The marginalized "model" minority: An empirical examination of the racial triangulation of asian americans

Social Forces

Volumn 91, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1363-1397

  Xu, Jun ^a   Lee, Jennifer C ^b  

^a BALL STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878474422     PISSN: 00377732     EISSN: 15347605     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/sf/sot049     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Alba, Richard and Victor Nee. 2003. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2. Alcoff, Linda Martin. 2003. "Latino/as, Asian Americans, and the Black-White Binary." The Journal of Ethics 7(1):5-27.
3. Ancheta, Angelo. 1998. Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
4. Blumer. Herbert. 1958. "Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position." The Pacific Sociological Review 1:3-7.
5. Bobo, Lawrence. 1998. "Race, Interests, and Beliefs about Affirmative Action." American Behavioral Scientist 41(7):985-1003.
6. Bonacich, Edna. 1973. "A Theory of Middlemen Minorities." American Sociological Review 38(5):583-94.
7. Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2004. "From Bi-racial to Tri-racial: Towards a New System of Racial Stratification in the USA." Ethnic and Racial Studies 27(6):931-50.
8. Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2010. Racism without Racists. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Bowman & Littlefield Publishers.
9. Correll, Joshua, Bernadette Park, Charles M. Judd, and Bernd Wittenbrink. 2002. "The Police Officer's Dilemma: Using Ethnicity to Disambiguate Potentially Threatening Individuals." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83(6):1314-29.
10. Cummings, Scott, and Thomas Lambert. 1997. "Anti-Hispanic and Anti-Asian Sentiments among African Americans." Social Science Quarterly 78(2):338-53.
11. Danico, Mary Yu, and Franklin Ng. 2004. Asian American Issues. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
12. Davis, James Allan, and Tom W. Smith. 2009. General Social Surveys, 1972-2008. [machine-readable data file]. Principal Investigator, James A. Davis; National Opinion Research Center producer. Storrs, CT: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut, distributor.
13. DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Robert J. Mills. 2004. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-226, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2003. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
14. Devos, Thierry and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2005. "American = White?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88(3):447-66.
15. Devos, Thierry, and Leakhena Heng. 2009. "Whites are Granted the American Identity More Swiftly than Asians." Social Psychology 40(4):192-201.
16. Dixon, Jeffrey C. 2006. "The Ties that Bind and Those That Don't: Toward Reconciling Group Threat and Contact Theories of Prejudice." Social Forces 84(4):179-2204.
17. Fiske, Susan T., Jun Xu, Amy C. Cuddy, and Peter Glick. 1999. "(Dis)respecting versus (Dis)liking: Status and Interdependence Predict Ambivalent Stereotypes of Competence and Warmth." Journal of Social Issues 55(3):473-89.
18. Forman, Tyrone A., Carla Goar, and Amanda E. Lewis. 2002. "Neither Black Nor Whites? An Empirical Test of the Latin Americanization Thesis." Race & Society 5(1):65-84.
19. Gibson, Margaret A. 1988. Accommodation without Assimilation: Sikh Immigrants in an American High School. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
20. Gold, Steven J. 2004. "From Jim Crow to Racial Hegemony: Evolving Explanations of Racial Hierarchy." Ethnic and Racial Studies 27(6):951-68.
21. Gordon, Milton M. 1964. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
22. Hirschman, Charles, and Morrison G. Wong. 1984. "Socioeconomic Gains of Asian Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1960-1976." American Journal of Sociology 90(3):584-607.
23. Hollinger, David A. 2005. "The One Drop Rule & the One Hate Rule." Daedalus 134(1):18-28.
24. Humes, Karent R., Nicholas A. Jones, and Roberto R. Ramirez. 2011. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010." The Census Bureau, Washington, DC.
25. Hunt, Matthew. 2007. "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977-2004." American Sociological Review 72(3):390-415.
26. Jackman, Mary R., and Marie Crane. 1986. "Some of My Best Friends Are Black...Interracial Friendship and Whites' Racial Attitudes." Public Opinion Quarterly 50(4):459-86.
27. Jackman, Mary R., and Michael Muha 1984. "Education and Intergroup Attitudes: Moral Enlightenment, Superficial Democratic Commitment, or Ideological Refinement." American Sociological Review 49(6):751-69.
28. Jackson, Byron O., Elisabeth R. Gerber, and Bruce E. Cain. 1994. "Coalitional Prospects in a Multi-Racial Society: African-American Attitudes Toward Other Minority Groups." Political Research Quarterly 47(2):277-94.
29. Kao, Grace. 2006. "Where are the Asian and Hispanic Victims of Katrina? A Metaphor for Invisible Minorities in Contemporary Racial Discourse." Du Bois Review 3(1):223-31.
30. Kim, Claire Jean. 1999. "The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans." Politics & Society 27:105-38.
31. Kim, Claire Jean. 2004. "Unyielding Positions: A Critique of the 'Race' Debate." Ethnicities 4(3):337-55.
32. Kim, Nadia. 2007. "Asian Americans' Experiences of 'Race' and Racism." Pp. 131-44 in Handbook of Racial and Ethnic Relations, edited by Joe Feagin and Hernan Vera. New York, NY: Springer.
33. King, Athena M. 2010. "Racial/Ethnic Triangulation among Whites/Native Americans/Mexicans, Policy Punctuation, and New Order as A Consequence of Native American Involuntary Servitude (< 1800-1867)." Paper presented at the 2010 American Political Science Association Meeting, Washington, DC.
34. Lee, Jennifer, and Frank D. Bean. 2010. The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in Twenty-First Century America. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
35. Lee, Robert G. 1999. Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
36. Lee, Stacey J. 1996. Unraveling the "Model Minority" Stereotype: Listening to Asian American Youth. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
37. Lien, Pei-Te, M. Margaret Conway, and Janelle Wong. 2004. The Politics of Asian Americans: Diversity and Community. New York, NY: Routledge.
38. Lin, Monica H., Virginia S. Y. Kwan, Anna Cheung, and Susan T. Fiske. 2005. "Stereotype Content Model Explains Prejudice for an Envied Outgroup: Scale of Anti-Asian American Stereotypes." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31(1):34-47.
39. Lopez, Ian Haney. 1996. White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York, NY: New York University Press.
40. Maldonado, Marta Maria. 2006. "Racial Triangulation of Latino/a Workers by Agricultural Employers." Human Organization 65(4):353-61.
41. Mallick, Jayanti. 2010. "H-1B Visas." Pp. 117-122 in Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today: Diversity and Demographics, edited by Edith Wen-Chu Chen and Grace J. Yoo. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood.
42. Marrow, Helen. 2009. "New Immigrant Destinations and the American Colour Line." Ethnic and Racial Studies 32(6):1037-57.
43. Min, Pyong-Gap. 1996. Caught in the Middle: Korean Communities in New York and Los Angeles. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
44. Ng, Jennifer C., Sharon S. Lee, and Yoon K. Pak. 2007. "Contesting the Model Minority and Perpetual Foreigner Stereotypes: A Critical Review of Literature on Asian Americans in Education." Review of Research in Education, 31(1):95-130.
45. Okihiro, Gary. 1994. Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
46. Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s. New York, NY: Routledge.
47. Ong, Paul, and R. Varisa Patraporn. 2006. "Asian Americans and Wealth: The Role of Housing and Non-Housing Assets." Los Angeles, CA: School of Public Affairs, University of California-Los Angeles.
48. Ono, Kent, and Vincent Pham. 2008. Asian Americans and the Media. Boston, MA: Polity.
49. Osajima, Keith. 1988. Asian Americans as the Model Minority: An Analysis of the Popular Press Image in the 1960s and 1980s. Pp. 165-74 in Reflections on Shattered Windows: Promises and Prospects for Asian American Studies, edited by Gary Y. Okihiro, Shirley Hune, Arthur A. Hansen, and John M. Liu. Spokane, WA: Washington State University Press.
50. Passel, Jeffrey S., and D'Vera Cohn. 2008. U.S. Population Projections: 2005-2050. Pew Research Center, Washington, DC.
51. Perea, Juan F. 1998. "The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The 'Normal Science' of American Racial Thought." California Law Review 85(5):1213-58.
52. Portes, Alejandro, and Ruben G. Rumbaut. 2001. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
53. Powers, Daniel A., and Christopher G. Ellison. 1995. "Interracial Contact and Black Racial Attitudes: The Contact Hypothesis and Selectivity Bias." Social Forces 74(1):205-26.
54. Qian, Zhenchao and Daniel T. Lichter. 2007. "Social Boundaries and Marital Assimilation: Interpreting Trends in Racial and Ethnic Intermarriage." American Sociological Review 72(1):68-94.
55. Sakamoto, Arthur, Kimberly A. Goyette, and ChangHwan Kim. 2009. "Socioeconomic Attainments of Asian Americans." Annual Review of Sociology 35:255-76.
56. Shankman, Arnold. 1978. "Black on Yellow: Afro-Americans View Chinese-Americans, 1850-1935." Phylon: The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture 39(1):1-17.
57. Sigelman, Lee, and Susan Welch. 1993. "The Contact Hypothesis Revisited: Black-White Interaction and Positive Racial Attitudes." Social Forces 71(3):781-95.
58. Skrentny, John D. 2001. Color Lines: Affirmative Action, Immigration, and Civil Rights Options for America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
59. Song, Miri. 2004. "Who's at the Bottom? Examining Claims About Racial Hierarchy." Ethnic and Racial Studies 27(6):859-77.
60. Tang, Eric. 2011. "A Gulf Unites Us: The Vietnamese Americans of Black New Orleans East." American Quarterly 63(1):117-49.
61. Taylor, Marylee C. 1998. "How White Attitudes Vary with the Racial Composition of Local Populations: Numbers Count." American Sociological Review 63(4):512-35.
62. Tuan, Mia. 1998. Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
63. Waters, Mary C., and Karl Eschbach. 1995. "Immigration and Ethnic and Racial Inequality in the United States." Annual Review of Sociology 21:419-46.
64. Watson, James L. 2004. "Virtual Kinship, Real Estate, and Diaspora Formation: The Man Lineage Revisited." Journal of Asian Studies 63(4):893-910.
65. Woo, Deborah. 2000. Glass Ceilings and Asian Americans: The New Face of Workplace Barriers. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
66. Wu, Frank H. 2003. Yellow: Race in America beyond Black and White. New York, NY: Basic Books.
67. Xie, Yu, and Kimberly Goyette. 2004. A Demographic Portrait of Asian Americans. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation and Population Reference Bureau.
68. Yancey, George A. 2003. Who is White? Hispanics, Asians, and the New Black/Non-Black Divide. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
69. Zeng, Zhen, and Yu Xie. 2004. "Asian-Americans' Earnings Disadvantage Reexamined: The Role of Place of Education." American Journal of Sociology 109(5):1075-1108.
70. Zhou, Min. 2004. "Are Asian Americans Becoming 'White?'" Contexts 3(1):29-37.