Systematic review of the relationships between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years)

BMC Public Health

Volumn 17, Issue , 2017, Pages

  Poitras, Veronica J ^a   Gray, Casey E ^a   Janssen, Xanne ^b   Aubert, Salome ^a   Carson, Valerie ^c   Faulkner, Guy ^d   Goldfield, Gary S ^a   Reilly, John J ^b   Sampson, Margaret ^a   Tremblay, Mark S ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF EASTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adiposity; Bone and skeletal health; Cardiometabolic health; Cognitive development; Early years; Fitness; Infants; Motor development; Preschoolers; Reading; Risks; Screen time; Sedentary behaviour; Sitting; Toddlers

Indexed keywords

CHILD BEHAVIOR; HEALTH STATUS INDICATOR; HUMAN; INFANT; NEWBORN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE;

CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE;

EID: 85034666760     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4849-8     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Sedentary Behaviour Research Network. Letter to the editor: standardized use of the terms "sedentary" and "sedentary behaviours". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:540-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h2012-024. Accessed 25 Nov 2016.
2. LeBlanc AG, Spence JC, Carson V, Connor Gorber S, Dillman C, Janssen I, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in the early years (aged 0-4 years). Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:753-72. PM:22765839.
3. Tremblay MS, LeBlanc AG, Janssen I, Kho ME, Hicks A, Murumets K, et al. Canadian sedentary behaviour guidelines for children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011;36:59-64. PM:21326378.
4. Thorp AA, Owen N, Neuhaus M, Dunstan DW. Sedentary behaviors and subsequent health outcomes in adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies, 1996-2011. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41:207-15. PM:21767729.
5. Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, et al. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:123-32. PM:25599350.
6. Reilly JJ, Jackson DM, Montgomery C, Kelly LA, Slater C, Grant S, et al. Total energy expenditure and physical activity in young Scottish children: mixed longitudinal study. Lancet. 2004;363:211-2. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603153317.
7. Janz KF, Burns TL, Levy SM. Tracking of activity and sedentary behaviors in childhood: the Iowa bone development study. Am J Prev Med. 2005;29:171-8. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379705002023.
8. Biddle SJ, Pearson N, Ross GM, Braithwaite R. Tracking of sedentary behaviours of young people: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2010;51:345-51. PM:20682330.
9. Tremblay MS, LeBlanc AG, Carson V, Choquette L, Connor Gorber S, Dillman C, et al. Canadian sedentary behaviour guidelines for the early years (aged 0-4 years). Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:370-91. PM:22448609.
10. Australian Government Department of Health. Move and play every day: national physical activity recommendations for children 0-5 years. 2014. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/npra-0-5yrs-brochure.
11. American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. Children, adolescents, and the media. Pediatrics. 2013;132:958-61. 10.1542/peds.2013-2656.
12. Department of Health PAHIaP. Start active, stay active: a report on physical activity for health from the four home countries' Chief Medical Officers. 2011. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment-data/file/216370/dh-128210.pdf.
13. Carson V, Tremblay MS, Spence JC, Timmons BW, Janssen I. The Canadian sedentary behaviour guidelines for the early years (zero to four years of age) and screen time among children from Kingston, Ontario. Paediatr Child Health. 2013;18:25-8. PM:24381488.
14. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff AN. Television and DVD/video viewing in children younger than 2 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:473-9. PM:17485624.
15. Garriguet D, Carson V, Colley RC, Janssen I, Timmons BW, Tremblay MS. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour of Canadian children aged 3 to 5. Health Rep. 2016;27:14-23. PM:27655168.
16. Hnatiuk JA, Salmon J, Hinkley T, Okely AD, Trost S. A review of preschool children's physical activity and sedentary time using objective measures. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47:487-97. PM:25084681.
17. Inchley J, Currie D, Young T, Samdal O, Torsheim T, Augustson L, et al., editors. Growing up unequal: gender and socioeconomic differences in young people's health and well-being. Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2013/2014 survey. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 2016.
18. Carson V, Kuzik N, Hunter S, Wiebe SA, Spence JC, Friedman A, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behavior and cognitive development in early childhood. Prev Med. 2015;78:115-22. PM:26212631.
19. Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Gray CE, Poitras VJ, Chaput JP, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: an update. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:S240-65. PM:27306432.
20. Carson V, Wong SL, Winkler E, Healy GN, Colley RC, Tremblay MS. Patterns of sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk among Canadian adults. Prev Med. 2014;65:23-7.
21. Hinkley T, Teychenne M, Downing KL, Ball K, Salmon J, Hesketh KD. Early childhood physical activity, sedentary behaviors and psychosocial well-being: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2014;62:182-92. PM:24534461.
22. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. The PRISMA group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:1006-12. PM:19631508.
23. Schardt C, Adams MB, Owens T, Keitz S, Fontelo P. Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007;7:16. PM:17573961.
24. LeBlanc AG, Chaput JP, McFarlane A, Colley RC, Thivel D, Biddle SJH, et al. Active video games and health indicators in children and youth: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2013;8:e65351. PM:23799008.
25. Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, Carson V, Chaput JP, Katzmarzyk PT. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:S197-239. PM:27306431.
26. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928. PM:22008217.
27. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction - GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:383-94. PM:21195583.
28. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:401-6. PM:21208779.
29. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Sultan S, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1311-6. PM:21802902.
30. Timmons BW, LeBlanc AG, Carson V, Connor Gorber S, Dillman C, Janssen I, et al. Systematic review of physical activity and health in the early years (aged 0-4 years). Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:773-92. PM:22765840.
31. Proctor MH, Moore LL, Gao D, Cupples LA, Bradlee ML, Hood MY, et al. Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: the Framingham Children's study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:827-33. 12821969.
32. Chiasson M, Scheinmann R, Hartel D, McLeod N, Sekhobo J, Edmunds LS, et al. Predictors of obesity in a cohort of children enrolled in WIC as infants and retained to 3 years of age. J Community Health. 2016;41:127-33.
33. Olafsdottir S, Berg C, Eiben G, Lanfer A, Reisch L, Ahrens W, et al. Young children's screen activities, sweet drink consumption and anthropometry: results from a prospective European study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:223-8. PM:24253759.
34. Yilmaz G, Demirli CN, Karacan CD. An intervention to preschool children for reducing screen time: a randomized controlled trial. Child Care Health Dev. 2015;41:443-9. PM:24571538.
35. Koleilat M, Harrison GG, Whaley S, McGregor S, Jenks E, Afifi A. Preschool enrollment is associated with lower odds of childhood obesity among WIC participants in LA County. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16:706-12. PM:21431308.
36. Kain J, Andrade M. Characteristics of the diet and patterns of physical activity in obese Chilean preschoolers. Nutr Res. 1999;19:203-15.
37. Williams HG, Pfeiffer KA, O'Neill JR, Dowda M, McIver KL, Brown WH, et al. Motor skill performance and physical activity in preschool children. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16:1421-6. PM:18388895.
38. Byun W, Liu J, Pate RR. Association between objectively measured sedentary behavior and body mass index in preschool children. Int J Obes. 2013;37:961-5. PM:23318716.
39. Byun W, Dowda M, Pate RR. Correlates of objectively measured sedentary behavior in US preschool children. Pediatrics. 2011;128:937-45. PM:22007010.
40. Johansson E, Hagstromer M, Svensson V, Anna EK, Forssen M, Nero H, et al. Objectively measured physical activity in two-year-old children - levels, patterns and correlates. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:ArtID 3.
41. Anderson SE, Whitaker RC. Household routines and obesity in US preschool-aged children. Pediatrics. 2010;125:420-8. PM:20142280.
42. DuRant RH, Baranowski T, Johnson M, Thompson WO. The relationship among television watching, physical activity, and body composition of young children. Pediatrics. 1994;94:449-55. PM:7936851.
43. Burdette HL, Whitaker RC. A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children. Pediatrics. 2005;116:657-62. PM:16140705.
44. Lioret S, Maire B, Volatier JL, Charles MA. Child overweight in France and its relationship with physical activity, sedentary behaviour and socioeconomic status. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61:509-16. PM:16988644.
45. Sijtsma A, Sauer PJ, Stolk RP, Corpeleijn E. Infant movement opportunities are related to early growth - GECKO Drenthe cohort. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89:457-61. PM:23631950.
46. Sijtsma A, Koller M, Sauer PJ, Corpeleijn E. Television, sleep, outdoor play and BMI in young children: the GECKO Drenthe cohort. Eur J Pediatr. 2015;174:631-9. PM:25367053.
47. Wijtzes AI, Kooijman MN, Kiefte-de Jong JC, de Vries SI, Henrichs J, Jansen W, et al. Correlates of physical activity in 2-year-old toddlers: the generation R study. J Pediatr. 2013;163:791-9. PM:23523279.
48. Manios Y, Kourlaba G, Kondaki K, Grammatikaki E, Anastasiadou A, Roma-Giannikou E. Obesity and television watching in preschoolers in Greece: the GENESIS study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17:2047-53. PM:19282823.
49. Kourlaba G, Kondaki K, Liarigkovinos T, Manois Y. Factors associated with television viewing time in toddlers and preschoolers in Greece: the GENESIS study. J Public Health (Oxf). 2009;31:222-30. PM:19224946.
50. van Stralen MM, te Velde SJ, van Nassau F, Brug J, Grammatikaki E, Maes L, et al. Weight status of European preschool children and associations with family demographics and energy balance-related behaviours: a pooled analysis of six European studies. [review]. Obes Rev. 2012;13 Suppl 1:29-41. PM:22309063.
51. Wen LM, Baur LA, Rissel C, Xu H, Simpson JM. Correlates of body mass index and overweight and obesity of children aged 2 years: findings from the healthy beginnings trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22:1723-30. PM:24415528.
52. Turer CB, Stroo M, Brouwer RJ, Krause KM, Lovelady CA, Bastian LA, et al. Do high-risk preschoolers or overweight mothers meet AAP-recommended behavioral goals for reducing obesity? Acad Pediatr. 2013;13:243-50. PM:23491583.
53. Dolinsky DH, Brouwer RJ, Evenson KR, Ostbye T, Evenson KR, Siega-Riz AM. Correlates of sedentary time and physical activity among preschool-aged children. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011;8:A131. PM:22005624.
54. Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Skouteris H, Hardy LL, Halse C. The associations between TV viewing, food intake, and BMI. A prospective analysis of data from the longitudinal study of Australian children. Appetite. 2012;59:945-8. PM:23000277.
55. Brown JE, Broom DH, Nicholson JM, Bittman M. Do working mothers raise couch potato kids? Maternal employment and children's lifestyle behaviours and weight in early childhood. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70:1816-24. PM:20299142.
56. Dubois L, Farmer A, Girard M, Peterson K. Social factors and television use during meals and snacks is associated with higher BMI among pre-school children. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11:1267-79. PM:18547454.
57. Dennison BA, Erb TA, Jenkins PL. Television viewing and television in bedroom associated with overweight risk among low-income preschool children. Pediatrics. 2002;109:1028-35. PM:12042539.
58. Asplund KM, Kair LR, Arain YH, Cervantes M, Oreskovic NM, Zuckerman KE. Early childhood screen time and parental attitudes toward child television viewing in a low-income Latino population attending the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children. Child. 2015;11:590-9. PM:26390321.
59. Nelson JA, Carpenter K, Chiasson MA. Diet, activity, and overweight among preschool-age children enrolled in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC). Prev Chronic Dis. 2006;3:A49. PM:16539790.
60. LaRowe TL, Adams AK, Jobe JB, Cronin KA, Vannatter SM, Prince RJ. Dietary intakes and physical activity among preschool-aged children living in rural American Indian communities before a family-based healthy lifestyle intervention. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:1049-57. PM:20630162.
61. Chen LP, Ziegenfuss JY, Jenkins SM, Beebe TJ, Ytterberg KL. Pediatric obesity and self-reported health behavior information. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011;50:872-5. PM:21357199.
62. Minh Do LM, Tran TK, Eriksson B, Petzold M, Nguyen CTK, Ascher H. Preschool overweight and obesity in urban and rural Vietnam: differences in prevalence and associated factors. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:28615. PM:26452338.
63. Hajian-Tilaki K, Heidari B. Childhood obesity, overweight, socio-demographic and life style determinants among preschool children in Babol, northern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42:1283-91. PM:26171341.
64. Koubaa AA, Younes K, Gabsi Z, Bouslah A, Maalel I, Maatouk EMW, et al. [risk factors of children overweight and obesity]. [French]. Tunis Med. 2012;90:387-93. PM:22585646.
65. Sasaki A, Yorifuji T, Iwase T, Komatsu H, Takao S, Doi H. Is there any association between TV viewing and obesity in preschool children in Japan? Acta Med Okayama. 2010;64:137-42. PM:20424669.
66. Jouret B, Ahluwalia N, Cristini C, Dupuy M, Negre-Pages L, Grandjean H, et al. Factors associated with overweight in preschool-age children in southwestern France. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1643-9. PM:17556704.
67. Jiang J, Rosenqvist U, Wang H, Greiner T, Ma Y, Toschke AM. Risk factors for overweight in 2- to 6-year-old children in Beijing, China. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006;1:103-8. PM:17907322.
68. Levin S, Martin MW, Riner WF. TV viewing habits and body mass index among South Carolina head start children. Ethn Dis. 2004;14:336-9. PM:15328934.
69. Harrison K, Liechty JM. US preschoolers' media exposure and dietary habits: the primacy of television and the limits of parental mediation. J Children and Media. 2012;6:18-36.
70. Vandebosch H, Cleemput KV. Television viewing and obesity among pre-school children: the role of parents. Communications. 2007;32:417-46.
71. Mendoza JA, Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA. Television viewing, computer use, obesity, and adiposity in US preschool children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4:44. PM:17894878.
72. Fulton JE, Wang X, Yore MM, Carlson SA, Galuska DA, Caspersen CJ. Television viewing, computer use, and BMI among U.S. children and adolescents. J Phys Act Health. 2009;6 Suppl 1:S28-35. PM:19998847.
73. Twarog JP, Politis MD, Woods EL, Boles MK, Daniel LM. Daily television viewing time and associated risk of obesity among U.S. preschool aged children: an analysis of NHANES 2009-2012. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9:636-8.
74. Tremblay L, Rinaldi CM. The prediction of preschool children's weight from family environment factors: gender-linked differences. Eat Behav. 2010;11:266-75. PM:20850062.
75. Jago R, Baranowski T, Baranowski JC, Thompson D, Greaves KA. BMI from 3-6 y of age is predicted by TV viewing and physical activity, not diet. Int J Obes. 2005;29:557-64. PM:15889113.
76. Taverno RS, Dowda M, Saunders R, Pate R. Double dose: the cumulative effect of TV viewing at home and in preschool on children's activity patterns and weight status.[erratum appears in Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2014 Feb;26(1):120]. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2013;25:262-72. PM:23502043.
77. Espana-Romero V, Mitchell JA, Dowda M, O'Neill JR, Pate RR. Objectively measured sedentary time, physical activity and markers of body fat in preschool children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2013;25:154-63. PM:23406703.
78. Collings PJ, Brage S, Ridgway CL, Harvey NC, Godfrey KM, Inskip HM, et al. Physical activity intensity, sedentary time, and body composition in preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:1020-8. PM:23553158.
79. Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Iotova V, Latomme J, Socha P, Koletzko B, et al. Health related behaviours in normal weight and overweight preschoolers of a large pan-European sample: the ToyBox-study. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150580. 10.1371/journal.pone.0150580. PM:26950063.
80. Bonvin A, Barral J, Kakebeeke TH, Kriemler S, Longchamp A, Marques-Vidal P, et al. Weight status and gender-related differences in motor skills and in child care-based physical activity in young children. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:23. PM:22405468.
81. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I, et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ. 2005;330:1357. PM:15908441.
82. Leary SD, Lawlor DA, Davey SG, Brion MJ, Ness AR. Behavioural early-life exposures and body composition at age 15 years. Nutr Diabetes. 2015;5:e150. PM:25664839.
83. Flores G, Lin H. Factors predicting overweight in US kindergartners. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:1178-87. PM:23553169.
84. Gooze RA, Anderson SE, Whitaker RC. Prolonged bottle use and obesity at 5.5 years of age in US children. J Pediatr. 2011;159:431-6. PM:21543085.
85. Wheaton N, Millar L, Allender S, Nichols M. The stability of weight status through the early to middle childhood years in Australia: a longitudinal study. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006963. PM:25922101.
86. Griffiths LJ, Hawkins SS, Cole TJ, Dezateux C. Millennium cohort study child health group. Risk factors for rapid weight gain in preschool children: findings from a UK-wide prospective study. Int J Obes. 2010;34:624-32.
87. De Coen V, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Verbestel V, Maes L, Vereecken C. Risk factors for childhood overweight: a 30-month longitudinal study of 3- to 6-year-old children. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:1993-2000. PM:24172063.
88. Schmidt ME, Rich M, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Taveras EM. Television viewing in infancy and child cognition at 3 years of age in a US cohort. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e370-5. PM:19254972.
89. Fitzpatrick C, Pagani LS, Barnett TA. Early childhood television viewing predicts explosive leg strength and waist circumference by middle childhood. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:87. PM:22793018.
90. Pagani LS, Fitzpatrick C, Barnett TA, Dubow E. Prospective associations between early childhood television exposure and academic, psychosocial, and physical well-being by middle childhood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:425-31. PM:20439793.
91. Hesketh KD, Crawford DA, Abbott G, Campbell KJ, Salmon J. Prevalence and stability of active play, restricted movement and television viewing in infants. Early Child Dev Care. 2015;185:883-94.
92. Pagani LS, Fitzpatrick C, Barnett TA. Early childhood television viewing and kindergarten entry readiness. Pediatr Res. 2013;74:350-5. PM:23788060.
93. De Kegel A, Peersman W, Onderbeke K, Baetens T, Dhooge I, Van Waelvelde H. New reference values must be established for the Alberta infant motor scales for accurate identification of infants at risk for motor developmental delay in Flanders. Child Care Health Dev. 2013;39:260-7. PM:22676145.
94. Lin LY, Cherng RJ, Chen YJ, Yang HM. Effects of television exposure on developmental skills among young children. Infant Behav Dev. 2015;38:20-6. PM:25544743.
95. Watt E, Fitzpatrick C, Derevensky JL, Pagani LS. Too much television? Prospective associations between early childhood televiewing and later self-reports of victimization by sixth grade classmates. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2015;36:426-33. PM:26075581.
96. Hinkley T, Verbestel V, Ahrens W, Lissner L, Molnar D, Moreno LA, et al. Early childhood electronic media use as a predictor of poorer well-being: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168:485-92. PM:24639016.
97. Verlinden M, Tiemeier H, Veenstra R, Mieloo CL, Jansen W, Jaddoe VWV, et al. Television viewing through ages 2-5 years and bullying involvement in early elementary school. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:157. PM:24520886.
98. Intusoma U, Mo-Suwan L, Ruangdaraganon N, Panyayong B, Chongsuvivatwong V. Effect of television viewing on social-emotional competence of young Thai children. Infant Behav Dev. 2013;36:679-85. PM:23948636.
99. Verlinden M, Tiemeier H, Hudziak JJ, Jaddoe VW, Raat H, Guxens M, et al. Television viewing and externalizing problems in preschool children: the generation R study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166:919-25. PM:22869354.
100. Cheng S, Maeda T, Yoichi S, Yamagata Z, Tomiwa K, Japan Children's study group. Early television exposure and children's behavioral and social outcomes at age 30 months. J Epidemiol. 2010;20 Suppl 2:S482-9. PM:20179364.
101. Manganello JA, Taylor CA. Television exposure as a risk factor for aggressive behavior among 3-year-old children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163:1037-45. PM:19884595.
102. Mistry KB, Minkovitz CS, Strobino DM, DLG B. Children's television exposure and behavioral and social outcomes at 5.5 years: does timing of exposure matter? Pediatrics. 2007;120:762-9. PM:17908763.
103. Zimmerman FJ, Glew GM, Christakis DA, Katon W. Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:384-8. PM:15809395.
104. Irwin JD, Johnson AM, Vanderloo LM, Burke SM, Tucker P. Temperament and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time among Canadian preschoolers. Prev Med Rep. 2015;2:598-601. PM:26844125.
105. Teramoto S, Soeda A, Hayashi Y, Saito K, Urashima M. Problematic behaviours of 3-year-old children in Japan: relationship with socioeconomic and family backgrounds. Early Hum Dev. 2005;81:563-9.
106. Miller LE, Grabell A, Thomas A, Bermann E, Graham-Bermann SA. The associations between community violence, television violence, intimate partner violence, parent-child aggression, and aggression in sibling relationships of a sample of preschoolers. Psychology of Violence. 2012;2:165-78.
107. Linebarger DL. Contextualizing video game play: the moderating effects of cumulative risk and parenting styles on the relations among video game exposure and problem behaviors. Psychol Pop Media Cult. 2015;4:375-96.
108. Byeon H, Hong S. Relationship between television viewing and language delay in toddlers: evidence from a Korea national cross-sectional survey. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120663. PM:25785449.
109. Rajchanovska D, Ivanovska BZ. The impact of demographic and socio-economic conditions on the prevalence of speech disorders in preschool children in Bitola. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2015;143:169-73. PM:26012126.
110. Linebarger DL, Barr R, Lapierre MA, Piotrowski JT. Associations between parenting, media use, cumulative risk, and children's executive functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2014;35:367-77. PM:25007059.
111. Duch H, Fisher EM, Ensari I, Font M, Harrington A, Taromino C. Association of screen time use and language development in Hispanic toddlers: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2013;52:857-65. PM:23820003.
112. Tomopoulos S, Dreyer BP, Berkule S, Fierman AH, Brockmeyer C, Mendelsohn AL. Infant media exposure and toddler development. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:1105-11. PM:21135338.
113. Foster EM, Watkins S. The value of reanalysis: TV viewing and attention problems. Child Dev. 2010;81:368-75. PM:20331673.
114. Zimmerman FJ, Gilkerson J, Richards JA, Christakis DA, Xu D, Gray S, et al. Teaching by listening: the importance of adult-child conversations to language development. Pediatrics. 2009;124:342-9. PM:19564318.
115. Ruangdaraganon N, Chuthapisith J, Mo-Suwan L, Kriweradechachai S, Udomsubpayakul U, Choprapawon C. Television viewing in Thai infants and toddlers: impacts to language development and parental perceptions. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9:34. PM:19460170.
116. Chonchaiya W, Pruksananonda C. Television viewing associates with delayed language development. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97:977-82. PM:18460044.
117. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff AN. Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age 2 years. J Pediatr. 2007;151:364-8. PM:17889070.
118. Miller CJ, Marks DJ, Miller SR, Berwid OG, Kera EC, Santra A, et al. Brief report: television viewing and risk for attention problems in preschool children. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32:448-52. PM:17012738.
119. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA. Children's television viewing and cognitive outcomes: a longitudinal analysis of national data. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:619-25. PM:15996993.
120. Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ, DiGiuseppe DL, McCarty CA. Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics. 2004;113:708-13. PM:15060216.
121. McKean C, Mensah FK, Eadie P, Bavin EL, Bretherton L, Cini E, et al. Levers for language growth: characteristics and predictors of language trajectories between 4 and 7 years. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0134251.
122. Blankson A. Do hours spent viewing television at ages 3 and 4 predict vocabulary and executive functioning at age 5? Merrill-Palmer Q. 2015;61:264-89.
123. Nathanson AI, Fries PT. Television exposure, sleep time, and neuropsychological function among preschoolers. Media Psychology. 2014;17:237-61.
124. Ferguson CJ, Donnellan MI. The association between children's baby video viewing and poor language development robust? A reanalysis of Zimmerman, Christakis, and Meltzoff (2007). Dev Psychol. 2014;50:129-37.
125. Herrmann D, Buck C, Sioen I, Kouride Y, Marild S, Molnar D, et al. Impact of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and muscle strength on bone stiffness in 2-10-year-old children - cross-sectional results from the IDEFICS study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:112. PM:26377674.
126. Crispim PA, Peixoto MR, Jardim PC. Risk factors associated with high blood pressure in two-to five-year-old children. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102:39-46. PM:24263779.
127. Wilmot EG, Edwardson CL, Achana FA, Davies MJ, Gorely T, Gray LJ, et al. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2012;55:2895-905. PM:22890825.
128. Cliff DP, Okely AD. Comparison of two sets of accelerometer cut-off points for calculating moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in young children. J Phys Act Health. 2007;4:509-13. PM:18209240.
129. Colley RC, Harvey A, Grattan KP, Adamo KB. Impact of accelerometer epoch length on physical activity and sedentary behaviour outcomes for preschool-aged children. Health Rep. 2014;25:3-9. PM:24430918.
130. Kabali HK, Irigoyen MM, Nunez-Davis R, Budacki JG, Mohanty SH, Leister KP, et al. Exposure and use of mobile media devices by young children. Pediatrics. 2015;136:1044-50. PM:26527548.
131. Mazarello Paes V, Ong KK, Lakshman R. Factors influencing obesogenic dietary intake in young children (0-6 years): systematic review of qualitative evidence. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e007396. PM:26377503.
132. Christakis DA, Gilkerson J, Richards JA, Zimmerman FJ, Garrison MM, Xu D, et al. Audible television and decreased adult words, infant vocalizations, and conversational turns: a population-based study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163:554-8. PM:19487612.
133. Ridgers ND, Salmon J, Ridley K, O'Connell E, Arundell L, Timperio A. Agreement between activPAL and ActiGraph for assessing children's sedentary time. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:15. PM:22340137.