Geographic and social disparities in exposure to air neurotoxicants at U.S. public schools

Environmental Research

Volumn 161, Issue , 2018, Pages 580-587

  Grineski, Sara E ^a   Collins, Timothy W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

Children; Environmental justice; Neurological toxics; Public schools

Indexed keywords

NEUROTOXIN;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BRAIN; BUILDING; CHILD HEALTH; DEMOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; ETHNIC GROUP; ETHNIC MINORITY; GEOGRAPHICAL REGION; HEALTH RISK; METROPOLITAN AREA; NEUROLOGY; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RURAL AREA; STUDENT; URBAN AREA;

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; AIR POLLUTION; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; ASIAN; BIVARIATE ANALYSIS; BLACK PERSON; DEMOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHNIC GROUP; GEOGRAPHY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HISPANIC; MINORITY GROUP; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PACIFIC ISLANDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL; SOCIAL DISPARITY; SOCIAL STATUS; STUDENT; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREA; AIR POLLUTANT; ANALYSIS; CHILD; HEALTH DISPARITY; HUMAN; NEW YORK; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

NEW YORK [NEW YORK (STT)]; NEW YORK [UNITED STATES]; UNITED STATES;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHNIC GROUPS; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MINORITY GROUPS; NEW YORK CITY; SCHOOLS; SOCIAL CONDITIONS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85037678322     PISSN: 00139351     EISSN: 10960953     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.047     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Bandyopadhyay, A., Neurological disorders from ambient (urban) air pollution emphasizing UFPM and PM2.5. Curr. Pollut. Rep. 2:3 (2016), 203–211.
2. Bécares, L., Shaw, R., Nazroo, J., Stafford, M., Albor, C., Atkin, K., Kiernan, K., Wilkinson, R., Pickett, K., Ethnic density effects on physical morbidity, mortality, and health behaviors: a systematic review of the literature. Am. J. Public Health 12 (2012), e33–e66.
3. Bloom, B., Jones, L., Gulnur, F., Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. Vital Health Stat. 10:258 (2013), 1–81.
4. Brockmeyer, S., D'Angiulli, A., How air pollution alters brain development: the role of neuroinflammation. Transl. Neurosci. 7:1 (2016), 24–30.
5. Calderón-Garcidueñas, L., Solt, A.C., Henriquez-Roldan, C., Torres-Jardon, R., Nuse, B., Herritt, L., Villarreal-Calderón, R., Osnaya, N., Stone, I., García, R., Brooks, D.M., González-Maciel, A., Reynoso-Robles, R., Delgado-Chávez, R., Reed, W., Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults. Toxicol. Pathol. 36:2 (2008), 289–310.
6. Calderón-Garcidueñas, L., Vojdani, A., Blaurock-Busch, E., Busch, Y., Friedle, A., Franco-Lira, M., Sarathi-Mukherjee, P., Martínez-Aguirre, X., Park, S.B., Torres-Jardón, R., D'Angiulli, A., Air pollution and children: neural and tight junction antibodies and combustion metals, the role of barrier breakdown and brain immunity in neurodegeneration. J. Alzheimer's. Dis. 43:3 (2015), 1039–1058.
7. Calderón-Garcidueñas, L., Leray, E., Heydarpour, P., Torres-Jardon, R., Reis, J., Air pollution, a rising environmental risk factor for cognition, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: the clinical impact on children and beyond. Rev. Neurol. 172:1 (2016), 69–80.
8. Case, A., Fertig, A., Paxson, C., The lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance. J. Health Econ. 24 (2005), 365–389.
9. Chakraborty, J., Collins, T.W., Montgomery, M.C., Grineski, S.E., Hernandez, M., Comparing disproportionate exposure to acute and chronic pollution risks: a case study in Houston, Texas. Risk Anal. 34:11 (2014), 2005–2020.
10. Chakraborty, J., Zandbergen, P.A., Children at risk: measuring racial/ethnic disparities in potential exposure to air pollution at school and home. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 61:12 (2007), 1074–1079.
11. Clark, L.P., Millet, D.B., Marshall, J.D., National patterns in environmental injustice and inequality: outdoor NO2 air pollution in the United States. PLoS One, 9, 2014, 4.
12. Colburn, T., Dumanoski, D., Myers, J.P., Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? A Scientific Detective Story. 1997, Plume Books, New York, NY.
13. Collins, T., Grineski, S.E., Morales, D.X., Sexual orientation, gender, and environmental injustice: unequal carcinogenic air pollution risks in Greater Houston. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 107:1 (2017), 72–92.
14. Costa Lucio, G., Cole, T.B., Coburn, J., Chang, Y., Dao, K., Roque, P., Neurotoxicants are in the air: convergence of human, animal, and In vitro studies on the effects of air pollution on theBrain. BioMed. Res. Int., 2014, 8 (Article ID736385).
15. Cushing, L., Faust, J., August, L.M., Cendak, R., Wieland, W., Alexeeff, G., racial/ethnic disparities in cumulative environmental health impacts in California: evidence from a statewide environmental justice screening tool (CalEnviroScreen 1.1). Am. J. Public Health 105:11 (2015), 2341–2348.
16. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. Technical Support Document: EPA's 2011 National-scale Air Toxics Assessment. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: Office of Air Quality, Planning, and Standards. pp. 361.
17. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016a. 2011 NATA: Assessment Results. Washington DC.
18. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016b. Manganese. In TEACH: Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health Washington, D.C.
19. FindLaw, Compulsory education laws: background. Thompson Reuters, 2013.
20. Gaffron, P., Niemeier, D., School locations and traffic emissions - environmental (in)justice findings using a new screening method. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12:2 (2015), 2009–2025.
21. Garson, G., Generalized linear models and generalized estimating equations. 2012, Statistical Associates Publishing, Asheboro, NC.
22. Genc, S., Zadeoglulari, Z., Fuss, S.H., Genc, K., The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. J. Toxicol., 2012, 23 Article ID 782462.
23. Gould, J., Quality of life in american neighborhoods. 1986, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
24. Grandjean, P., Landrigan, P.J., Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity. Lancet Neurol. 13:3 (2014), 330–338.
25. Green, R.S., Smorodinsky, S., Kim, J.J., McLaughlin, R., Ostro, B., Proximity of California public schools to busy roads. Environ. Health Perspect. 112 (2004), 61–66.
26. Grineski, S.E., Clark-Reyna, S.E., Collins, T., School-based exposure to hazardous air pollutants and grade point average: a multi-level study. Environ. Res. 147 (2015), 164–171.
27. Grineski, S.E., Collins, T.W., Morales, D.X., Asian Americans and disproportionate exposure to carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants: a national study. Social. Sci. Med. 185 (2017), 71–80.
28. IPUMS, U.S. Geographic Summary Data and Boundary Files. 2016, Minnesota Population Center., St. Paul, MN.
29. Jacobs, D.E., Environmental health disparities in housing. Am. J. Public Health 101 (2011), S115–S122.
30. Landrigan, P.J., Fuller, R., Environmental pollution: an enormous and invisible burden on health systems in low- and middle-income counties. World Hosp. Health Serv. 50:4 (2014), 35–40.
31. Landrigan, P.J., Rauh, V.A., Galvez, M.P., Environmental justice and the health of children. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 77:2 (2010), 178–187.
32. Lanphear, B.P., Dietrich, K., Auinger, P., Cox, C., Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 microg/dL in U.S. children and adolescents. Public Health Rep. 115:6 (2000), 521–529.
33. Legot, C., London, B., Shandra, J., Environmental ascription: high-volume polluters, schools, and human capital. Organ. Environ. 23:3 (2010), 271–290.
34. Liang, K., Zeger, S., Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73 (1986), 13–22.
35. Lievanos, R.S., Race, deprivation, and immigrant isolation: the spatial demography of air-toxic clusters in the continental United States. Social. Sci. Res. 54 (2015), 50–67.
36. Linder, S.H., Marko, D., Sexton, K., Cumulative cancer risk from air pollution in Houston: disparities in risk burden and social disadvantage. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42:12 (2008), 4312–4322.
37. Loane, C., Pilinis, C., Lekkas, T.D.P., olitis, M., Ambient particulate matter and its potential neurological consequences. Rev. Neurosci. 24:3 (2013), 323–325.
38. Mandal, P.K., Bandyopadhyay, A., Ambient air quality in the Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area: assessment of practices and policy from 2003 to 2010 with policy recommendations for air quality improvement. Environ. Qual. Manag. 23:1 (2013), 83–106.
39. Massey, D.S., Denton, N.A., American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. 1993, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
40. McKelvey, W.R., Gwynn, C., Jeffery, N., Kass, D., Thorpe, L.E., Garg, R.K., Palmer, C.D., Parsons, P.J., A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of New York city adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:10 (2007), 1435–1441.
41. Mohai, P., Saha, R., Which came first, people or pollution? Assessing the disparate siting and post-siting demographic change hypotheses of environmental injustice. Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 2015, 11.
42. Mohai, P., Pellow, D.N., Timmons, J.R., Environmental justice. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 34 (2009), 405–430.
43. Mohai, P., Kweon, B., Lee, S., Ard, K., Air pollution around schools is linked to poorer student health and academic performance. Health Aff. 30:5 (2011), 852–862.
44. Morales, L.S., Lara, M., Kington, R.S., Valdez, R.O., Escarce, J.J., Socioeconomic, cultural and behavioral factors affecting hispanic health outcomes. J. Health Care Poor Under. 13:4 (2002), 477–503.
45. Morello-Frosch, R., Jesdale, B.M., Separate and unequal: residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in US metropolitan areas. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:3 (2006), 386–393.
46. National Center for Education Statistics, Average Number of Hours in the School Day and Average Number of Days in the School Year for Public Schools, by State: 2007–08. 2008, U.S. Department of Education, Washington D.C.
47. National Center for Education Statistics, “ElSi tableGenerator.” Edited. 2017, Department of Education, Washington D.C.
48. Nelder, J., Wedderburn, R., Generalized linear models. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A 135 (1972), 370–384.
49. Pais, J., Crowder, K., Downey, L., Unequal trajectories: racial and class differences in residential exposure to industrial hazard. Social. Forces 92:3 (2014), 1189–1215.
50. Pastor, M., Sadd, J.L., Morello-Frosch, R., Who's minding the kids? Pollution, public schools, and environmental justice in Los Angeles. Social. Sci. Q. 83:1 (2002), 263–280.
51. Pastor, M., James, L.S., Morello-Frosch, R., Breathless: schools, air toxics, and environmental justice in California. Policy Stud. J. 34:3 (2006), 337–362.
52. Pastor, M., Sadd, L., Morello-Frosch, R., Reading, writing, and toxics: children's health, academic performance, and environmental justice in Los Angeles. Environ. Plan. C 22 (2004), 271–290.
53. Pastor, M., Morello-Frosch, R., Sadd, J.L., The air is always cleaner on the other side: Race, space, and ambient air toxics exposures in California. J. Urban Aff. 27:2 (2005), 127–148.
54. Perera, F., Children are likely to suffer most from our fossil fuel addiction. Environ. Health Perspect. 116:987–990 (2008), 987–990 (116).
55. Roberts, A.L., Lyall, K., Hart, J.E., Laden, F., Just, A.C., Bobb, J.F., Koenen, K.C., Ascherio, A., Weisskopf, M.G., Perinatal air pollutant exposures and autism spectrum disorder in the children of nurses' health study II participants. Environ. Health Perspect. 121:8 (2013), 978–984.
56. Sampson, N., Environmental Justice at School: understanding research, policy, and practice to improve our children's health. J. Sch. Health 82:5 (2012), 246–252.
57. Sanders, T., Liu, Y., Buchner, V., Tchounwou, P.B., Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. Rev. Environ. Health 24:1 (2009), 15–45.
58. Scharber, H., Lucier, C., London, B., Rosofsky, A., Shandra, J., The consequences of exposure to, neurological, and respiratory toxins for school performance: a closer look at environmental ascription in East Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Popul. Environ. 35 (2013), 205–224.
59. Strife, S., Downey, L., Childhood development and access to nature a new direction for environmental inequality research. Organ. Environ. 22:1 (2009), 99–122.
60. Suk, W.A., Ahanchian, H., Asante, K.A., Carpenter, D.O., Diaz-Barriga, F., Ha, E.H., Huo, X., King, M., Ruchirawat, M., da Silva, E.R., Sly, L., Sly, P.D., Stein, R.T., van den Berg, M., Zar, H., Landrigan, P.J., Environmental pollution: an under-recognized threat to children's health, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Environ. Health Perspect. 124:3 (2016), A41–A45.
61. Sze, J., Asian American activism for environmental justice. Peace Rev. 16:2 (2004), 149–156.
62. Talbott, E.O., Marshall, L.P., Rager, J.R., Arena, V.C., Sharma, R.K., Stacy, S.L., Air toxics and the risk of autism spectrum disorder: the results of a population based case-control study in southwestern Pennsylvania. Environ. Health, 2015, 14.
63. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014. School Siting Guidelines. Washington, D.C.
64. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017. EPA Region 2.
65. Wargo, J., The physical school environment: an essential component of a health-promoting school. 2004, World Health Organization, Geneva.
66. White, B.M., Bonilha, H.S., Ellis, C., Racial/Ethnic differences in childhood blood lead levels among children < 72 months of age in the United States: a systematic review of the literature. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 3:1 (2016), 145–153.
67. Windham, G.C., Zhang, L., Gunier, R., Croen, L.A., Grether, J.K., Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous air pollutants in the San Francisco Bay area. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:9 (2006), 1438–1444.
68. World Health Organization, 2010. Children's expsosure to mercury compounds. Geneva, Switzerland.
69. Xu, J., Lee, J.C., The marginalized" model" minority: an empirical examination of the racial triangulation of Asian Americans. Social. Probl. 91:4 (2013), 1363–1397.
70. Zeger, S., Liang, K., Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics 42 (1986), 121–130.