"Someone like me can be successful": Do college students need same-gender role models?

Psychology of Women Quarterly

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 36-46

  Lockwood, Penelope ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645069949     PISSN: 03616843     EISSN: 14716402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00260.x     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Allen, T. D., & Eby, L. T. (2004). Factors related to mentor reports of mentoring functions provided: Gender and relational characteristics. Sex Roles, 50, 129-139.
2. Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
3. Brewer, M. B., & Weber, J. G. (1994). Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 268-275.
4. Burke, R. J., McKeen, C. A., & McKenna, C. (1993). Correlates of mentoring in organizations: The mentor's perspective. Psychological Reports, 72, 883-896.
5. Buunk, B. P., & Van der Laan, V. (2002). Do women need female role models? Subjective social status and the effects of same-sex and opposite sex comparisons. Revue Internationale De Psychologie Sociale, 15, 129-155.
6. Ensher, E. A., Grant-Vallone, E. J., & Marelich, W. D. (2002). Effects of perceived attitudinal and demographic similarity on protégés' support and satisfaction gained from their mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1407-1430.
7. Ensher, E. A., & Murphy, S. E. (1997). Effects of race, gender, perceived similarity, and contact on mentor relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 460-481.
8. Goethals, G. R., & Darley, J. M. (1977). Social comparison theory. In J. M. Suis & R. L. Miller (Eds.), Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives (pp. 259-278). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing.
9. Hakmiller, K. L. (1966). Need for self-evaluation, perceived similarity and comparison choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, (Suppl. 1), 49-54.
10. Kalbfleisch, P. J., &Keyton, J. (1995). Power and equality in mentoring relationships. In P. J. Kalbfleisch & M. J. Cody (Eds.), Gender, power, and communication in human relationships (pp. 189-212). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Koberg, C. S., Boss, R. W., & Goodman, E. (1998). Factors and outcomes associated with mentoring among healthcare professionals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53, 58-72.
12. Kram, K. E. (1985). Mentoring at work: Developmental relationships in organizational life. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
13. Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 91-103.
14. Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1999). Salient best selves can undermine inspiration by outstanding role models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 214-228.
15. Martin, R., Suls, J., & Wheeler, L. (2002). Ability evaluation by proxy: Role of maximal performance and related attributes in social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 781-791.
16. Marx, D. M., & Roman, J. S. (2002). Female role models: Protecting women's math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1183-1193.
17. McIntyre, R. B., Paulson, R. M., & Lord, C. G. (2003). Alleviating women's mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 83-90.
18. Miller, C. T. (1982). The role of performance-related similarity in social comparison of abilities: A test of the related attributes hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 513-523.
19. Miller, C. T. (1984). Self-schemas, gender, and social comparison: A clarification of the related attributes hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1222-1229.
20. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
21. Noe, R. A. (1988). An investigation of the determinants of successful assigned mentoring relationships. Personnel Psychology, 41, 457-479.
22. Ragins, B. R. (1989). Barriers to mentoring: The female manager's dilemma. Human Relations, 42, 1-22.
23. Ragins, B. R. (1997). Antecedents of diversified mentoring relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51, 90-109.
24. Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. (1991). Easier said than done: Gender differences in perceived barriers to gaining a mentor. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 939-951.
25. Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. (1999). Mentor functions and outcomes: A comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 529-550.
26. Ragins, B. R., & McFarlin, D. B. (1990). Perceptions of mentor roles in cross-gender mentoring relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37, 321-339.
27. Ragins, B. R., & Sundstrom, E. (1989). Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 51-88.
28. Ragins, B. R., Townsend, B., & Mattis, M. (1998). Gender gap in the executive suite: CEOs and female executives report on breaking the glass ceiling. Academic of Management Executive, 12, 28-42.
29. Scandura, T. A., & Williams, E. A. (2001). An investigation of the moderating effects of gender on the relationships between mentorship initiation and protégé perceptions of mentoring functions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 342-363.
30. Sosik, J. J., & Godshalk, V. M. (2000). The role of gender in mentoring: Implications for diversified and homogenous mentoring relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 7, 102-122.
31. Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28.
32. Statistics Canada. (2003, February 11). Canada's Workforce: Paid Work; 2001 National Occupational Classifications for Statistics. Retrieved September 20, 2005 from http://www12. statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/ themes/
33. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2004). Table of employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Retrieved September 20, 2005 from http://stats.bls.gov/cps/ cpsaat11.pdf
34. Wheeler, L. (1966). Motivation as a determinant of upward comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, (Suppl. 1), 27-31.
35. Wheeler, L., Martin, R., & Suls, J. (1997). The Proxy model of social comparison for self-assessment of ability. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 54-61.
36. Wood, J. V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 231-248.
37. Zanna, M. P., Goethals, G. R., & Hill, J. F. (1975). Evaluating a sex related ability: Social comparison with similar others and standard setters. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 86-93.