Impact of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in coronary heart disease

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 103-114

  Kachur, Sergey ^a   Chongthammakun, Vasutakarn ^b   Lavie, Carl J ^c   De Schutter, Alban ^d   Arena, Ross ^e   Milani, Richard V ^c   Franklin, Barry A ^f  

^a Ocala Regional Medical Center   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^d NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^f WILLIAM BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiac rehabilitation; Coronary heart disease; High intensity interval exercise training

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COGNITION; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EXERCISE; EXERCISE INTENSITY; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEART FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HEART RATE; HEART REHABILITATION; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID ANALYSIS; MENTAL STRESS; MOBILE HEALTH INTERVENTION; MOBILE PHONE; NON ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TIME; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; WELLBEING;

EID: 85026803365     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: 18731740     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.07.002     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E.J., Go, A.S., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 131:4 (2015), e29–e322, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152.
2. Lawler, P.R., Filion, K.B., Eisenberg, M.J., Efficacy of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation post-myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J, 162(4), 2011, 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.07.017 [571-584.e2].
3. Wisløff, U., Støylen, A., Loennechen, J.P., et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation 115:24 (2007), 3086–3094, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041.
4. Edelmann, F., Gelbrich, G., Düngen, H.-D., et al. Exercise training improves exercise capacity and diastolic function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results of the Ex-DHF (Exercise training in Diastolic Heart Failure) pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:17 (2011), 1780–1791, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.054.
5. Dunlay, S.M., Pack, Q.R., Thomas, R.J., Killian, J.M., Roger, V.L., Participation in cardiac rehabilitation, readmissions, and death after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Med 127:6 (2014), 538–546, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.02.008.
6. Piepoli, M.F., Hoes, A.W., Agewall, S., et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 37:29 (2016), 2315–2381, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106.
7. Amsterdam, E.A., Wenger, N.K., Brindis, R.G., et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 130:25 (2014), 2354–2394, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000133.
8. Hillis, L.D., Smith, P.K., Anderson, J.L., et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 143:1 (2012), 4–34, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.015.
9. NIH, Cardiac rehabilitation. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rehab#, 2016 [Accessed February 1, 2017].
10. Stewart, K.J., Badenhop, D., Brubaker, P.H., Keteyian, S.J., King, M., Cardiac rehabilitation following percutaneous revascularization, heart transplant, heart valve surgery, and for chronic heart failure. Chest 123:6 (2003), 2104–2111.
11. Suaya, J.A., Shepard, D.S., Normand, S.-L.T., Ades, P.A., Prottas, J., Stason, W.B., Use of cardiac rehabilitation by Medicare beneficiaries after myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 116:15 (2007), 1653–1662, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.701466.
12. Norris, C.M., Jensen, L.A., Galbraith, P.D., et al. Referral rate and outcomes of cardiac rehabilitation after cardiac catheterization in a large Canadian city. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 24:6 (2004), 392–400.
13. Doherty, P., Lewin, B., The national audit of cardiac rehabilitation annual statistical report 2013. 2013, University Of York, York, UK [http://www.cardiacrehabilitation.org.uk/docs/2013.pdf].
14. Turk-Adawi, K., Sarrafzadegan, N., Grace, S.L., Global availability of cardiac rehabilitation. Nat Rev Cardiol 11:10 (2014), 586–596, 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.98.
15. Tipton, C.M., The history of “exercise is medicine” in ancient civilizations. AJP Adv Physiol Educ 38:2 (2014), 109–117, 10.1152/advan.00136.2013.
16. Levine, S.A., Lown, B., The “chair” treatment of acute thrombosis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 64 (1951), 316–327.
17. Morris, J.N., Heady, J.A., Mortality in relation to the physical activity of work: a preliminary note on experience in middle age. Br J Ind Med 10:4 (1953), 245–254.
18. Cardus, D., Effects of 10 days recumbency on the response to the bicycle ergometer test. Aerosp Med 37:10 (1966), 993–999.
19. Saltin, B., Blomqvist, G., Mitchell, J.H., Johnson, R.L., Wildenthal, K., Chapman, C.B., Response to exercise after bed rest and after training. Circulation 38:suppl 5 (1968), VII1–VI78.
20. Hellerstein, H.K., Exercise therapy in coronary disease. Bull N Y Acad Med 44:8 (1968), 1028–1047.
21. Zwisler, A.-D.O., Soja, A.M.B., Rasmussen, S., et al. Hospital-based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care among patients with congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or high risk of ischemic heart disease: 12-month results of a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J 155:6 (2008), 1106–1113, 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.12.033.
22. Mampuya, W.M., Cardiac rehabilitation past, present and future: an overview. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2:1 (2012), 38–49, 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2012.01.02.
23. Hellerstein, H.K., Ford, A.B., Rehabilitation of the cardiac patient. JAMA 164:3 (1957), 225–231.
24. Bethell, H.J., Cardiac rehabilitation: from Hellerstein to the millennium. Int J Clin Pract 54:2 (2000), 92–97.
25. van Halewijn, G., Deckers, J., Tay, H.Y., van Domburg, R., Kotseva, K., Wood, D., Lessons from contemporary trials of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 232 (2017), 294–303, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.125.
26. Balady, G.J., Williams, M.A., Ades, P.A., et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation 115:20 (2007), 2675–2682, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180945.
27. Smith, S.C., Benjamin, E.J., Bonow, R.O., et al. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients with Coronary and other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 124:22 (2011), 2458–2473, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318235eb4d.
28. Hammill, B.G., Curtis, L.H., Schulman, K.A., Whellan, D.J., Relationship between cardiac rehabilitation and long-term risks of death and myocardial infarction among elderly Medicare beneficiaries. Circulation 121:1 (2010), 63–70, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876383.
29. Ades, P.A., Keteyian, S.J., Wright, J.S., et al. Increasing cardiac rehabilitation participation from 20% to 70%: a road map from the million hearts cardiac rehabilitation collaborative. Mayo Clin Proc 92:2 (2017), 234–242, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.014.
30. Bravo-Escobar, R., González-Represas, A., Gómez-González, A.M., et al. Effectiveness and safety of a home-based cardiac rehabilitation programme of mixed surveillance in patients with ischemic heart disease at moderate cardiovascular risk: a randomised, controlled clinical trial. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 17(1), 2017, 66, 10.1186/s12872-017-0499-0.
31. Hwang, R., Bruning, J., Morris, N.R., Mandrusiak, A., Russell, T., Home-based telerehabilitation is not inferior to a centre-based program in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomised trial. J Physiother 63:2 (2017), 101–107, 10.1016/j.jphys.2017.02.017.
32. Moholdt, T., Aamot, I.L., Granøien, I., et al. Aerobic interval training increases peak oxygen uptake more than usual care exercise training in myocardial infarction patients: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil 26:1 (2012), 33–44, 10.1177/0269215511405229.
33. Buckingham, S.A., Taylor, R.S., Jolly, K., et al. Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation: abridged Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart, 3(2), 2016, e000463, 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000463.
34. Korzeniowska-Kubacka, I., Bilińska, M., Dobraszkiewicz-Wasilewska, B., Piotrowicz, R., Comparison between hybrid and standard centre-based cardiac rehabilitation in female patients after myocardial infarction: a pilot study. Kardiol Pol 72:3 (2014), 269–274, 10.5603/KP.a2013.0283.
35. Najafi, F., Nalini, M., Hospital-based versus hybrid cardiac rehabilitation program in coronary bypass surgery patients in western Iran: effects on exercise capacity, risk factors, psychological factors, and quality of life. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 35:1 (2015), 29–36, 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000087.
36. Piotrowicz, E., Orzechowski, P., Jasionowska, A., et al. Effects of hybrid comprehensive cardiac telerehabilitation conducted under the pension prevention program of the social insurance institution. Med Pr 68:1 (2017), 61–74, 10.13075/mp.5893.00468.
37. Beatty, A.L., Fukuoka, Y., Whooley, M.A., Using mobile technology for cardiac rehabilitation: a review and framework for development and evaluation. J Am Heart Assoc, 2(6), 2013, 10.1161/JAHA.113.000568 [e000568-e000568].
38. Worringham, C., Rojek, A., Stewart, I., Development and feasibility of a smartphone, ECG and GPS based system for remotely monitoring exercise in cardiac rehabilitation. Miranda JJ, ed. PLoS One, 6(2), 2011, e14669, 10.1371/journal.pone.0014669.
39. Salvi, D., Ottaviano, M., Muuraiskangas, S., et al. An m-Health system for education and motivation in cardiac rehabilitation: the experience of HeartCycle guided exercise. J Telemed Telecare, 2017, 10.1177/1357633X17697501 [1357633X1769750].
40. Buys, R., Claes, J., Walsh, D., et al. Cardiac patients show high interest in technology enabled cardiovascular rehabilitation. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 16, 2016, 95, 10.1186/s12911-016-0329-9.
41. Thakkar, J., Redfern, J., Thiagalingam, A., Chow, C.K., Patterns, predictors and effects of texting intervention on physical activity in CHD – insights from the TEXT ME randomized clinical trial. Eur J Prevent Cardiol 23:17 (2016), 1894–1902, 10.1177/2047487316664190.
42. Alhani, F., Evaluating of Family Centered Empowerment Model on Preventing Iron Deficiency Anemia. 2003.
43. Vahedian-Azimi, A., Miller, A.C., Hajiesmaieli, M., et al. Cardiac rehabilitation using the family-centered empowerment model versus home-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarction: a randomised controlled trial. Open Heart, 3(1), 2016, e000349, 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000349.
44. Niebauer, J., Is there a role for cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass grafting? Response to Niebauer: treatment after coronary artery bypass surgery remains incomplete without rehabilitation. Circulation 133:24 (2016), 2529–2537, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021348.
45. Ades, P.A., Savage, P.D., Toth, M.J., et al. High-calorie-expenditure exercise: a new approach to cardiac rehabilitation for overweight coronary patients. Circulation 119:20 (2009), 2671–2678, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.834184.
46. MacInnis, M.J., Gibala, M.J., Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. J Physiol (Lond), October 2016, 10.1113/JP273196.
47. Weston, M., Weston, K.L., Prentis, J.M., Snowden, C.P., High-intensity interval training (HIT) for effective and time-efficient pre-surgical exercise interventions. Perioper Med, 5(1), 2016, 10.1186/s13741-015-0026-8.
48. Weston, K.S., Wisløff, U., Coombes, J.S., High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 48:16 (2014), 1227–1234, 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092576.
49. Milanović, Z., Sporiš, G., Weston, M., Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIT) and continuous endurance training for VO2max improvements: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Sports Med 45:10 (2015), 1469–1481, 10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0.
50. Liou, K., Ho, S., Fildes, J., Ooi, S.-Y., High intensity interval versus moderate intensity continuous training in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of physiological and clinical parameters. Heart Lung Circ 25:2 (2016), 166–174, 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.06.828.
51. Elliott, A.D., Rajopadhyaya, K., Bentley, D.J., Beltrame, J.F., Aromataris, E.C., Interval training versus continuous exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Heart Lung Circ 24:2 (2015), 149–157, 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.09.001.
52. Shiroma, E.J., Sesso, H.D., Moorthy, M.V., Buring, J.E., Lee, I.-M., Do moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity physical activities reduce mortality rates to the same extent?. J Am Heart Assoc, 3(5), 2014, 10.1161/JAHA.114.000802 [e000802-e000802].
53. Wisløff, U., Nilsen, T.I.L., Drøyvold, W.B., Mørkved, S., Slørdahl, S.A., Vatten, L.J., A single weekly bout of exercise may reduce cardiovascular mortality: how little pain for cardiac gain? “The HUNT study, Norway.”. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 13:5 (2006), 798–804, 10.1097/01.hjr.0000216548.84560.ac.
54. Wen, C.P., Wai, J.P.M., Tsai, M.K., et al. Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 378:9798 (2011), 1244–1253, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60749-6.
55. Warburton, D.E.R., McKenzie, D.C., Haykowsky, M.J., et al. Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 95:9 (2005), 1080–1084, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.063.
56. Guadalupe-Grau, A., Fernández-Elías, V.E., Ortega, J.F., Dela, F., Helge, J.W., Mora, Rodríguez R., Effects of 6 months aerobic interval training on skeletal muscle metabolism in middle-aged metabolic syndrome patients. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2017, 10.1111/sms.12881.
57. Tjønna, A.E., Lee, S.J., Rognmo, Ø., et al. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation 118:4 (2008), 346–354, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.772822.
58. Conraads, V.M., Pattyn, N., De Maeyer, C., et al. Aerobic interval training and continuous training equally improve aerobic exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease: the SAINTEX-CAD study. Int J Cardiol 179 (2015), 203–210, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.155.
59. Ellingsen, Ø., Halle, M., Conraads, V., et al. High-intensity interval training in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation 135:9 (2017), 839–849, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022924.
60. Rognmo, Ø., Hetland, E., Helgerud, J., Hoff, J., Slørdahl, S.A., High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate intensity exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 11:3 (2004), 216–222.
61. Michaelides, A.P., Soulis, D., Antoniades, C., et al. Exercise duration as a determinant of vascular function and antioxidant balance in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart 97:10 (2011), 832–837, 10.1136/hrt.2010.209080.
62. O'Keefe, J.H., Franklin, B., Lavie, C.J., Exercising for health and longevity vs peak performance: different regimens for different goals. Mayo Clin Proc 89:9 (2014), 1171–1175, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.07.007.
63. Williams, P.T., Thompson, P.D., Increased cardiovascular disease mortality associated with excessive exercise in heart attack survivors. Mayo Clin Proc 89:9 (2014), 1187–1194, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.05.006.
64. Blair, S.N., Kohl, H.W., Paffenbarger, R.S., Clark, D.G., Cooper, K.H., Gibbons, L.W., Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA 262:17 (1989), 2395–2401.
65. Armstrong, M.E.G., Green, J., Reeves, G.K., Beral, V., Cairns, B.J., On behalf of the million women study collaborators*. Frequent physical activity may not reduce vascular disease risk as much as moderate activity: large prospective study of women in the United Kingdom. Circulation 131:8 (2015), 721–729, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010296.
66. Holloszy, J.O., Coyle, E.F., Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol 56:4 (1984), 831–838.
67. Joyner, M.J., Coyle, E.F., Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions: factors that make champions. J Physiol 586:1 (2008), 35–44, 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834.
68. Wilson, M.G., Ellison, G.M., Cable, N.T., Basic science behind the cardiovascular benefits of exercise. Br J Sports Med 50:2 (2016), 93–99, 10.1136/bjsports-2014-306596rep.
69. Murray, A.J., Anderson, R.E., Watson, G.C., Radda, G.K., Clarke, K., Uncoupling proteins in human heart. Lancet 364:9447 (2004), 1786–1788, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17402-3.
70. Schaun, M.I., Marschner, R.A., Peres, T.R., Markoski, M.M., Lehnen, A.M., Aerobic training prior to myocardial infarction increases cardiac GLUT4 and partially preserves heart function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 42:3 (2017), 334–337, 10.1139/apnm-2016-0439.
71. Chinsomboon, J., Ruas, J., Gupta, R.K., et al. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha mediates exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:50 (2009), 21401–21406, 10.1073/pnas.0909131106.
72. Roof, S.R., Boslett, J., Russell, D., et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 prevents diastolic and systolic dysfunction associated with cardiomyopathy and preserves adrenergic sensitivity. Acta Physiol 216:4 (2016), 421–434, 10.1111/apha.12607.
73. Soci, U.P.R., Fernandes, T., Barauna, V.G., et al. Epigenetic control of exercise training-induced cardiac hypertrophy by miR-208. Clin Sci, August 2016, 10.1042/CS20160480.
74. Ciarka, A., van de Borne, P., Pathak, A., Myocardial infarction, heart failure and sympathetic nervous system activity: new pharmacological approaches that affect neurohumoral activation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 17:9 (2008), 1315–1330, 10.1517/13543784.17.9.1315.
75. Lin, C.-Y., Chang, S.-L., Lin, Y.-J., et al. An observational study on the effect of premature ventricular complex burden on long-term outcome. Medicine (Baltimore), 96(1), 2017, e5476, 10.1097/MD.0000000000005476.
76. Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz, L., Figura-Chmielewska, M., Ratkowski, W., Raczak, G., Effect of various forms of physical training on the autonomic nervous system activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Kardiol Pol 71:6 (2013), 558–565, 10.5603/KP.2013.0118.
77. Jørgensen, R.M., Abildstrøm, S.Z., Levitan, J., et al. Heart rate variability density analysis (Dyx) and prediction of long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 21:1 (2016), 60–68, 10.1111/anec.12297.
78. Hertzeanu, H.L., Shemesh, J., Aron, L.A., et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in rehabilitated and nonrehabilitated post-myocardial infarction patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 71:1 (1993), 24–27.
79. Kalupahana, N.S., Moustaid-Moussa, N., The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system and metabolic disorders: a review of molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 47:4 (2012), 379–390, 10.3109/10409238.2012.694843.
80. Smart, N.A., Meyer, T., Butterfield, J.A., et al. Individual patient meta-analysis of exercise training effects on systemic brain natriuretic peptide expression in heart failure. Eur J Prev Cardiol 19:3 (2012), 428–435, 10.1177/1741826711409171.
81. Krzeminski, K., The role of adrenomedullin in cardiovascular response to exercise - a review. J Hum Kinet 53 (2016), 127–142, 10.1515/hukin-2016-0017.
82. Lee, S., Park, Y., Zhang, C., Exercise training prevents coronary endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. Am J Biomed Sci, 2011, 241–252, 10.5099/aj110400241.
83. DeSouza, C.A., Shapiro, L.F., Clevenger, C.M., et al. Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation 102:12 (2000), 1351–1357.
84. Ranković, G., Milicić, B., Savić, T., Dindić, B., Mancev, Z., Pesić, G., Effects of physical exercise on inflammatory parameters and risk for repeated acute coronary syndrome in patients with ischemic heart disease. Vojnosanit Pregl 66:1 (2009), 44–48.
85. Vella, C.A., Allison, M.A., Cushman, M., et al. Physical activity and adiposity-related inflammation: the MESA. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1, 2016, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001179.
86. Gielen, S., Adams, V., Möbius-Winkler, S., et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:5 (2003), 861–868.
87. Taylor, R.S., Brown, A., Ebrahim, S., et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 116:10 (2004), 682–692, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.009.
88. Mann, S., Beedie, C., Jimenez, A., Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: review, synthesis and recommendations. Sports Med 44:2 (2014), 211–221, 10.1007/s40279-013-0110-5.
89. Milani, R.V., Lavie, C.J., Prevalence and profile of metabolic syndrome in patients following acute coronary events and effects of therapeutic lifestyle change with cardiac rehabilitation. Am J Cardiol 92:1 (2003), 50–54, 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00464-8.
90. Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ounpuu, S., et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 364:9438 (2004), 937–952, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9.
91. Wannamethee, S.G., Shaper, A.G., Walker, M., Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Circulation 102:12 (2000), 1358–1363.
92. Oldridge, N.B., Guyatt, G.H., Fischer, M.E., Rimm, A.A., Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA 260:7 (1988), 945–950.
93. O'Connor, G.T., Buring, J.E., Yusuf, S., et al. An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circulation 80:2 (1989), 234–244.
94. Jolliffe, J.A., Rees, K., Taylor, R.S., Thompson, D., Oldridge, N., Ebrahim, S., Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, 2000, CD001800, 10.1002/14651858.CD001800.
95. Heran, B.S., Chen, J.M., Ebrahim, S., et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, 2011, CD001800, 10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub2.
96. Rauch, B., Davos, C.H., Doherty, P., et al. The prognostic effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the era of acute revascularisation and statin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized studies – The Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS). Eur J Prevent Cardiol 23:18 (2016), 1914–1939, 10.1177/2047487316671181.
97. Anderson, L., Oldridge, N., Thompson, D.R., et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 67:1 (2016), 1–12, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.044.
98. Clark, A.M., Whelan, H.K., Barbour, R., MacIntyre, P.D., A realist study of the mechanisms of cardiac rehabilitation. J Adv Nurs 52:4 (2005), 362–371, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03601.x.
99. Mallik, S., Patients with depressive symptoms have lower health status benefits after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 111:3 (2005), 271–277, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000152102.29293.D7.
100. Milani, R.V., Lavie, C.J., Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on depression and its associated mortality. Am J Med 120:9 (2007), 799–806, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.026.
101. Kachur, S., Menezes, A.R., De Schutter, A., Milani, R.V., Lavie, C.J., Significance of comorbid psychological stress and depression on outcomes after cardiac rehabilitation. Am J Med 129:12 (2016), 1316–1321, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.006.
102. Ernstsen, L., Rangul, V., Nauman, J., et al. Protective effect of regular physical activity on depression after myocardial infarction: the HUNT study. Am J Med, 129(1), 2016, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.012 [82-88.e1].
103. Morrin, L., Black, S., Reid, R., Impact of duration in a cardiac rehabilitation program on coronary risk profile and health-related quality of life outcomes. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 20:2 (2000), 115–121.
104. Lavie, C.J., Menezes, A.R., De Schutter, A., Milani, R.V., Blumenthal, J.A., Impact of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on psychological risk factors and subsequent prognosis in patients with cardiovascular disease. Can J Cardiol 32:10 (2016), S365–S373, 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.07.508.
105. Dugmore, L.D., Tipson, R.J., Phillips, M.H., et al. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, psychological wellbeing, quality of life, and vocational status following a 12 month cardiac exercise rehabilitation programme. Heart 81:4 (1999), 359–366.
106. Yazdani-Bakhsh, R., Javanbakht, M., Sadeghi, M., Mashayekhi, A., Ghaderi, H., Rabiei, K., Comparison of health-related quality of life after percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass surgery. ARYA Atheroscler 12:3 (2016), 124–131.
107. Thompson, P.D., Franklin, B.A., Balady, G.J., et al. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation 115:17 (2007), 2358–2368, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181485.
108. O'Connor, C.M., Whellan, D.J., Lee, K.L., et al. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 301(14), 2009, 1439, 10.1001/jama.2009.454.
109. Rognmo, O., Moholdt, T., Bakken, H., et al. Cardiovascular risk of high- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation 126:12 (2012), 1436–1440, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.123117.
110. Saito, M., Ueshima, K., Saito, M., et al. Safety of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and exercise testing for cardiac patients in Japan: a nationwide survey. Circ J 78:7 (2014), 1646–1653.
111. Chahal, H.S., Mostofsky, E., Mittleman, M.A., et al. Aerobic fitness and risk of ventricular arrhythmia following physical exertion. Can J Cardiol 32:4 (2016), 533–538, 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.12.026.
112. Nes, B.M., Gutvik, C.R., Lavie, C.J., Nauman, J., Wisløff, U., Personalized activity intelligence (PAI) for prevention of cardiovascular disease and promotion of physical activity. Am J Med 130:3 (2017), 328–336, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.09.031.