Implicit Association Test: Separating Transsituationally Stable and Variable Components of Attitudes Toward Gay Men

Experimental Psychology

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 33-48

  Steffens, Melanie C ^a   Buchner, Axel ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TRIER   (Germany)

^b HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Attitudes toward gay men; Implicit Association Test; Implicit attitudes; Reliability of measurement

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; MALE; PERCEPTION; PERSONALITY TEST; QUESTIONNAIRE;

ADULT; ATTITUDE; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; WORD ASSOCIATION TESTS;

EID: 85047693129     PISSN: 16183169     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1027//1618-3169.50.1.33     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Banse, R., Seise, J., & Zerbes, N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 145-160.
2. Bargh, J. A. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), The automaticity of everyday life: Advances in social cognition, Vol. 10 (pp. 1-61). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
3. Blair, I. V., Ma, J. E., & Lenton, A. P. (2001). Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereo-types through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 828-841.
4. Bohrnstedt, G. (1993). Classical measurement theory: Its utility and limitations for attitude research. In D. Krebs & R Schmidt (Eds.), New directions in attitude measurement (pp. 169-186). Berlin: de Gruyter.
5. Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (Eds.) (1993). Testing structural equation models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
6. Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B. Jr., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631-643.
7. Brown, F. G. (1983). Principles of educational and psychological testing. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
8. Buchner, A., & Brandt, M. (in press). Further evidence for systematic reliability differences between explicit and implicit memory tests. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology.
9. Buchner, A., & Wippich, W. (2000). On the reliability of implicit and explicit memory measures. Cognitive Psychology, 40, 227-259.
10. Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (Rev. ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
11. Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science, 121, 163-170.
12. Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814.
13. Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D. E., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2000). Automatic preference for White Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 316-328.
14. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
15. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Beach, K. R. (in press). Implicit and explicit attitudes: Examination of the relationship between measures of intergroup bias. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology (Vol. 4: Intergroup relations). Oxford: Blackwell.
16. Fernald, J. L. (1995). Interpersonal heterosexism. In B. Lott & D. Maluso (Eds.), The social psychology of interpersonal discrimination (pp. 80-117). New York: The Guildford Press.
17. Gliner, J. A., & Morgan, G. A. (2000). Research methods in applied settings: An integrated approach to design and analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
18. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
19. Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038.
20. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
21. Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 85-93.
22. Hager, W., & Hasselhorn, M. (Eds.) (1994). Handbuch deutschsprachiger Wortnormen [Handbook of German word norms]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
23. Herek, G. M. (1994). Assessing heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A review of empirical research with the ATLG scale. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications. Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues, Vol. 1 (pp. 206-228). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. Kaplan, D. (2000). Structural equation modeling: Foundations and extensions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
25. Karpinski, A., & Hilton, J. L. (2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 774-788.
26. Kelley, T. L. (1927). Interpretation of educational measurements. New York: World Book Co.
27. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
28. Kühnen, U., Schiessl, M., Bauer, N., Paulig, N., Pöhlmann, C., & Schmidthals, K. (2001). How robust is the IAT? Measuring and manipulating implicit attitudes of East-and West-Germans. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 135-144.
29. Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D., & Sinclair, S. (2001). Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 842-855.
30. Meier, B., & Perrig, W. J. (2000). Low reliability of perceptual priming: Its impact on experimental and individual difference findings. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53A, 211-233.
31. Miller, J. (1991). Reaction time analysis with outlier exclusion: Bias varies with sample size. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4A, 907-912.
32. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
33. Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
34. Raghunathan, T. E., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1996). Comparing correlated but nonoverlapping correlations. Psychological Methods, 1, 178-183.
35. Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743-762.
36. Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S., & Schwartz, J. L. K (1999). Measuring the automatic components of prejudice: Flexibility and generality of the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition, 17, 437-465.
37. Schweizer, K. (1988). Reference-reliability as a concept of reliability of change in times series data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 603-613.
38. Steffens, M. C. (1999a). Mac-IAT [Computer program]. ftp://cogpsy.uni-trier.de/pub/Mac-IAT/ Trier, Germany: University Trier.
39. Steffens, M. C. (1999b). "Wie homophob sind Sie, auf einer Skala von 1 bis 7?" - Die Erfassung der Einstellung zu Schwulen und Lesben ["What's your homophobia score, on a scale from 1 to 7?" - Assessing the attitudes towards gay men and lesbians]. In W. Köhne (Ed.), Lesben und Schwule in der Arbeitswelt (pp. 102-132). Berlin: Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe.
40. Steffens, M. C. (2002a). Faking implicit and explicit personality tests. Manuscript submitted for publication.
41. Steffens, M. C. (2002b). Implicit and explicit attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. Manuscript submitted for publication.
42. Steffens, M. C., Banaji, M. R., Jelenec, P., Wender, K. F., Anheuser, J., Goergens, N. K., Hülsebusch, T., Lichau, J., & Still, Y. (2001). A two-factor account of the IAT effect. Invited presentation, Psychology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
43. Steffens, M. C., Günster, A., & Mehl, B. (2001). Feminization of management and backlash against agentic women: A replication in Germany? Invited presentation, Psychology Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
44. Steffens, M. C., & Plewe, T. (2001). Items' cross-category associations as a confounding factor in the Implicit Association Test. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 123-134.
45. Steffens, M. C., & Wagner, C. (2002). Attitudes towards lesbians, gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men in Germany. Submitted for publication.
46. Steyer, R. (1989). Models of classical psychometric test theory as stochastic measurement models: Representation, uniqueness, meaningfulness, identifiability, and testability. Methodika, 3, 25-60.
47. Steyer, R., Majcen, A. M., Schwenkmezger, P., & Buchner, A. (1989). A latent state-trait anxiety model and its application to determine consistency and specificity coefficients. Anxiety Research, 1, 281-299.
48. Ulrich, R., & Miller, J. (1994). Effects of truncation on reaction time analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 34-80.
49. Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101-126.