How do views on aging affect health outcomes in adulthood and late life? Explanations for an established connection

Developmental Review

Volumn 46, Issue , 2017, Pages 27-43

  Wurm, Susanne ^a   Diehl, Manfred ^b   Kornadt, Anna E ^c   Westerhof, Gerben J ^d   Wahl, Hans Werner ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^b Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^c BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Age stereotype; Health; Pathways; Self perceptions of aging; Subjective age; Views on aging

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ADULTHOOD; AGING; BASIC RESEARCH; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY; LIFESPAN; PERCEPTION; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; STEREOTYPY; THEORETICAL STUDY;

EID: 85029454748     PISSN: 02732297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2017.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Allen, P.M., Mejia, S.T., Hooker, K., Personality, self-perceptions, and daily variability in perceived usefulness among older adults. Psychology and Aging 30:3 (2015), 534–543, 10.1037/pag0000039.
2. Auman, C., Bosworth, H.B., Hess, T.M., Effect of health-related stereotypes on physiological responses of hypertensive middle-aged and older men. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 60B:1 (2005), P3–P10, 10.1093/geronb/60.1.P3.
3. Baltes, P.B., Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology 23:5 (1987), 611–626, 10.1037/0012-1649.23.5.611.
4. Baltes, P.B., Lindenberger, U., Staudinger, U.M., Life span theory in developmental psychology. Damon, W., Lerner, R.M., (eds.) Theoretical models of human development, Vol. 1, 2006, Wiley, New York, 569–664.
5. Barak, B., Stern, B., Subjective age correlates: A research note. The Gerontologist 26:5 (1986), 571–578, 10.1093/geront/26.5.571.
6. Barber, S.J., Lee, S.R., Stereotype threat lowers older adults' self-reported hearing abilities. Gerontology 62:1 (2016), 81–85.
7. Barber, S.J., Mather, M., Stereotype threat can both enhance and impair older adults' memory. Psychological Science 24:12 (2013), 2522–2529, 10.1177/0956797613497023.
8. Barber, S.J., Mather, M., Stereotype threat in older adults: When and why does it occur and who is most affected?. Verhaeghen, P., Hertzog, C., (eds.) Emotion, social cognition, and problem solving during adulthood, 2014, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 302–319.
9. Beyer, A.-K., Wolff, J.K., Warner, L.M., Schüz, B., Wurm, S., The role of physical activity in the relationship between self-perceptions of ageing and self-rated health in older adults. Psychology & Health 30:6 (2015), 671–685, 10.1080/08870446.2015.1014370.
10. Bodner, E., Ayalon, L., Avidor, S., Palgi, Y., Accelerated increase and relative decrease in subjective age and changes in attitudes toward own aging over a 4-year period: Results from the Health and Retirement Study. European Journal of Ageing 1:14 (2016), 17–27.
11. Brandtstädter, J., The self in action and development: Cultural, biosocial, and ontogenetic bases of intentional self-development. Brandtstädter, J., Lerner, R.M., (eds.) Action and self-development: Theory and research through the life span, 1999, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 37–65.
12. Brandtstädter, J., Renner, G., Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Psychology and Aging 5:1 (1990), 58–67, 10.1037/0882-7974.5.1.58.
13. Brandtstädter, J., Rothermund, K., The life-course dynamics of goal pursuit and goal adjustment: A two-process framework. Developmental Review 22 (2002), 117–150, 10.1006/ drev.2001.0539.
14. PLUS program: Changing views on aging to increase engagement in physical activity. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 25 (2017), 402–411, 10.1123/japa.2016-0039.
15. Brothers, A.F., Miche, M., Wahl, H.-W., Diehl, M., Examination of associations among three distinct subjective aging constructs and their relevance for predicting developmental correlates. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2015, 10.1093/geronb/gbv085.
16. Chasteen, A.L., Kang, S.K., Remedios, J.D., Aging and stereotype threat: Development, process, and interventions. Inzlicht, M., Schmader, T., Inzlicht, M., Schmader, T., (eds.) Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application, 2012, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, US, 202–216.
17. Chasteen, A.L., Pichora-Fuller, M.K., Dupuis, K., Smith, S., Singh, G., Do negative views of aging influence memory and auditory performance through self-perceived abilities?. Psychology and Aging 30:4 (2015), 881–893, 10.1037/a0039723.
18. Cheng, S.-T., Fung, H.H., Chan, A.C.M., Living status and psychological well-being: Social comparison as a moderator in later life. Aging & Mental Health 12:5 (2008), 654–661, 10.1080/13607860802343241.
19. Connidis, I., The subjective experience of aging: Correlates of divergent views. Canadian Journal of Aging 8:1 (1989), 7–18.
20. Coudin, G., Alexopoulos, T., 'Help me!: I'm old!' how negative aging stereotypes create dependency among older adults. Aging & Mental Health 14:5 (2010), 516–523, 10.1080/13607861003713182.
21. Diehl, M.K., Wahl, H.W., Awareness of age-related change: Examination of a (mostly) unexplored concept. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 65B:3 (2010), 340–350, 10.1093/geronb/gbp110.
22. Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., Barrett, A.E., Brothers, A.F., Miche, M., Montepare, J.M., Wurm, S., Awareness of aging: Theoretical considerations on an emerging concept. Developmental Review 34:2 (2014), 93–113, 10.1016/j.dr.2014.01.001.
23. Diehl, M., Wahl, H.W., Brothers, A., Miche, M., Subjective aging and awareness of aging: Toward a new understanding of the aging self. Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., (eds.) Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics (ARGG), Vol. 35, 2015, Springer Publishing Company, New York, 145–165.
24. Dutt, A.J., Gabrian, M., Wahl, H.-W., Awareness of age-related change and depressive symptoms in middle and late adulthood: Longitudinal associations and the role of self-regulation and calendar age. Online first Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 2016, 10.1093/geronb/gbw095.
25. Eibach, R.P., Mock, S.E., Courtney, E.A., Having a ‘senior moment’: Induced aging phenomenology, subjective age, and susceptibility to ageist stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46:4 (2010), 643–649, 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.03.002.
26. Eich, T.S., Murayama, K., Castel, A.D., Knowlton, B.J., The dynamic effects of age-related stereotype threat on explicit and implicit memory performance in older adults. Social Cognition 32:6 (2014), 559–570, 10.1521/soco.2014.32.6.559.
27. Emile, M., d'Arripe-Longueville, F., Cheval, B., Amato, M., Chalabaev, A., An ego depletion account of aging stereotypes' effects on health-related variables. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences., 2014, 10.1093/geronb/gbu168.
28. Ferring, D., Hoffmann, M., ‘Still the same and better off than others?’: Social and temporal comparisons in old age. European Journal of Ageing 4:1 (2007), 23–34, 10.1007/s10433-007-0045-5.
29. Freeman, A.T., Santini, Z.I., Tyrovolas, S., Rummel-Kluge, C., Haro, J.M., Koyanagi, A., Negative perceptions of ageing predict the onset and persistence of depression and anxiety: Findings from a prospective analysis of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Journal of Affective Disorders 199 (2016), 132–138, 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.042.
30. Frieswijk, N., Buunk, B.P., Steverink, N., Slaets, J.P.J., The effect of social comparison information on the life satisfaction of frail older persons. Psychology and Aging 19:1 (2004), 183–190, 10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.183.
31. Grande, G., Romppel, M., Barth, J., Association between type D personality and prognosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 43:3 (2012), 299–310, 10.1007/s12160-011-9339-0.
32. Hausdorff, J.M., Levy, B.R., Wei, J.Y., The power of ageism on physical function of older persons: Reversibility of age-related gait changes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 47 (1999), 1346–1349.
33. Heckhausen, J., Dixon, R.A., Baltes, P.B., Gains and losses in development throughout adulthood as perceived by different adult age groups. Developmental Psychology 25:1 (1989), 109–121.
34. Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., A motivational theory of life-span development. Psychological Review 117:1 (2010), 32–60.
35. Hehman, J.A., Bugental, D.B., “Life stage-specific” variations in performance in response to age stereotypes. Developmental Psychology, 2012, 10.1037/a0029559.
36. Hess, T.M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S.J., Rahhal, T.A., The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 58 (2003), P3–P11.
37. Hess, T.M., Hinson, J.T., Age-related variation in the influences of aging stereotypes on memory in adulthood. Psychology and Aging 21:3 (2006), 621–625, 10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.621.
38. Horton, S., Baker, J., Pearce, G.W., Deakin, J., On the malleability of performance: Implications for seniors. Journal of Applied Gerontology 27:4 (2008), 446–465, 10.1177/0733464808315291.
39. Hughes, M.L., Geraci, L., De Forrest, R.L., Aging 5 years in 5 minutes: The effect of taking a memory test on older adults’ subjective age. Psychological Science 24:12 (2013), 2481–2488, 10.1177/0956797613494853.
40. Hummert, M.L., Age stereotypes and aging. Schaie, K.W., Willis, S.L., (eds.) Handbook of the psychology of aging, 7 ed., 2011, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, US, 249–262.
41. Kang, S.K., Chasteen, A.L., The moderating role of age-group identification and perceived threat on stereotype threat among older adults. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development 69:3 (2009), 201–220, 10.2190/AG.69.3.c.
42. Kastenbaum, R., Derbin, V., Sabatini, P., Artt, S., “The ages of me”: Toward personal and interpersonal definitions of functional aging. Aging and Human Development 3:2 (1972), 197–211, 10.2190/TUJR-WTXK-866Q-8QU7.
43. Keller, M.L., Leventhal, E.A., Larson, B., Aging: The lived experience. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 29:1 (1989), 67–82.
44. Kornadt, A.E., Do age stereotypes as social role expectations for older adults influence personality development?. Journal of Research in Personality 60 (2016), 51–55, 10.1016/j.jrp.2015.11.005.
45. Kornadt, A. E., Hess, T. M., Voss, P., & Rothermund, K. (2016). Subjective age across the life span: A differentiated, longitudinal approach. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences gbw072. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw072.
46. Kornadt, A.E., Rothermund, K., Contexts of aging: Assessing evaluative age stereotypes in different life domains. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 66B:5 (2011), 547–556, 10.1093/geronb/gbr036.
47. Kornadt, A.E., Rothermund, K., Views on aging: Domain-specific approaches and implications for developmental regulation. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics 35:1 (2015), 121–144, 10.1891/0198-8794.35.121.
48. Kornadt, A.E., Voss, P., Rothermund, K., Hope for the best, prepare for the worst? Future self-views and preparation for age-related changes. Psychology and Aging 30 (2015), 967–976, 10.1037/pag0000048.
49. Kornadt, A.E., Voss, P., Rothermund, K., Age stereotypes and self-views revisited: Patterns of internalization and projection processes across the life span. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 72 (2017), 582–592, 10.1093/geronb/gbv099.
50. Kotter-Grühn, D., Hess, T.M., The impact of age stereotypes on self-perceptions of aging across the adult lifespan. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences., 2012, 10.1093/geronb/gbr153.
51. Kotter-Grühn, D., Kleinspehn-Ammerlahn, A., Gerstorf, D., Smith, J., Self-perceptions of aging predict mortality and change with approaching death: 16-year longitudinal results from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging 24:3 (2009), 654–667, 10.1037/a0016510.
52. Kotter-Grühn, D., Kornadt, A.E., Stephan, Y., Looking beyond chronological age: Current knowledge and future directions in the study of subjective age. Gerontology 62 (2016), 86–93, 10.1159/000438671.
53. Lamont, R.A., Swift, H.J., Abrams, D., A review and meta-analysis of age-based stereotype threat: Negative Stereotypes, Not Facts, Do the Damage. Psychology and Aging, 2015, 10.1037/a0038586.
54. Lawton, M.P., The Philadelphia geriatric morale scale: A revision. Journal of Gerontology 30 (1975), 85–89.
55. Lerner, R., Busch-Rossnagel, N.A., Individuals as producers of their development: A life-span perspective. 1981, Academic Press, New York.
56. Levy, B.R., Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71:6 (1996), 1092–1107, 10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1092.
57. Levy, B.R., Handwriting as a reflection of aging self-stereotypes. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 33 (2000), 81–94.
58. Levy, B.R., Stereotype embodiment: A psychosocial approach to aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science 18:6 (2009), 332–336, 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x.
59. Levy, B.R., Ashman, O., Dror, I., To be or not to be: The effect of aging stereotypes on the will to live. Omega - Journal of Death and Dying 40 (1999), 409–420.
60. Levy, B.R., Bavishi, A., Survival advantage mechanism: Inflammation as a mediator of positive self-perceptions of aging on longevity. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2016, 10.1093/geronb/gbw035.
61. Levy, B.R., Ferrucci, L., Zonderman, A.B., Slade, M.D., Troncoso, J., Resnick, S.M., A culture–brain link: Negative age stereotypes predict Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Psychology and Aging, 2016, 10.1037/pag0000062.
62. Levy, B.R., Hausdorff, J.M., Hencke, R., Wei, J.Y., Reducing cardiovascular stress with positive self-stereotypes on aging. Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Sciences 55B:4 (2000), P205–P213, 10.1093/geronb/55.4.P205.
63. Levy, B.R., Leifheit-Limson, E., The stereotype-matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes. Psychology and Aging 24:1 (2009), 230–233, 10.1037/a0014563.
64. Levy, B.R., Moffat, S., Resnick, S.M., Slade, M.D., Ferrucci, L., Buffer against cumulative stress: Positive age self-stereotypes predict lower cortisol across 30 years. GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry 29:3 (2016), 141–146, 10.1024/1662-9647/a000149.
65. Levy, B.R., Myers, L.M., Preventive health behaviors influenced by self-perceptions of aging. Preventive Medicine 39 (2004), 625–629, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.029.
66. Levy, B.R., Myers, L.M., Relationship between respiratory mortality and self-perceptions of aging. Psychology & Health 20:5 (2005), 553–564, 10.1080/14768320500066381.
67. Levy, B.R., Pilver, C., Chung, P.H., Slade, M.D., Subliminal strengthening: Improving older individuals' physical function over time with an implicit-age-stereotype intervention. Psychological Science 25:12 (2014), 2127–2135, 10.1177/0956797614551970.
68. Levy, B., Ryall, A., Pilver, C., Sheridan, P., Wei, J., Hausdorff, J., Influence of African American elders' age stereotypes on their cardiovascular response to stress. Anxiety, Stress & Coping 21:1 (2008), 85–93, 10.1080/10615800701727793.
69. Levy, B.R., Slade, M.D., Chung, P.H., Gill, T.M., Resiliency over time of elders' age stereotypes after encountering stressful events. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences., 2014, 10.1093/geronb/gbu082.
70. Levy, B.R., Slade, M.D., Gill, T.M., Hearing decline predicted by elders' stereotypes. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 61B:2 (2006), P82–P87, 10.1093/geronb/61.2.P82.
71. Levy, B.R., Slade, M.D., Kasl, S.V., Longitudinal benefit of positive self-perceptions of aging on functional health. Journal of Gerontology 57B:5 (2002), 409–417.
72. Levy, B.R., Slade, M.D., Kunkel, S.R., Kasl, S.V., Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:2 (2002), 261–270, 10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261.
73. Levy, B.R., Slade, M.D., Murphy, T.E., Gill, T.M., Association between positive age stereotypes and recovery from disability in older persons. Journal of the American Medical Association 308:19 (2012), 1972–1973, 10.1001/jama.2012.14541.
74. Levy, B.R., Zonderman, A.B., Slade, M.D., Ferrucci, L., Age stereotypes held earlier in life predict cardiovascular events in later life. Psychological Science 20:3 (2009), 296–298, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02298.x.
75. Levy, B.R., Zonderman, A.B., Slade, M.D., Ferrucci, L., Memory shaped by age stereotypes over time. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2011, 10.1093/geronb/gbr120.
76. Löckenhoff, C.E., Terracciano, A., Ferrucci, L., Costa, P.T. Jr., Five-factor personality traits and age trajectories of self-rated health: The role of question framing. Journal of Personality 80:2 (2012), 375–401, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00724.x.
77. Marques, S., Lima, M.L., Abrams, D., Swift, H., Will to live in older people's medical decisions: immediate and delayed effects of aging stereotypes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2014, 10.1111/jasp.12231.
78. Meisner, B.A., A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 67B:1 (2012), 13–17, 10.1093/geronb/gbr062.
79. Meisner, B.A., Baker, J., An exploratory analysis of aging expectations and health care behavior among aging adults. Psychology and Aging, 2012, 10.1037/a0029295.
80. Meisner, B.A., Weir, P.L., Baker, J., The relationship between aging expectations and various modes of physical activity among aging adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14:4 (2013), 569–576, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.02.007.
81. Merton, R.K., The self-fulfilling prophecy. The Antioch Review 8:2 (1948), 193–210.
82. Miche, M., Brothers, A., Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., The role of subjective aging within the changing ecologies of aging: Perspectives for research and practice. Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., (eds.) Research research on subjective aging: New developments and future directions, Vol. 35, 2015, Springer Publ, New York, 211–245.
83. Montepare, J.M., An assessment of adults' perceptions of their psychological, physical, and social ages. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology 2:2 (1996), 117–128.
84. Montepare, J.M., Subjective age: Toward a guiding lifespan framework. International Journal Of Behavioral Development 33:1 (2009), 42–46, 10.1177/0165025408095551.
85. Ng, R., Allore, H.G., Trentalange, M., Monin, J.K., Levy, B.R., Increasing negativity of age stereotypes across 200 years: evidence from a database of 400 million words. PLoS ONE 10:2 (2015), 1–6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0117086.
86. North, M.S., Fiske, S.T., Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: A cross-cultural meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 141:5 (2015), 993–1021, 10.1037/a0039469.
87. O'Brien, L.T., Hummert, M.L., Memory performance of late middle-aged adults: Contrasting self-stereotyping, and stereotype threat accounts of assimilation to age stereotypes. Social Cognition 24:3 (2006), 338–358.
88. O'Shea, D., Dotson, V., Fieo, R., Aging perceptions and self-efficacy mediate the association between personality traits and depressive symptoms in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2016, 10.1002/gps.4584.
89. Peters, G.R., Self-conceptions of the aged, age identification, and aging. The Gerontologist 11 (1971), 69–73, 10.1093/geront/11.4_Part_2.69.
90. Pietrzak, R.H., Zhu, Y., Slade, M.D., Qi, Q., Krystal, J.H., Southwick, S.M., Levy, B.R., Association between negative age stereotypes and accelerated cellular aging: Evidence from two cohorts of older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 64:11 (2016), e228–e230, 10.1111/jgs.14452.
91. Pinquart, M., Correlates of subjective health in older adults: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging 16:3 (2001), 414–426.
92. Pinquart, M., Good news about the effects of bad old-age stereotypes. Experimental Aging Research 28:3 (2002), 317–336, 10.1080/03610730290080353.
93. Plaks, J.E., Chasteen, A.L., Entity versus incremental theories predict older adults’ memory performance. Psychology and Aging 28:4 (2013), 948–957, 10.1037/a0034348.
94. Popham, L.E., Hess, T.M., Theories of age stereotyping and views of aging. Pachana, N.A., (eds.) Encyclopedia of geropsychology, 2015, Springer Singapore, Singapore, 1–10.
95. Popham, L.E., Hess, T.M, Theories of age stereotyping and views of aging. Pachana, Nancy A., (eds.) Encyclopedia of Geropsychology, 2017, Springer, Singapore, 105–112, 10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_127-2.
96. Rantanen, T., Guralnik, J.M., Foley, D., Masaki, K., Leveille, S., Curb, J.D., White, L., Midlife hand grip strength as a predictor of old age disability. Journal of the American Medical Association 281:6 (1999), 558–560, 10.1001/jama.281.6.558.
97. Rippon, I., Steptoe, A., Feeling old vs being old: Associations between self-perceived age and mortality. JAMA Internal Medicine 175:2 (2015), 307–309.
98. Robertson, D.A., Kenny, R.A., Negative perceptions of aging modify the association between frailty and cognitive function in older adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 2015, 10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.010.
99. Robertson, D.A., King-Kallimanis, B.L., Kenny, R.A., Negative perceptions of aging predict longitudinal decline in cognitive function. Psychology and Aging 31:1 (2016), 71–81, 10.1037/pag000006110.1037/pag0000061.supp Supplemental.
100. Robinson-Whelen, S., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., The importance of social versus temporal comparison appraisals among older adults. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27:11 (1997), 959–966, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00281.x.
101. Rothermund, K. (2005). Effects of age stereotypes on self-views and adaptation. In W. Greve, K. Rothermund, & D. Wentura (Eds.), The adaptive self. Personal continuity and intentional self-development (pp. 223–242). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
102. Rothermund, K., Brandtstädter, J., Age stereotypes and self-views in later life: Evaluating rival assumptions. International Journal of Behavioral Development 27:6 (2003), 549–554, 10.1080/01650250344000208.
103. Rubin, D.C., Berntsen, D., People over forty feel 20% younger than their age: Subjective age across the lifespan. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13:5 (2006), 776–780, 10.3758/BF03193996.
104. Ryff, C.D., Personality development from the inside: The subjective experience of change in adulthood and aging. Life-span Development and Behavior 6 (1984), 243–279.
105. Sargent-Cox, K.A., Anstey, K.J., Luszcz, M.A., The relationship between change in self-perceptions of aging and physical functioning in older adults. Psychology and Aging 27:3 (2012), 750–760, 10.1037/a0027578.
106. Sargent-Cox, K.A., Anstey, K.J., Luszcz, M.A., Longitudinal change of self-perceptions of aging and mortality. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 69B:2 (2014), 168–173.
107. Sarkisian, C.A., Hays, R.D., Berry, S., Mangione, C.M., Development, reliability, and validity of the Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-38) Survey. The Gerontologist 42:4 (2002), 534–542.
108. Sarkisian, C.A., Prohaska, T.R., Davis, C., Weiner, B., Pilot test of an attribution retraining intervention to raise walking levels in sedentary older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 55:11 (2007), 1842–1846.
109. Schmader, T., Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2002), 194–201, 10.1006/jesp.2001.1500.
110. Schmader, T., Johns, M., Forbes, C., An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review 115:2 (2008), 336–356.
111. Seidler, A.L., Wolff, J.K., Bidirectional associations between self-perceptions of aging and processing speed across 3 years. GeroPsych 30 (2017), 49–59, 10.1024/1662-9647/a000165.
112. Settersten, R.A., Hagestad, G.O., Subjective aging and awareness of aging: Toward a new understanding of the aging self. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics 35:1 (2015), 29–53, 10.1891/0198-8794.35.29.
113. Siebert, J.S., Wahl, H.-W., Schröder, J., The role of attitudes toward own aging for fluid and crystallized functioning: 12-year evidence from the ILSE Study. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences., 2016, 10.1093/geronb/gbw050.
114. Sindi, S., Juster, R.P., Wan, N., Nair, N.P.V., Kin, N.Y., Lupien, S.J., Depressive symptoms, cortisol, and cognition during human aging: The role of negative aging perceptions. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress 15:2 (2012), 130–137, 10.3109/10253890.2011.599047.
115. Spini, D., Clémence, A., Ghisletta, P., How are temporal and social comparisons related to appraisals of self-rated health during very old age?. Swiss Journal of Psychology 66:2 (2007), 79–89, 10.1024/1421-0185.66.2.79.
116. Spuling, S.M., Miche, M., Wurm, S., Wahl, H.-W., Exploring the causal interplay of subjective age and health dimensions in the second half of life. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie 21:1 (2013), 5–15, 10.1026/0943-8149/a000084.
117. Steele, C.M., A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist 52:6 (1997), 613–629.
118. Steele, C.M., Aronson, J., Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69:5 (1995), 797–811, 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797.
119. Stephan, Y., Caudroit, J., Jaconelli, A., Terracciano, A., Subjective age and cognitive functioning: A 10-year prospective study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22:11 (2014), 1180–1187, 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.03.007.
120. Stephan, Y., Chalabaev, A., Kotter-Grühn, D., Jaconelli, A., “Feeling younger, being stronger”: An experimental study of subjective age and physical functioning among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 68:1 (2013), 1–7, 10.1093/geronb/gbs037.
121. Stephan, Y., Sutin, A.R., Caudroit, J., Terracciano, A., Subjective age and changes in memory in older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2015, 10.1093/geronb/gbv010.
122. Stephan, Y., Sutin, A.R., Terracciano, A., “Feeling younger, walking faster”: Subjective age and walking speed in older adults. Age, 37(5), 2015, 86.
123. Stephan, Y., Sutin, A.R., Terracciano, A., Subjective age and personality development: A 10-year study. Journal of Personality, 83(2), 2015, 10.1111/jopy.12090.
124. Stephan, Y., Sutin, A.R., Terracciano, A., Younger subjective age is associated with lower C-reactive protein among older adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 43 (2015), 33–36, 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.019.
125. Stephan, Y., Sutin, A.R., Terracciano, A., Feeling older and risk of hospitalization: Evidence from three longitudinal cohorts. Health Psychology, 35(6), 2016, 634.
126. Steverink, N., Westerhof, G.J., Bode, C., Dittmann-Kohli, F., The personal experience of aging, individual resources, and subjective well-being. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 6 (2001), 364–373.
127. Sun, J.K., Kim, E.S., Smith, J., Positive self-perceptions of aging and lower rate of overnight hospitalization in the US population over age 50. Psychosomatic Medicine 79:1 (2017), 81–90, 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000364.
128. Swift, H.J., Abrams, D., Marques, S., Threat or boost? Social comparison affects older people's performance differently depending on task domain. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 68:1 (2013), 23–30, 10.1093/geronb/gbs044.
129. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. 2015, United Nations, New York.
130. Voss, P., Kornadt, A.E., Rothermund, K., Getting what you expect? Future self-views predict the valence of life events. Developmental Psychology 53:3 (2017), 567–580, 10.1037/dev0000285.
131. Warburton, J., Peel, N.M., Volunteering as a productive ageing activity: The association with fall-related hip fracture in later life. European Journal of Ageing 5:2 (2008), 129–136, 10.1007/s10433-008-0081-9.
132. Ware, J.E., Kosinski, M., Bjorner, J.B., Turner-Bowker, D.M., Gandek, B., Maruish, M.E., User's manual for the SF-35v2 Health Survey. 2nd ed., 2007, QualityMetric Inc., Lincoln, RI.
133. Warmoth, K., Tarrant, M., Abraham, C., Lang, I.A., Older adults’ perceptions of ageing and their health and functioning: A systematic review of observational studies. Psychology, Health & Medicine 21:5 (2016), 531–550, 10.1080/13548506.2015.1096946.
134. Weiss, D., On the inevitability of aging: Essentialist beliefs moderate the impact of negative age stereotypes on older adults’ memory performance and physiological reactivity. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2016, 10.1093/geronb/gbw087.
135. Weiss, D., Freund, A.M., Still young at heart: Negative age-related information motivates distancing from same-aged people. Psychology and Aging 27:1 (2012), 173–180, 10.1037/a0024819.
136. Weiss, D., Lang, F.R., Thinking about my generation: Adaptive effects of a dual age identity in later adulthood. Psychology and Aging 24:3 (2009), 729–734, 10.1037/a0016339.
137. Weiss, D., Lang, F.R., ‘They’ are old but ‘I’ feel younger: Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age. Psychology and Aging 27:1 (2012), 153–163, 10.1037/a0024887.
138. Weiss, D., Lang, F.R., The two faces of age identity. GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry 25:1 (2012), 5–14, 10.1024/1662-9647/a000050.
139. Westerhof, G.J., Barrett, A.E., Steverink, N., Forever young? A comparison of age identities in the United States and Germany. Research on Aging 25 (2003), 366–383, 10.1177/0164027503025004002.
140. Westerhof, G.J., Harink, K., Van Selm, M., Strick, M., Van Baaren, R., Filling a missing link: The influence of portrayals of older characters in television commercials on the memory performance of older adults. Ageing & Society 30:5 (2010), 897–912, 10.1017/S0144686X10000152.
141. Westerhof, G., Miche, M., Brothers, A., Barrett, A., Diehl, M., Montepare, J.M., Wurm, S., The influence of subjective aging on health and longevity: A meta-analysis of longitudinal data. Psychology and Aging 29:4 (2014), 793–802, 10.1037/a0038016.
142. Westerhof, G.J., Wurm, S., Longitudinal research on subjective aging, health, and longevity: Current evidence and new directions for research. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics 35:1 (2015), 145–165, 10.1891/0198-8794.35.145.
143. Wienert, J., Gellert, P., Lippke, S., Physical activity across the life-span: Does feeling physically younger help you to plan physical activities?. Journal of Health Psychology, 2015, 10.1177/1359105315603469.
144. Wienert, J., Kuhlmann, T., Lippke, S., Direct effects of a domain-specific subjective age measure on self-reported physical activity – Is it more important how old you are or how old you feel?. Health Psychology Report 2 (2015), 131–139, 10.5114/hpr.2015.51450.
145. Wolff, J.K., Schüz, B., Ziegelmann, J.P., Warner, L.M., Wurm, S., Short-term buffers, but long-term suffers? Differential effects of negative self-perceptions of aging following serious health events. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2015, 10.1093/geronb/gbv058.
146. Wolff, J.K., Warner, L.M., Ziegelmann, J.P., Wurm, S., What do targeting positive views on ageing add to a physical activity intervention in older adults? Results from a randomised controlled trial. Psychology & Health 29:8 (2014), 915–932.
147. Woodcock, A., Hernandez, P.R., Estrada, M., Schultz, P.W., The consequences of chronic stereotype threat: Domain disidentification and abandonment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103:4 (2012), 635–646, 10.1037/a0029120.
148. Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., Health-engagement control strategies and 2-year changes in older adults' physical health. Psychological Science 19:6 (2008), 537–541, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02120.x.
149. Wurm, S., Benyamini, Y., Optimism buffers the detrimental effect of negative self-perceptions of ageing on physical and mental health. Psychology & Health 29:7 (2014), 832–848.
150. Wurm, S., Tesch-Römer, C., & Tomasik, M. J. (2007). Longitudinal findings on aging related cognitions, control beliefs, and health in later life. Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Sciences 62B(3), P156–P164.
151. Wurm, S., Schüz, B., Psychological theories on health and aging. Pachana, N.A., (eds.) Encyclopedia of geropsychology, 2015, Springer Singapore, Singapore, 1–10.
152. Wurm, S., Tomasik, M.J., Tesch-Römer, C., Serious health events and their impact on changes in subjective health and life satisfaction: The role of age and a positive view on aging. European Journal of Ageing 5:2 (2008), 117–127, 10.1007/s10433-008-0077-5.
153. Wurm, S., Tomasik, M., Tesch-Römer, C., On the importance of a positive view on ageing for physical exercise among middle-aged and older adults: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Psychology and Health 25:1 (2010), 25–42, 10.1080/08870440802311314.
154. Wurm, S., Warner, L.M., Ziegelmann, J.P., Wolff, J.K., Schüz, B., How do negative self-perceptions of aging become a self-fulfilling prophecy?. Psychology and Aging 28:4 (2013), 1088–1097, 10.1037/a0032845.
155. Zebrowitz, L.A., Aging stereotypes – Internalization or inoculation? A commentary. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 58B:4 (2003), P214–P215.
156. Zhan, Y., Wang, M., Liu, S., Shultz, K.S., Bridge employment and retirees’ health: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 14:4 (2009), 374–389, 10.1037/a001528.