemic stroke. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. (2011) 24:44-9. doi: 10.1177/0891988710392375
37. Vataja R, Pohjasvaara T, Leppävuori A, Mäntylä R, Aronen HJ, Salonen O, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of depression after ischemic stroke. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2001) 58:925-31. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.10.925
38. Tang WK, Chan SS, Chiu HF, Ungvari GS, Wong KS, Kwok TC, et al. Poststroke depression in Chinese patients: frequency, psychosocial, clinical, and radiological determinants. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. (2005) 18:45-51. doi: 10.1177/0891988704271764
39. Vataja R, Pohjasvaara T, Mäntylä R, Ylikoski R, Leskelä M, Kalska H, et al. Depression-executive dysfunction syndrome in stroke patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry (2005) 13:99-107. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.2.99
40. Beblo T, Wallesch CW, Herrmann M. The crucial role of frontostriatal circuits for depressive disorders in the postacute stage after stroke. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. (1999) 12:236-46
41. Kim JS, Choi-Kwon S. Poststroke depression and emotional incontinence: correlation with lesion location. Neurology (2000) 54:1805-10
42. Singh A, Black SE, Herrmann N, Leibovitch FS, Ebert PL, Lawrence J, et al. Functional and neuroanatomic correlations in poststroke depression: the Sunnybrook Stroke Study. Stroke (2000) 31:637-44. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.31.3.637
43. Vataja R, Leppävuori A, Pohjasvaara T, Mäntylä R, Aronen HJ, Salonen O, et al. Poststroke depression and lesion location revisited. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2004) 16:156-62. doi: 10.1176/jnp.16.2.156
44. Lauterbach EC, Jackson JG, Wilson AN, Dever GE, Kirsh AD. Major depression after left posterior globus pallidus lesions. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. (1997) 10:9-16
45. Grajny K, Pyata H, Spiegel K, Lacey EH, Xing S, Brophy C, et al. Depression symptoms in chronic left hemisphere stroke are related to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2016) 28:292-8. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16010004
46. Tang WK, Liu XX, Chen YK, Abrigo J, Chu WC, Mok VC, et al. Pontine microbleeds and depression in stroke. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. (2014) 27:159-64. doi: 10.1177/0891988714522699
47. Tang WK, Chen Y, Liang H, Chu WC, Mok VC, Ungvari GS, et al. Cerebral microbleeds as a predictor of 1-year outcome of poststroke depression. Stroke (2014) 45:77-81. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002686
48. Tang WK, Chen YK, Lu JY, Chu WC, Mok VC, Ungvari GS, et al. Cerebral microbleeds and depression in lacunar stroke. Stroke (2011) 42:2443-6. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.614586
49. Provinciali L, Paolucci S, Torta R, Toso V, Gobbi B, Gandolfo C. Depression after first-ever ischemic stroke: the prognostic role of neuroanatomic subtypes in clinical practice. Cerebrovasc Dis. (2008) 26:592-9. doi: 10.1159/000165112
50. Arba F, Ali M, Quinn TJ, Hankey GJ, Lees KR, Inzitari D; VISTA Collaboration Lacunar infarcts, depression, and anxiety symptoms one year after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2016) 25:831-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.12.018
51. Santos M, Gold G, Kövari E, Herrmann FR, Bozikas VP, Bouras C, et al. Differential impact of lacunes and microvascular lesions on poststroke depression. Stroke (2009) 40:3557-62. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.548545
52. Chen Y, Chen X, Mok VC, Lam WW, Wong KS, Tang WK. Poststroke depression in patients with small subcortical infarcts. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. (2009) 111:256-60. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.10.008
53. Liang Y, Chan YL, Deng M, Chen YK, Mok V, Wang F, et al. Enlarged perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale are associated with poststroke depression: a 3-month prospective study. J Affect Disord. (2017) 228:166-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.080
54. Kim JT, Park MS, Yoon GJ, Jung HJ, Choi KH, Nam TS, et al. White matter hyperintensity as a factor associated with delayed mood disorders in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol. (2011) 66:343-9. doi: 10.1159/000332585
55. Chen YK, Qu JF, Xiao WM, Li WY, Li W, Fang XW, et al. Intracranial atherosclerosis and poststroke depression in Chinese patients with ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2016) 25:998-1004. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.12.038
56. Noonan K, Carey LM, Crewther SG. Meta-analyses indicate associations between neuroendocrine activation, deactivation in neurotrophic and neuroimaging markers in depression after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2013) 22:e124-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.09.008
57. Stern-Nezer S, Eyngorn I, Mlynash M, Snider RW, Venkatsubramanian C, Wijman CAC, et al. Depression one year after hemorrhagic stroke is associated with late worsening of outcomes. NeuroRehabilitation (2017) 41:179-87. doi: 10.3233/NRE-171470
58. Xu HB, Xu YH, He Y, Xue F, Wei J, Zhang H, et al. Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor may indicate the development of poststroke depression in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2017) 27:709-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.10.003
59. Tang CZ, Zhang YL, Wang WS, Li WG, Shi JP. Serum levels of high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein at Admission Are More Strongly Associated with Poststroke depression in acute ischemic stroke than homocysteine levels. Mol Neurobiol. (2016) 53:2152-60. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9186-2
60. Yang RR, Lu BC, Li T, Du YF, Wang X, Jia YX. The relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at admission and post stroke depression: a 6-month follow-up study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry (2016) 31:231-9. doi: 10.1002/gps.4315
61. Zhu L, Han B, Wang L, Chang Y, Ren W, Gu Y, et al. The association between serum ferritin levels and post-stroke depression. J Affect Disord. (2016) 190:98-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.074
62. Tang CZ, Zhang YL, Wang WS, Li WG, Shi JP. Elevated serum levels of neopterin at admission predicts depression after acute ischemic stroke: a 6-month follow-up study. Mol Neurobiol. (2016) 53:3194-204. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9220-4
63. Cheng SY, Zhao YD, Li J, Chen XY, Wang RD, Zeng JW. Plasma levels of glutamate during stroke is associated with development of post-stroke depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2014) 47:126-35. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.006
64. Su JA, Chou SY, Tsai CS, Hung TH. Cytokine changes in the pathophysiology of poststroke depression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry (2012) 34:35-9. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.09.020
65. Bensimon K, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Yi H, Black SE, Gao FQ, et al. Kynurenine and depressive symptoms in a poststroke population. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. (2014) 10:1827-35. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S65740
66. Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Andreazza AC, Swartz RH, Khan MM, Black SE, et al. Poststroke neuropsychiatric symptoms: relationships with IL-17 and oxidative stress. Biomed Res Int. (2014) 2014:245210. doi: 10.1155/2014/245210
67. Nguyen VA, Carey LM, Giummarra L, Faou P, Cooke I, Howells DW, et al. A pathway proteomic profile of ischemic stroke survivors reveals innate immune dysfunction in association with mild symptoms of depression-a pilot study. Front Neurol (2016) 7:85. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00085
68. Han B, Lyu Y, Sun H, Wei Y, He J. Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with post-stroke depression. Eur J Neurol. (2015) 22:1269-74. doi: 10.1111/ene.12607
69. Mitchell AJ. Clinical implications of poststroke hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis dysfunction: a critical literature review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (1997) 6:377-88. doi: 10.1016/S1052-3057(97)80038-9
70. Kwon OJ, Kim M, Lee HS, Sung KK, Lee S. The cortisol awakening response in patients with poststroke depression is blunted and negatively correlated with depressive mood. Biomed Res Int. (2015) 2015:709230. doi: 10.1155/2015/709230
71. Harney JH, Fulton C, Ross ED, Rush AJ. Dexamethasone suppression test and onset of poststroke depression in patients with ischemic infarction. J Clin Psychiatry (1993) 54:343-8
72. Lipsey JR, Robinson RG, Pearlson GD, Rao K, Price TR. The dexamethasone suppression test and mood following stroke. Am J Psychiatry (1985) 142:318-23. doi: 10.1176/ajp.142.3.318
73. Grober SE, Gordon WA, Sliwinski MJ, Hibbard MR, Aletta EG, Paddison PL. Utility of the dexamethasone suppression test in the diagnosis of poststroke depression. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. (1991) 72:1076-9
74. Ormstad H, Aass HC, Amthor KF, Lund-Sørensen N, Sandvik L. Serum levels of cytokines, glucose, and hemoglobin as possible predictors of poststroke depression, and association with poststroke fatigue. Int J Neurosci. (2012) 122:682-90. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2012.709892
75. Gu Y, Han B, Wang L, Chang Y, Zhu L, Ren W, et al. Low serum levels of uric acid are associated with development of poststroke depression. Medicine (2015) 94:e1897. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001897
76. Tang WK, Liang H, Chu WC, Mok V, Ungvari GS, Wong KS. Association between high serum total bilirubin and post-stroke depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2013) 67:259-64. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12051
77. Zhang Z, Mu J, Li J, Li W, Song J. Aberrant apolipoprotein E expression and cognitive dysfunction in patients with poststroke depression. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers (2013) 17:47-51. doi: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0253
78. Lee JY, Lim OK, Lee JK, Park Y, Kim C, Yoon JW, et al. The association between serum leptin levels and post-stroke depression: a retrospective clinical study. Ann Rehabil Med. (2015) 39:786-92. doi: 10.5535/arm.2015.39.5.786
79. Jiménez I, Sobrino T, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Pouso M, Cristobo I, Sabucedo M, et al. High serum levels of leptin are associated with post-stroke depression. Psychol Med. (2009) 39:1201-9. doi: 10.1017/S0033291709005637
80. Xiao J, Zhang J, Sun D, Wang L, Yu L, Wu H, et al. Discriminating poststroke depression from stroke by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabonomic analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. (2016)12:1919-25. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S110613
81. Zhang W, Zhang XA. A novel urinary metabolite signature for non-invasive post-stroke depression diagnosis. Cell Biochem Biophys. (2015) 72:661-7. doi: 10.1007/s12013-014-0472-9
82. Kohen R, Cain KC, Mitchell PH, Becker K, Buzaitis A, Millard SP, et al. Association of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms with poststroke depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2008) 65:1296-302. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1296
83. Ramasubbu R, Tobias R, Buchan AM, Bech-Hansen NT. Serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism associated with poststroke major depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2006) 18:96-9. doi: 10.1176/jnp.18.1.96
84. Ramasubbu R, Tobias R, Bech-Hansen NT. Extended evaluation of serotonin transporter gene functional polymorphisms in subjects with post-stroke depression. Can J Psychiatry (2008) 53:197-201. doi: 10.1177/070674370805300310
85. Fang J, Yan W, Jiang GX, Li W, Cheng Q. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism in Chinese patients with poststroke depression: a case-control study. Stroke (2011) 42:1461-3. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.598672
86. Kim JM, Stewart R, Bae KY, Kim SW, Kang HJ, Shin IS. Serotonergic and BDNF genes and risk of depression after stroke. J Affect Disord. (2012) 136:833-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.029
87. Guo WY, Zhang ZH, Mu JL, Liu D, Zhao L, Yao ZY, et al. Relationship between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and post-stroke depression. Genet Mol Res. (2016) 15:gmr7460. doi: 10.4238/gmr.15017460
88. Kim JM, Stewart R, Kang HJ, Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim HR, et al. A longitudinal study of SLC6A4 DNA promoter methylation and poststroke depression. J Psychiatr Res. (2013) 47:1222-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.04.010
89. Lee EJ, Oh MS, Kim JS, Chang DI, Park JH, Cha JK, et al. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms may be associated with poststroke neurological recovery after escitalopram use. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (2017) 89:271-76. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316882
90. Tang WK, Tang N, Liao CD, Liang HJ, Mok VC, Ungvari GS, et al. Serotonin receptor 2C gene polymorphism associated with post-stroke depression in Chinese patients. Genet Mol Res. (2013) 12:1546-53. doi: 10.4238/2013.May.13.8
91. Kim JM, Stewart R, Kang HJ, Kim SY, Kim SW, Shin IS, et al. A longitudinal study of BDNF promoter methylation and genotype with poststroke depression. J Affect Disord. (2013) 149:93-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.008
92. Bryer JB, Starkstein SE, Votypka V, Parikh RM, Price TR, Robinson RG. Reduction of CSF monoamine metabolites in poststroke depression: a preliminary report. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. (1992) 4:440-2. doi: 10.1176/jnp.4.4.440
93. Levada OA, Cherednichenko NV. Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): neurobiology and marker value in neuropsychiatry. Lik Sprava (2015) 15-25
94. Li Y, Peng C, Guo X, You JJ, Yadav HP. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B in cerebellum of poststroke depression rat model. Chin Med J. (2015) 128:2926-31. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.168058
95. Szczesny E, Slusarczyk J, Glombik K, Budziszewska B, Kubera M, Lason W, et al. Possible contribution of IGF-1 to depressive disorder. Pharmacol Rep. (2013) 65:1622-31. doi: 10.1016/S1734-1140(13)71523-8
96. Levada OA, Troyan AS. Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry (2017) 16:38. doi: 10.1186/s12991-017-0161-3
97. Yue Y, Jiang H, Liu R, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Liang J, et al. Towards a multi protein and mRNA expression of biological predictive and distinguish model for post stroke depression. Oncotarget (2016) 7:54329-38. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.11105
98. Becker KJ. Inflammation and the Silent Sequelae of Stroke. Neurotherapeutics (2016) 13:801-10. doi: 10.1007/s13311-016-0451-5
99. Pascoe MC, Crewther SG, Carey LM, Crewther DP. Inflammation and depression: why poststroke depression may be the norm and not the exception. Int J Stroke (2011) 6:128-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00565.x
100. Miller AH. Conceptual confluence: the kynurenine pathway as a common target for ketamine and the convergence of the inflammation and glutamate hypotheses of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology (2013) 38:1607-8. doi: 10.1038/npp.2013.140
101. Spalletta G, Bossù P, Ciaramella A, Bria P, Caltagirone C, Robinson RG. The etiology of poststroke depression: a review of the literature and a new hypothesis involving inflammatory cytokines. Mol Psychiatry (2006) 11:984-91. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001879
102. Kaloglu A, Canbaz B, Kara O, Arik G, Sengul Aycicek G, Sumer F, et al. Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with post-stroke depression. Eur J Neurol. (2016) 23:e27. doi: 10.1111/ene.12938
103. Cichon N, Bijak M, Miller E, Niwald M, Saluk J. Poststroke depression as a factor adversely affecting the level of oxidative damage to plasma proteins during a brain stroke. Oxid Med Cell Longev (2015) 2015:408745. doi: 10.1155/2015/408745
104. Liu Z, Zhu Z, Zhao J, Ren W, Cai Y, Wang Q, et al. Malondialdehyde: a novel predictive biomarker for post-stroke depression. J Affect Disord. (2017) 220:95-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.023
105. Petkeviciene J, Smalinskiene A, Luksiene DI, Jureniene K, Ramazauskiene V, Klumbiene J, et al. Associations between apolipoprotein E genotype, diet, body mass index, and serum lipids in Lithuanian adult population. PLoS ONE (2012) 7:e41525. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041525
106. Gonda X, Fountoulakis KN, Rihmer Z, Lazary J, Laszik A, Akiskal KK, et al. Towards a genetically validated new affective temperament scale: a delineation of the temperament phenotype of 5-HTTLPR using the TEMPS-A. J Affect Disord. (2009) 112:19-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.012
107. Yan H, Fang M, Liu XY. Role of microRNAs in stroke and poststroke depression. Sci World J. (2013) 2013:459692. doi: 10.1155/2013/459692
108. Zhang Y, Wang C, Sun C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Qi H, et al. Neural complexity in patients with poststroke depression: a resting EEG study. J Affect Disord. (2015)188:310-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.017
109. Wang C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Ding X, Ming D. Quantitative EEG abnormalities in major depressive disorder with basal ganglia stroke with lesions in different hemispheres. J Affect Disord. (2017) 215:172-178. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.030
110. Wenzhen H, Cai D, Lin L, Fang Y, Zheng X. Clinical studies on event-related potentials (ERPs) N400 and the related factors in patients with poststroke depression (PSD). Int J Psychiatry Med. (2010) 40:349-59. doi: 10.2190/PM.40.3.i
111. Feng C, Fang M, Liu XY. The neurobiological pathogenesis of poststroke depression. Sci. World J. (2014) 2014:521349. doi: 10.1155/2014/521349