The gender gap in science: How long until women are equally represented?

PLoS Biology

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2018, Pages

  Holman, Luke ^a   Stuart Fox, Devi ^a   Hauser, Cindy E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTHOR; CHEMISTRY; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION; ENGINEERING; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MATHEMATICS; MEDICINE; MENTORING; OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING; PEER REVIEW; PHYSICS; PRODUCTIVITY; SCIENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX RATIO; SURGERY; TECHNOLOGY; BIBLIOMETRICS; DECISION MAKING; ETHICS; HISTORY; META ANALYSIS; NATURAL SCIENCE; PUBLICATION; SEX FACTOR; SEXISM; SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; WRITING;

AUTHORSHIP; BIBLIOMETRICS; CAREER CHOICE; FEMALE; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; NATURAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES; PERIODICALS AS TOPIC; SEX FACTORS; SEXISM; SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITIES;

EID: 85046336105     PISSN: 15449173     EISSN: 15457885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. National Academy of ScienceBeyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling and Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2006.
2. Shaw AK, Stanton DE, Leaks in the pipeline: separating demographic inertia from ongoing gender differences in academia. Proc Roy Soc B. 2012;279: 3736–3741.
3. Sheltzer JM, Smith JC, Elite male faculty in the life sciences employ fewer women. PNAS. 2014;111: 10107–10112. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1403334111 24982167
4. Ioannidis JPA, How to make more published research true. PLoS Med. 2014;11: e1001747. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001747 25334033
5. West JD, Jacquet J, King MM, Correll SJ, Bergstrom CT, The role of gender in scholarly authorship. PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science; 2013;8: e66212. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066212 23894278
6. Elsevier. Gender in the global research landscape. Elsevier Report. Available: https://www.elsevier.com/research-intelligence/resource-library/gender-report
7. Larivière V, Ni C, Gingras Y, Cronin B, Sugimoto CR, Bibliometrics: global gender disparities in science. Nature. 2013;504: 211–213. 24350369
8. Caplar N, Tacchella S, Birrer S. Quantitative evaluation of gender bias in astronomical publications from citation counts. arXiv.org. 2016. p. 1610.08984.
9. Duch J, Zeng XHT, Sales-Pardo M, Radicchi F, Otis S, Woodruff TK, et al. The possible role of resource requirements and academic career-choice risk on gender differences in publication rate and impact. PLoS ONE. 2012;7: e51332. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051332 23251502
10. Macaluso B, Larivière V, Sugimoto T, Sugimoto CR, Is science built on the shoulders of women? A study of gender differences in contributorship. Acad Med. 2016;91: 1136–1142. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001261 27276004
11. Wren JD, Kozak KZ, Johnson KR, Deakyne SJ, Schilling LM, Dellavalle RP, The write position. A survey of perceived contributions to papers based on byline position and number of authors. EMBO Rep. 2007;8: 988–991. doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7401095 17972896
12. Wolfinger NH, Mason MA, Goulden M, Problems in the pipeline: Gender, marriage, and fertility in the ivory tower. Journal of Higher Education. 2008;79: 388–405.
13. Nicholson E, Accounting for career breaks. Science. 2015;348: 830. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6236.830 25977555
14. Moss-Racusin CA, Dovidio JF, Brescoll VL, Graham MJ, Handelsman J, Science faculty's subtle gender biases favor male students. PNAS. 2012;109: 16474–16479. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1211286109 22988126
15. Zeng XHT, Duch J, Sales-Pardo M, Moreira JAG, Radicchi F, Ribeiro HV, et al. Differences in collaboration patterns across discipline, career stage, and gender. PloS Biol. 2016;14: e1002573. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002573 27814355
16. Babcock L, Laschever S, Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2009.
17. Knobloch-Westerwick S, Glynn CJ, The Matilda effect in science communication: an experiment on gender bias in publication quality perceptions and collaboration interest. Science Communication. 2013;35: 603–625.
18. Mengel F, Sauermann J, Zolitz U. Gender bias in teaching evaluations. IZA Discussion Papers, 11000. Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/170984.
19. Martin JL, Ten simple rules to achieve conference speaker gender balance. PLoS Comput Biol. Public Library of Science; 2014;10: e1003903. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003903 25411977
20. Lanfear R, Pennell MW, Open access is worth considering: a reply to Agrawal. Trends Plant Sci. 2014;19: 340–341. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.04.006 24794132
21. Kaatz A, Gutierrez B, Carnes M, Threats to objectivity in peer review: the case of gender. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2014;35: 371–373. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.06.005 25086743
22. Conley D, Stadmark J, Gender matters: A call to commission more women writers. Nature. 2012;488: 590.
23. Topaz CM, Sen S, Gender representation on journal editorial boards in the mathematical sciences. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0161357. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161357 27536970
24. Lerback J, Hanson B, Journals invite too few women to referee. Nature. 2017;541: 455–457. doi: 10.1038/541455a 28128272
25. Correll SJ, Constraints into preferences: Gender, status, and emerging career aspirations. Am Sociol Rev. 2004;69: 93–113.
26. Lockwood P, “Someone like me can be successful”: do college students need same‐gender role models?Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2006;30: 36–46.
27. Barres BA, Does gender matter?Nature. 2006;442: 133–136. 16848004
28. Bian L, Leslie S-J, Cimpian A, Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science; 2017;355: 389–391. doi: 10.1126/science.aah6524 28126816
29. Foster SW, McMurray JE, Linzer M, Leavitt JW, Rosenberg M, Carnes M, Results of a gender-climate and work-environment survey at a midwestern academic health center. Acad Med. 2000;75: 653–660. 10875512
30. Mavriplis C, Heller R, Beil C, Dam K, Yassinskaya N, Shaw M, et al. Mind the gap: Women in STEM career breaks. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation. 2010;5: 140–151.
31. Garfield E, The history and meaning of the journal impact factor. JAMA2006;295, 90–93. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.1.90 16391221