Entity versus incremental theories predict older adults' memory performance

Psychology and Aging

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 948-957

  Plaks, Jason E ^a   Chasteen, Alison L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Implicit theories; Memory; Self stereotyping

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; HUMAN; MEMORY; RECALL; TASK PERFORMANCE; THEORY;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; CULTURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; MEMORY; MENTAL RECALL; MIDDLE AGED; NEGOTIATING;

EID: 84891044171     PISSN: 08827974     EISSN: 19391498     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0034348     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Abrams, D., Crisp, R. J., Marques, S., Fagg, E., Bedford, L., & Provias, D. (2008). Threat inoculation: Experienced and imagined intergenerational contact prevents stereotype threat effects on older people's math performance. Psychology and Aging, 23, 934-939.
2. Andreoletti, C., & Lachman, M. E. (2004). Susceptibility and resilience to memory aging stereotypes: Education matters more than age. Experimental Aging Research, 30, 129-148. doi:10.1080/03610730490274167
3. Aronson, J., Fried, C., & Good, C. (2002). Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 113-125. doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1491
4. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York. NY: Freeman.
5. Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55, 1247-1263. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1247
6. Beilock, S. L. (2008). Math performance in stressful situations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 339-343. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 8721.2008.00602.x
7. Ben-Zeev, T., Fein, S., & Inzlicht, M. (2005). Arousal and stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 174-181. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.007
8. Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78, 246-263. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x
9. Blascovich, J., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D., & Steele, C. (2001). African Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat. Psychological Science, 12, 225-229. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00340
10. Chasteen, A. L., Bhattacharyya, S., Horhota, M., Tam, R., & Hasher, L. (2005). How feelings of stereotype threat influence older adults' memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 31, 235-260. doi: 10.1080/03610730590948177
11. Chiu, C. Y., Hong, Y. Y., & Dweck, C. S. (1997). Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 19-30.
12. Church, T. A., Ortiz, F. A., Katigbak, M. S., Avdeyeva, T. V., Emerson, A. M., Vargas, F., . . . Ibanez Reyes, J. (2003). Measuring individual and cultural differences in implicit trait theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 332-347.
13. Cury, F., Elliot, A. J., Da Fonseca, D., & Moller, A. C. (2006). The social-cognitive model of achievement motivation and the 2 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 666-679. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.666
14. Delgado, A. R., & Prieto, G. (2004). Cognitive mediators and sex-related differences in mathematics. Intelligence, 32, 25-32. doi:10.1016/S0160- 2896(03)00061-8
15. Desrichard, O., & Kopetz, C. (2005). A threat in the elder: The impact of task instructions, self-efficacy and performance expectations on memory performance in the elderly. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 537-552. doi:10.1002/ejsp.249
16. Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Philadelphia. PA: Psychology Press.
17. Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Random House.
18. Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 267-285. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0604_1
19. Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
20. Elliott, E. S., & Dweck, C. S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 5-12. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.5
21. Geraci, L., & Miller, T. M. (2013). Improving older adults' memory performance using prior task success. Psychology and Aging, 28, 340- 345. doi:10.1037/a0030332
22. Grant, H., & Dweck, C. S. (2003). Clarifying achievement goals and their impact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 541-553. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.541
23. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (1996). The neuropsychology of anxiety: A reprise. In D. A. Hope (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43: Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear (pp. 61-134). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
24. Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.284
25. Hertzog, C., McGuire, C. L., Horhota, M., & Jopp, D. (2010). Does believing in "Use it or Lose it" relate to self-rated memory control, strategy use, and recall. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 70, 61-87. doi:10.2190/AG.70.1.c
26. Heslin, P. A., Latham, G. P., & VandeWalle, D. (2005). The effect of implicit person theory on performance appraisals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 842-856. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.842
27. Hess, T. M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S. J., & Rahhal, T. A. (2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. The Journal of Gerontology: B Psychological Sciences, 58, P3-P11. doi:10.1093/geronb/58.1.P3
28. Hess, T. M., & Hinson, J. T. (2006). Age-related variation in the influences of aging stereotypes on memory in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 21, 621-625. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.621
29. Hess, T. M., Hinson, J. T., & Hodges, E. A. (2009). Moderators of and mechanisms underlying stereotype threat effects on older adults' memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 153-177. doi: 10.1080/03610730802716413
30. Hong, Y., Coleman, J., Chan, G., Wong, R. Y. M., Chiu, C. Y., Hansen, I. G., . . . Fu, H. Y. (2004). Predicting intergroup bias: The interactive effects of implicit theory and social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1035-1047. doi:10.1177/0146167204264791
31. Horhota, M., Lineweaver, T., Ositelu, M., Summers, K., & Hertzog, C. (2012). Young and older adults' beliefs about effective ways to mitigate memory decline. Psychology and Aging, 27, 293-304. doi:10.1037/ a0026088
32. Kammrath, L. K., & Peetz, J. (2012). You promised you'd change: How incremental and entity theorists react to a romantic partner's change attempts. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 570-574. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.015
33. Kang, S. K., & Chasteen, A. L. (2009). The development and validation of the age-based rejection sensitivity questionnaire (RSQ-Age). The Gerontologist, 49, 303-316. doi:10.1093/geront/gnp035
34. Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., Moll, J., Hermsen, S., & Russin, A. (2000). Just say to (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 871-888. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.871
35. Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "freezing". Psychological Review, 103, 263-283. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263
36. Lachman, M. E., & Agrigoroaei, S. (2012). Low perceived control as a risk factor for episodic memory: The mediational role of anxiety and task interference. Memory & Cognition, 40, 287-296. doi:10.3758/s13421- 011-0140-x
37. Lachman, M. E., Andreoletti, C., & Pearman, A. (2006). Memory control beliefs: How are they related to age, strategy use, and memory improvement? Social Cognition, 24, 359-385. doi:10.1521/soco.2006.24.3.359
38. Lasher, K. P., & Faulkender, P. J. (1993). Measurement of aging anxiety Development of the Anxiety About Aging Scale. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 37, 247-259.
39. Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age by implicit selfstereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092- 1107. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1092
40. Levy, B. R. (2008). Rigidity as a predictor of older persons' aging stereotypes and aging self-perceptions. Social Behavior and Personality, 36, 559-570. doi:10.2224/sbp.2008.36.4.559
41. Levy, B. R., & Leifheit-Limson, E. (2009). The stereotype-matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes. Psychology and Aging, 24, 230-233. doi:10.1037/a0014563
42. Levy, S. R., Stroessner, S. J., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Stereotype formation and endorsement: The role of implicit theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1421-1436. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6 .1421
43. Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011). Personality development across the life span: Longitudinal analyses with a national sample from Germany. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 847-861. doi:10.1037/a0024298
44. McConnell, A. R. (2001). Implicit theories: Consequences for social judgment of individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 215-227. doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1445
45. Molden, D. C., & Dweck, C. S. (2006). Finding "meaning" in psychology: A lay theories approach to self-regulation, social perception, and social development. American Psychologist, 61, 192-203. doi:10.1037/0003- 066X.61.3.192
46. Molden, D. C., Plaks, J. E., & Dweck, C. S. (2006). "Meaningful" social inferences: Effects of implicit theories on inferential processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 738-752. doi:10.1016/j.jesp .2005.11.005
47. Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children's motivation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 33-52. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33
48. Murphy, M. C., & Dweck, C. S. (2010). A culture of genius: How environments' lay theories shape people's cognition, affect, and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 283-296. doi: 10.1177/0146167209347380
49. Packer, D. J., & Chasteen, A. L. (2006). Looking to the future: How possible aged selves influence prejudice toward older adults. Social Cognition, 24, 218-247.
50. Park, D. C., Smith, A. D., Lautenschlager, G., Earles, J. L., Frieske, D., Zwahr, M., & Gaines, C. L. (1996). Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 11, 621-637. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.4.621
51. Plaks, J. E., Grant, H., & Dweck, C. S. (2005). Violations of implicit theories and the sense of prediction and control: Implications for motivated person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 245-262. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.2.245
52. Plaks, J. E., Levy, S. R., & Dweck, C. S. (2009). Lay theories of personality: Cornerstones of meaning in social cognition. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 1069-1081. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004 .2009.00222.x
53. Plaks, J. E., Malahy, L. W., Sedlins, M., & Shoda, Y. (2012). Folk beliefs about human genetic variation predict discrete versus continuous race categorization and evaluative bias. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 31-39. doi:10.1177/1948550611408118
54. Plaks, J. E., & Stecher, K. (2007). Unexpected improvement, decline, and stasis: A prediction confidence perspective on achievement success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 667-684. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.667
55. Plaks, J. E., Stroessner, S. J., Dweck, C. S., & Sherman, J. W. (2001). Person theories and attention allocation: Preferences for stereotypic vs. counterstereotypic information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 876-893. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.876
56. Poon, C. S. K., & Koehler, D. J. (2006). Lay personality knowledge and dispositionist thinking: A knowledge-activation framework. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 177-191. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005 .04.001
57. Rattan, A., Good, C., & Dweck, C. S. (2012). "It's ok-not everyone can be good at math:" Instructors with an entity theory comfort (and demotivate) students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 731- 737. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.012
58. Rydell, R. J., Hugenberg, K., Ray, D., & Mackie, D. M. (2007). Implicit theories about groups and stereotyping: The role of group entitativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 549-558. doi:10.1177/ 0146167206296956
59. Sarkisian, C. A., Steers, W. N., Hays, R. D., & Mangione, C. M. (2005). Development of the 12-item expectations regarding aging survey. The Gerontologist, 45, 240-248.
60. Schmader, T., & Johns, M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440-452. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.440
61. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312. doi:10.2307/270723
62. Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2011). Stability and change of personality across the life course: The impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 862- 882. doi:10.1037/ a0024950
63. Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28. doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1373
64. Spinath, B., Spinath, F. M., Riemann, R., & Angleitner, A. (2003). Implicit theories about personality and intelligence and their relationship to actual personality and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 939-951. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00310-0
65. Tabernero, C., & Wood, R. E. (1999). Implicit theories versus the social construal of ability in self-regulation and performance on a complex task. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 104-127. doi:10.1006/obhd.1999.2829