Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise

European Journal of Sport Science

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 13-20

  Volek, Jeff S ^a   Noakes, Timothy ^b   Phinney, Stephen D ^c  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Metabolism; nutrition; performance

Indexed keywords

FAT INTAKE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BRAIN; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; KETOACIDOSIS; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BRAIN; DIETARY FATS; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; HUMANS; KETOSIS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; SPORTS NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA;

EID: 84921457014     PISSN: 17461391     EISSN: 15367290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.959564     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Anderson, K. A., & Hirschey, M. D. (2012). Mitochondrial protein acetylation regulates metabolism. Essays in Biochemistry, 52, 23–35. doi:10.1042/bse052002.3
2. Ballard, K. D., Quann, E. E., Kupchak, B. R., Volk, B. M., Kawiecki D. M., Fernandez M. L., …Volek, J. S. (2013). Dietary carbohydrate restriction improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, microvascular function, and cellular adhesion markers in individuals taking statins. Nutrition Research, 33, 905–912. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.022
3. Bergström, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., Saltin, B. (1967). Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 71, 140–150. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x
4. Bergström, J., & Hultman, E. (1966). Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: An enhancing factor localized to the muscle cells in man. Nature, 210, 309–310. doi:10.1038/210309a0
5. Bergström, J., & Hultman, E. (1967). A study of the glycogen metabolism during exercise in man. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, 19, 218–228. doi:10.3109/00365516709090629
6. Borkman, M., Storlien, L. H., Pan, D. A., Jenkins, A. B., Chisholm, D. J., & Campbell, L. V. (1993) The relation between insulin sensitivity and the fatty-acid composition of skeletal-muscle phospholipids. New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 238–244. doi:10.1056/NEJM199301283280404
7. Burke, L. M., Angus, D. J., Cox, G. R., Cummings, N. K., Febbraio, M. A., Gawthorn, K., …Hargreaves, M. (2000) Effect of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on metabolism and performance during prolonged cycling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 2413–2421.
8. Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Angus, D. J., Cox, G. R., Clark, S. A., Cummings, N. K., …Hargreaves, M. (2002). Adaptations to short-term high-fat diet persist during exercise despite high carbohydrate availability. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(1), 83–91. doi:10.1097/00005768-200201000-00014
9. Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Schabort, E. J., St Clair Gibson, A., Mujika, I., & Noakes, T. D. (2000). Carbohydrate loading failed to improve 100-km cycling performance in a placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 1284–1290.
10. Cahill, G. F., & Aoki, T. T. (1980). Alternate fuel utilization by brain. In J. V. Passonneau, R. A. Hawkins, W. D. Lust, & F. A. Welsh (Eds.). Cerebral metabolism and neural function. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
11. Carey, A. L., Staudacher, H. M., Cummings, N. K., Stepto, N. K., Nikolopoulos, V., Burke, L. M., & Hawley, J. A. (2001). Effects of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on prolonged endurance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, 115–122.
12. Christensen, E. H., & Hansen, O. (1939). Arbeitsfähigkeit und Ernährung. Skandinavisches Archiv Für Physiologie, 81, 160–171. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1939.tb01320.x
13. Djuric, Z., Lewis, S. M., Lu, M. H., Mayhugh, M., Tang, N., & Hart, R. W. (2001). Effect of varying dietary fat levels on rat growth and oxidative DNA damage. Nutrition and Cancer, 39, 214–219.doi:10.1207/S15327914nc392_9
14. Erhardt, J. G., Lim, S. S., Bode, J. C., & Bode, C. (1997). A diet rich in fat and poor in dietary fiber increases the in vitro formation of reactive oxygen species in human feces. Journal of Nutrition, 127, 706–709.
15. Erlenbusch, M., Haub, M., Munoz, K., MacConnie, S., & Stillwell, B. (2005). Effect of high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets on endurance exercise: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15, 1–14.
16. Forsythe, C. E., Phinney, S. D., Fernandez, M. L., Quann, E. E., Wood, R. J., Bibus, D. M., Volek, J. S. (2008). Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation. Lipids, 43(1), 65–77. doi: 10.1007/s11745-007-3132-7
17. Havemann, L. (2008). The effect of fat-adaptation followed by carbohydrate-loading on simulated ultra-endurance race performance. Chapter 5: In: Nutritional Strategies for Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Cycling (PhD Thesis). University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
18. Havemann, L., West, S. J., Goedecke, J. H., Macdonald, I. A., St Clair Gibson, A., Noakes, T. D., & Lambert, E. V. (2006). Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 100, 194–202. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00813.2005
19. Helge, J. W., Watt, P. W., Richter, E. A., Rennie, M. J., & Kiens, B. (2001). Fat utilization during exercise: Adaptation to a fat-rich diet increases utilization of plasma fatty acids and very low density lipoprotein-triacylglycerol in humans. Journal of Physiology, 537, 1009–1020. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012933
20. Helge, J. W., Wulff, B., & Kiens, B. (1998) Impact of a fat-rich diet on endurance in man: Role of the dietary period. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 456–461. doi:10.1097/00005768-199803000-00018
21. Herieka, M., & Erridge, C. (2014) High-fat meal induced postprandial inflammation. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 58, 136–146. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300104
22. Hoppeler, H., Billeter, R., Horvath, P. J., Leddy, J. J., & Pendergast, D. R. (1999). Muscle structure with low- and high-fat diets in well-trained male runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20: 522–526. doi:10.1055/s-1999-8838
23. Lambert, E. V., Goedecke, J. H., van Zyl, C., Murphy, K., Hawley, J. A., Dennis, S. C., & Noakes, T. D. (2001). High-fat versus habitual diet prior to carbohydrate loading. Effects on exercise metabolism and cycling performance. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 11, 209–225.
24. Lambert, E. V., Speechly, D. P., Dennis, S. C., & Noakes, T. D. (1994). Enhanced endurance in trained cyclists during moderate intensity exercise following 2 weeks adaptation to a high fat diet. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 69, 287–293. doi:10.1007/BF00392032
25. McClellan, W. S., & Dubois, E.F. (1930). Clinical calorimetry. XLV: Prolonged meat diets with a study of kidney function and ketosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 87, 651–668.
26. Newman, J. C., & Verdin, E. (2014). Ketone bodies as signaling metabolites. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 25(1), 42–52. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.002
27. Noakes, T. D. (2002). Lore of running (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human kinetics.
28. Oktedalen, O., Lunde, O. C., Opstad, P. K., Aabakken, L., & Kvernebo, K. (1992). Changes in the gastrointestinal mucosa after long-distance running. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 27, 270–274. doi:10.3109/00365529209000073
29. Orr, J. B., & Gilks, J. L. (1931). The physique and health of two African tribes. London: His Majesty’s Stationary office.
30. Owen, O. E., Morgan, A. P., Kemp, H.G., Sullivan, J. M., Herrera, M. G., & Cahill G. F. Jr. (1967). Brain metabolism during fasting. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 46, 1589–1595. doi:10.1172/JCI105650
31. Paoli, A., Grimaldi, K., D'Agostino, D., Cenci, L., Moro, T., Bianco, A., & Palma, A. (2012). Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts. Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 34. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-34
32. Phinney, S. D., Bistrian, B. R., Evans, W. J., Gervino, E., & Blackburn, G. L. (1983). The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: Preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism, 32, 769–776. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(83)90106-3
33. Phinney, S. D., Bistrian, B. R., Wolfe, R. R., & Blackburn, G. L. (1983). The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: Physical and biochemical adaptation. Metabolism, 32, 757–768. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(83)90105-1
34. Phinney, S. D., Horton, E. S., Sims, E. A. H., Hanson, J. S., & Danforth, E., Jr. (1980). Capacity for Moderate Exercise in Obese Subjects after Adaptation to a Hypocaloric, Ketogenic Diet. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 66, 1152–1161. doi:10.1172/JCI109945
35. Rae’s Arctic Correspondence 1844–1855. (1953). London: Hudson’s Bay Record Society.
36. Report of the DGAC on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2010.asp
37. Rowlands, D. S., & Hopkins, W. G. (2002). Effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on metabolism and performance in cycling. Metabolism, 51, 678–690. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.32723
38. Ruth, M. R., Port, A. M., Shah, M., Bourland, A. C., Istfan, N. W., Nelson, K. P., Apovian, C. M.(2013). Consuming a hypocaloric high fat low carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks lowers C-reactive protein, and raises serum adiponectin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in obese subjects. Metabolism, 62, 1779–1787. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.07.006
39. Sato, K., Kashiwaya, Y., Keon, C. A., Tsuchiya, N., King, M. T., Radda, G. K., Veech, R. L. (1995). Insulin, ketone bodies, and mitochondrial energy transduction. FASEB Journal, 9, 651–658.
40. Seshadri, P., Iqbal, N., Stern, L., Williams, M., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., Samaha, F. F. (2004). A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. American Journal of Medicine, 117, 398–405. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.009
41. Sharman, M. J., Gómez, A. L., Kraemer, W. J., & Volek, J. S. (2004). Very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets affect fasting lipids and postprandial lipemia differently in overweight men. Journal of Nutrition, 134, 880–885.
42. Shimazu, T., Hirschey, M. D., Newman, J., He, W., Shirakawa, K., Le Moan, N., Verdin, E. (2013). Suppression of oxidative stress by β-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor. Science, 339, 211–214. doi:10.1126/science.1227166
43. Stackpole, E. A. (1965) The long arctic search: The narrative of lieutenant Frederick Schwatka. New Bedford, MA: The Marine Historical Society.
44. Stefansson, V. (1921). The friendly arctic. New York, NY: The Macmillan Co.
45. Venables, M. C., Achten, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2005). Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and women: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98, 160–167. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.2003
46. Vogt, M., Puntschart, A., Howald, H., Mueller, B., Mannhart, C., Gfeller-Tuescher, L., Hoppeler, H. (2003). Effects of dietary fat on muscle substrates, metabolism and performance in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 952–960. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000069336.30649.BD
47. Volek, J. S., Ballard, K. D., Silvestre, R., Judelson, D. A., Quann, E. E., & Forsythe, C. E. (2009). Effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction versus low-fat diet on flow-mediated dilation. Metabolism, 58, 1769–1777. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.06.005
48. Volek, J. S., & Phinney, S. D. (2012). The art and science of low carbohydrate performance. Beyond Obesity. Miami, FL: LLC, 126–127.
49. Volek J. S., Quann E. E., & Forsythe C. E. (2010): Low carbohydrate diets promote a more favorable body composition than low fat diets. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 32(1), 42–47. doi:10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181c16c41