On the malleability of performance: Implications for seniors

Journal of Applied Gerontology

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 446-465

  Horton, Sean ^a   Baker, Joe ^b   Pearce, G W ^c   Deakin, Janice M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

^b YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aging; Performance; Priming; Stereotypes

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COGNITION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; METHODOLOGY; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PHYSIOLOGY; STEREOTYPY;

EID: 48249116331     PISSN: 07334648     EISSN: 15524523     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0733464808315291     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Adams, C., Smith, M.C., Pasupathi, M., & Vitoli, L. (2002). Social context effects on story recall in older and younger women: Does the listener make a difference ? Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57B, P P28 - P40.
2. * Auman, C., Bosworth, H., & Hess, T.M. (2005). Effect of health-related stereotypes on physiological responses of hypertensive middle-aged and older men. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 60B, P P3 - P10.
3. Bargh, J.A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
4. Beilock, S.L., Jellison, W., Rydell, R., McConnell, A.R., & Carr, T. (2006). On the causal mechanisms of stereotype threat: Can skills that don't rely heavily on working memory still be threatened ? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1059-1071.
5. * Chasteen, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Horhota, M., Tam, R., & Hasher, L. (2005). How feelings of stereotype threat influence older adults' memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 31, 235-260.
6. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112 (1). 155-159.
7. * Desrichard, O., & Kopetz, C. (2005). A threat in the elder: The impact of task instructions, self-efficacy and performance expectations on memory performance in the elderly. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 537-552.
8. Dijksterhuis, A., Aarts, H., Bargh, J.A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2000). On the relation between associative strength and automatic behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 531-544.
9. Dijksterhuis, A., & Bargh, J.A., (2001). The perception-behavior expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 1-40). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
10. Dijksterhuis, A., Spears, R., & Lepinasse, V. (2001). Reflecting and deflecting stereotypes: Assimilation and contrast in impression formation and automatic behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 286-299.
11. Foot, D.K., & Stoffman, D.S. (1996). Boom, bust & echo. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross.
12. Hasher, L., Chung, C., May, C.P., & Foong, N. (2002). Age, time of testing, and proactive interference. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 200-207.
13. * Hausdorff, J.M., Levy, B., & Wei, J.Y. (1999). The power of ageism on physical function of older persons: Reversibility of age-related gait changes. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 47, 1346-1349.
14. Hess, T.M. (2005). Memory and aging in context. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 383-406.
15. * Hess, T.M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S., & Rahhal, T. (2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58B, P P3 - P11.
16. Hess, T.M., & Hinson, J. (2006). Age-related variation in the influences of aging stereotypes on memory in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 21 (3). 621-625.
17. * Hess, T.M., Hinson, J., & Statham, J. (2004). Explicit and implicit stereotype activation effects on memory: Do age and awareness moderate the impact of priming ? Psychology and Aging, 19, 495-505.
18. Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2006). Journals should publish all "null" results and should sparingly publish "positive" results. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 15 (1). 185.
19. Kang, S.K. (2006). Stigma sensitivity and stereotype threat in older adults. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
20. Kominsky, T.K. (2006). The effects of stereotype threat on older adults' prospective memory performance. Unpublished master's thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
21. * Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092-1107.
22. * Levy, B. (2000). Hand-writing as a reflection of aging self-stereotypes. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33, 81-94.
23. * Levy, B., Ashman, O., & Dror, I. (1999-2000). To be or not to be: The effects of aging stereotypes on the will to live. Omega, 40, 409-420.
24. * Levy, B., Hausdorff, J.M., Hencke, R., & Wei, J.Y. (2000). Reducing cardiovascular stress with positive self-stereotypes of aging. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 55B, 205-213.
25. Pinquart, M. (2002). Good news about the effects of bad old-age stereotypes. Experimental Aging Research, 28, 317-336.
26. * Rahhal, T., Hasher, L., & Colcombe, S. (2001). Instructional manipulations and age differences in memory: Now you see them, now you don't. Psychology and Aging, 16, 697-706.
27. Rosenthal, R. (1963). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: The experimenter's hypothesis as unintended determinant of experimental results. American Scientist, 51, 268-283.
28. Schwarzer, R. (1991). Meta-analysis software (Version 5.3) [Computer software]. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.
29. Shih, M., Ambady, N., Richeson, J., Fujita, K., & Gray, H. (2002). Stereotype performance boosts: The impact of self-relevance and the manner of stereotype activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 638-647.
30. Spencer, S., Steele, C.M., & Quinn, D. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28.
31. Steele, C.M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
32. * Stein, R., Blanchard-Fields, F., & Hertzog, C. (2002). The effects of age-stereotype priming on the memory performance of older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 28, 169-181.
33. Stone, J., Lynch, C.I., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J.M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1213-1227.
34. Thalheimer, W., & Cook, S. (2002, August). How to calculate effect sizes from published research articles: A simplified methodology. Somerville, MA: Work-Learning Research, Inc. retrieved on December 7, 2006, from http://work-learning.com/effect_sizes.htm
35. Touradji, P. (2003). The influence of stereotype threat on the cognitive test performance of African-American elders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, New York.
36. Wheeler, S.C., & Petty, R. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797-826.