Keto-adaptation enhances exercise performance and body composition responses to training in endurance athletes

Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental

Volumn 81, Issue , 2018, Pages 25-34

  McSwiney, Fionn T ^a   Wardrop, Bruce ^a   Hyde, Parker N ^b   Lafountain, Richard A ^b   Volek, Jeff S ^b   Doyle, Lorna ^a  

^a South East Technological University   (Ireland)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Body composition; Endurance; High carbohydrate; Ketogenic; Performance

Indexed keywords

3 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; CARBOHYDRATE; ELECTROLYTE; FAT; PROTEIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY FAT; BODY MASS; CRITICAL POWER TEST; ENDURANCE TRAINING; FLUID INTAKE; HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING; HUMAN; KETOGENIC DIET; LIPID DIET; LIPID OXIDATION; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; MALE; MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SIX SECOND SPRINT; TASK PERFORMANCE; TIME; TIME TRIAL; ADAPTATION; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; ENDURANCE; EXERCISE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ADULT; ATHLETES; BODY COMPOSITION; DIET, KETOGENIC; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; EXERCISE; HUMANS; MALE; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE;

EID: 85036568277     PISSN: 00260495     EISSN: 15328600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.010     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Rodriguez, N.R., DiMarco, N.M., Langley, S., Position of the American dietetic association, dietitians of Canada, and the American college of sports medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc 109:3 (2009), 509–527 https://www.andeal.org/vault/2440/web/200903_NAP_JADA-PositionPaper.pdf.
2. Jeukendrup, A., A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise. Sports Med 44:1 (2014), 25–33, 10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z.
3. Burke, L.M., Re-examining high-fat diets for sports performance: did we call the ‘nail in the coffin’ too soon?. Sports Med 45:1 (2015), 33–49, 10.1007/s40279-015-0393-9.
4. Volek, J.S., Noakes, T., Phinney, S.D., Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 15:1 (2015), 13–20 https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.959564.
5. Volek, J., Phinney, S.D., The art and science of low-carbohydrate performance: a revolutionary program to extend your physical and mental performance envelope. Beyond obesity, 2012.
6. Rapoport, B.I., Metabolic factors limiting performance in marathon runners. PLoS Comput Biol, 6(10), 2010, e1000960, 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000960.
7. Burke, L.M., Hawley, J.A., Wong, S.H., Jeukendrup, A.E., Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci 29:Suppl. 1 (2011), S17–S27, 10.1080/02640414.2011.585473.
8. Volek, J.S., Freidenreich, D.J., Saenz, C., Kunces, L.J., Creighton, B.C., Bartley, J.M., et al. Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners. Metabolism 65:3 (2016), 100–110, 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.028.
9. Phinney, S.D., Bistrian, B.R., Evans, W.J., Gervino, E., Blackburn, G.L., The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism 32:8 (1983), 769–776, 10.1016/0026-0495(83)90106-3.
10. Paoli, A., Grimaldi, K., D'Agostino, D., Cenci, L., Moro, T., Bianco, A., et al. Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 9(1), 2012, 34, 10.1186/1550-2783-9-34.
11. Zajac, A., Poprzecki, S., Maszczyk, A., Czuba, M., Michalczyk, M., Zydek, G., The effects of a ketogenic diet on exercise metabolism and physical performance in off-road cyclists. Forum Nutr 6:7 (2014), 2493–2508, 10.3390/nu6072493.
12. Burke, L.M., Ross, M., Garvican-Lewis, L., Welvaert, M., Heikura, I., Forbes, S., et al. Low-carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers. J Physiol, 2017, 10.1113/JP273230.
13. O'Keeffe, K.A., Keith, R.E., Wilson, G.D., Blessing, D.L., Dietary carbohydrate intake and endurance exercise performance of trained female cyclists. Nutr Res 9:8 (1989), 819–830, 10.1016/S0271-5317(89)80027-2.
14. Lambert, E., Speechly, D., Dennis, S., Enhanced endurance in trained cyclists during moderate intensity exercise following 2 weeks adaptation to a high fat diet. Eur J Appl Physiol 63 (1994), 287–293, 10.1007/BF00392032.
15. Goedecke, J., Christie, C., Wilson, G., Dennis, S., Metabolic adaptations to a high-fat diet in endurance cyclists. Metabolism, 1999, 10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90238-X.
16. Rowlands, D.S., Hopkins, W.G., Effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on metabolism and performance in cycling. Metabolism 51:6 (2002), 678–690, 10.1053/meta.2002.32723.
17. Vogt, M., Puntschart, A., Howald, H., Mueller, B., Effects of dietary fat on muscle substrates, metabolism, and performance in athletes. Med Sci, 2003, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000069336.30649.BD.
18. Venables, M.C., Achten, J., Jeukendrup, A.E., Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and women: a cross-sectional study. J Appl Physiol 98:1 (2005), 160–167, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.2003.
19. Noakes, T.D., Windt, J., Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 51:2 (2017), 133–139.
20. Webster, C.C., Noakes, T.D., Chacko, S.K., Swart, J., Kohn, T.A., Smith, J.A., Gluconeogenesis during endurance exercise in cyclists habituated to a long-term low carbohydrate high-fat diet. J Physiol 594:15 (2016), 4389–4405.
21. Hokper, J., Myers, S., Jobson, S.A., Bruce, W., Passfield, L., Validity and reliability of the wattbike cycle ergometer. Int J Sports Med 31 (2010), 731–736.
22. Hood, M.S., Little, J.P., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Myslik, F., Gibala, M.J., Low-volume interval training improves muscle oxidative capacity in sedentary adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:10 (2011), 1849–1856, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182199834.
23. Wang, L., Mascher, H., Psilander, N., Blomstrand, E., Sahlin, K., Resistance exercise enhances the molecular signaling of mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 111:5 (2011), 1335–1344, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00086.2011.
24. Spreit, L.L., New insights into the interaction of carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise. Sports Med 44:Suppl. 1 (2014), 87–96.
25. Cohen, J., Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. 2nd ed., 1988, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
26. Rønnestad, B.R., Mujika, I., Optimizing strength training for running and cycling endurance performance: a review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 24:4 (2014), 603–612.
27. Saunders, P.U., Pyne, D.B., Telford, R.D., Hawley, J.A., Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Med 34:7 (2004), 465–485.
28. Helge, J.W., A high carbohydrate diet remains the evidence based choice for elite athletes to optimise performance. J Physiol, 2017, 10.1113/JP273830.
29. Cahill, G.F., Aoki, T.T., Alternate fuel utilization by brain. Passonneau, J.V., Hawkins, R.A., Lust, W.D., Welsh, F.A., (eds.) Cerebral metabolism and neural function, 1980, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
30. Zinn, C., Wood, M., Williden, M., Chatterton, S., Maunder, E., Ketogenic diet benefits body composition and well-being but not performance in a pilot case study of New Zealand endurance athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 14(1), 2017, 22.
31. Phinney, S.D., Horton, E.S., Sims, E.A., Hanson, J.S., Danforth, E. Jr., Lagrange, B.M., Capacity for moderate exercise in obese subjects after adaptation to a hypocaloric, ketogenic diet. J Clin Investig, 66(5), 1980, 1152 https://doi.org/0021-9738/80/11/1152/10.
32. Ackland, T.R., Lohman, T.G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R.J., Meyer, N.L., Stewart, A.D., et al. Current status of body composition assessment in sport. Sports Med 42:3 (2012), 227–249.
33. Jackson, A.S., Pollack, M.L., Practical assessment of body composition. Phys Sportsmed 13:5 (1985), 76–90.
34. Gibson, A.A., Seimon, R.V., Lee, C.M.Y., Ayre, J., Franklin, J., Markovic, T.P., et al. Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 16:1 (2015), 64–76, 10.1111/obr.12230.
35. Wilson, J.M., Lowery, R.P., Roberts, M.D., Sharp, M.H., Joy, J.M., Shields, K.A., et al. The effects of ketogenic dieting on body composition, strength, power, and hormonal profiles in resistance training males. J Strength Cond Res, 2017, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001935.
36. Jürimäe, J., Tillmann, V., Purge, P., Jürimäe, T., Body composition, maximum aerobic performance and inflammatory biomarkers in endurance-trained athletes. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 37:3 (2017), 288–292.
37. Erlenbusch, M., Haub, M., Munoz, K., MacConnie, S., Stillwell, B., Effect of high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets on endurance exercise: a meta-analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 15:1 (2005), 1–14, 10.1123/ijsnem.15.1.1.
38. Cycling News, History of the tour de France by numbers. (Website) http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/history-of-the-tour-de-france-by-numbers/, 2012.
39. Obradović, J., Vukadinović, M., Pantović, M., Baić, M., HIIT vs moderate intensity endurance training: impact on aerobic parameters in young adult men. Acta Kinesiol 10:1 (2016), 35–40.
40. 2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 49:2 (2017), 265–273, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001099.
41. Keating, S.E., Johnson, N.A., Mielke, G.I., Coombes, J.S., A systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on body adiposity. Obes Rev 18:8 (2017), 943–964, 10.1111/obr.12536.