Stereotype distinctiveness: How counterstereotypic behavior shapes the self-concept

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 81, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 193-205

  Von Hippel, William ^a   Hawkins, Chris ^b   Schooler, Jonathan W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PERCEPTION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL PROBLEM; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RACE RELATIONS; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 85047682913     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.193     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Adler, P. A., Kless, S. J., & Adler, P. (1992). Socialization to gender roles: Popularity among elementary school boys and girls. Sociology of Education, 65, 169-187.
2. Bargh, J. A. (1982). Attention and automaticity in the processing of self-relevant information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 425-436.
3. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). Studying the mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. Reis & C. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social psychology (pp. 253-285). New York: Cambridge University Press.
4. Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert. S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 680-740). New York: McGraw-Hill.
5. Bybee, J., Glick, M., & Zigler, E. (1990). Differences across gender, grade level, and academic track in the content of the ideal self-image. Sex Roles, 22, 349-358.
6. Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automatic activation of impression formation and memorization goals: Nonconscious goal priming reproduces effects of explicit task instructions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 464-478.
7. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner.
8. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 504-553). New York: McGraw-Hill.
9. Devine, P. G., & Elliot, A. J. (1995). Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1139-1150.
10. Douctre, G. P., Harris, G. A., & Watson, K. E. (1983). An analysis of self-image differences of male and female athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 6, 77-83.
11. Eccles, J. S., Barber, B., Jozefowicz, D., Malenchuk, O., & Vida, M. (1999). Self-evaluations of competence, task values, and self-esteem. In N. G. Johnson, M. C. Roberts, & J. Worrell (Eds.), Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls (pp. 53-83). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
12. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton. B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
13. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
14. Fiske, S. (1998). Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 357-411). New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. Frome, P. M., & Eccles, J. S. (1998). Parents' influence on children's achievement-related perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 435-452.
16. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
17. Gray, C. D., & Kinnear, P. R. (1998). SPSS for Macintosh made simple. Hove, England: Psychology Press.
18. Higgins, E. T. (1996). The self-digest: Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1062-1083.
19. Hilton, J. L., Klein, J. G., & von Hippel, W. (1991). Attention allocation and impression formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 548-559.
20. Hilton, J. L., & von Hippel, W. (1996). Stereotypes. In J. T. Spence, J. M. Darley, & D. J. Foss (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 237-271). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
21. Hogg., M. A., & Turner, J. C. (1987). Intergroup behavior, self-stereotyping and the salience of social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 325-340.
22. Holland, A., & Andre, T. (1994). Athletic participation and the social status of adolescent males and females. Youth & Society, 25, 388-407.
23. Jones, J. M. (1997). Prejudice and racism (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
24. Jussim, L., Coleman, L. M., & Lerch, L. (1987). The nature of stereotypes: A comparison and integration of three theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 536-546.
25. Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Racial stereotypes in one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, 280-290.
26. Kennedy, E. (1995). Correlates of perceived popularity among peers: A study of race and gender differences among middle school students. Journal of Negro Education, 64, 186-195.
27. Kunda, Z., & Oleson, K. C. (1997). When exceptions prove the rule: How extremity of deviance determines the impact of deviant examples on stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 965-979.
28. Locksley, A., Borgida, E., Brekke, N., & Hepburn, C. (1980). Sex stereotypes and social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 821-831.
29. Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemas and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.
30. Markus, H., Cross, S., & Wurf, E. (1990). The role of the self-system in competence. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Kolligian Jr. (Eds.), Competence considered (pp. 205-225). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
31. Markus, H., & Sentis, K. P. (1982). The self in social information processing. In J. Suls (Ed.). Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 41-70). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
32. Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 299-337.
33. McGuire, W. J., McGuire, C. V., Child, P., & Fujioka, T. (1978). Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one's ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 511-520.
34. McGuire, W. J., McGuire, C. V., & Winton, W. (1979). Effects of household sex composition on the salience of one's gender in the spontaneous self-concept. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 77-90.
35. McGuire, W. J., & Padawer-Singer, A. (1976). Trait salience in the spontaneous self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 743-754.
36. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
37. Merton, R. K. (1957). Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press.
38. Miller, C. T., Rothblum, E. D., Felicio, D., & Brand, P. (1995). Compensating for stigma: Obese and nonobese women's reactions to being visible. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1093-1106.
39. Miller, D. T., Turnbull, W., & McFarland, C. (1988). Particularistic and universalistic evaluation in the social comparison process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 908-917.
40. Nelson, L. J., & Miller, D. T. (1995). The distinctiveness effect in social categorization: You are what makes you unusual. Psychological Science, 6, 246-249.
41. Osborne, J. W. (1995). Academics, self-esteem, and race: A look at the underlying assumptions of the disidentification hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 449-455.
42. Oyserman, D., Grant, L., & Ager, J. (1995). A socially contextualized model of African American identity: Possible selves and school persistence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1216-1232.
43. Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
44. Sowell, T. (1981). Ethnic America: A history. New York: Basic Books.
45. Spencer, S., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28.
46. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
47. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
48. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
49. Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84, 327-352.
50. von Hippel, W., Jonides, J., Hilton, J. L., & Narayan, S. (1993). Inhibitory effect of schematic processing on perceptual encoding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 921-935.
51. Williams, J. M., & White, K. A. (1983). Adolescent status systems for males and females at three age levels. Adolescence, 18, 381-389.