2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America

Journal of Cardiac Failure

Volumn 23, Issue 8, 2017, Pages 628-651

  Yancy, Clyde W ^a   Jessup, Mariell ^a   Bozkurt, Biykem ^a   Butler, Javed ^a   Casey, Donald E ^a   Colvin, Monica M ^a   Drazner, Mark H ^a   Filippatos, Gerasimos S ^a   Fonarow, Gregg C ^a   Givertz, Michael M ^a   Hollenberg, Steven M ^a   Lindenfeld, JoAnn ^a   Masoudi, Frederick A ^a   McBride, Patrick E ^a   Peterson, Pamela N ^a   Stevenson, Lynne Warner ^a   Westlake, Cheryl ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

ACC AHA Clinical Practice Guidelines; angioedema; angiotensin receptor blockers; angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; beta blockers; ferric carboxymaltose; focused update; heart failure; hypertension; iron deficiency; ivabradine; natriuretic peptide biomarker; natriuretic peptides; sleep apnea

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AMINO TERMINAL PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BISOPROLOL; CANDESARTAN; CAPTOPRIL; CARVEDILOL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; EPLERENONE; FOSINOPRIL; GALECTIN 3; IVABRADINE; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; METOPROLOL SUCCINATE; NATRIURETIC FACTOR; NOVEL ERYTHROPOIESIS STIMULATING PROTEIN; PERINDOPRIL; QUINAPRIL; RAMIPRIL; SACUBITRIL; SPIRONOLACTONE; TRANDOLAPRIL; TROPONIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSARTAN;

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; CARDIOLOGIST; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG TARGETING; DYSPNEA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GUIDELINE DIRECTED MANAGEMENT AND THERAPY; HEART FAILURE; HEART FAILURE WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART RATE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; UNITED STATES; ADVISORY COMMITTEE; BLOOD; CARDIOLOGY; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY; RESEARCH; STANDARDS; TRENDS;

ADVISORY COMMITTEES; AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; BIOMARKERS; CARDIOLOGY; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RESEARCH REPORT; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85022192851     PISSN: 10719164     EISSN: 15328414     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.04.014     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. 2011, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
2. Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Comparative Effectiveness Research, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews. 2011, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
3. Anderson, J.L., Heidenreich, P.A., Barnett, P.G., et al. ACC/AHA statement on cost/value methodology in clinical practice guidelines and performance measures: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2304–2322.
4. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Methodology Manual and Policies From the ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2010, American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association Available at: http://my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/@sop/documents/downloadable/ucm_319826.pdf Accessed May 5, 2017.
5. Halperin, J.L., Levine, G.N., Al-Khatib, S.M., et al. Further evolution of the ACC/AHA clinical practice guideline recommendation classification system: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 67 (2016), 1572–1574.
6. Jacobs, A.K., Kushner, F.G., Ettinger, S.M., et al. ACCF/AHA clinical practice guideline methodology summit report: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 61 (2013), 213–265.
7. Jacobs, A.K., Anderson, J.L., Halperin, J.L., The evolution and future of ACC/AHA clinical practice guidelines: a 30-year journey: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 64 (2014), 1373–1384.
8. Arnett, D.K., Goodman, R.A., Halperin, J.L., et al. AHA/ACC/HHS strategies to enhance application of clinical practice guidelines in patients with cardiovascular disease and comorbid conditions: from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. J Am Coll Cardiol 64 (2014), 1851–1856.
9. Yancy, C.W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (2013), e147–239.
10. Yancy, C.W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., et al. 2016 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update on new pharmacological therapy for heart failure: an update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 1476–1488.
11. Ponikowski, P., Voors, A.A., Anker, S.D., et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37 (2016), 2129–2200.
12. Packer, M., McMurray, J.J., Desai, A.S., et al. Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition compared with enalapril on the risk of clinical progression in surviving patients with heart failure. Circulation 131 (2015), 54–61.
13. Zile, M.R., Claggett, B.L., Prescott, M.F., et al. Prognostic Implications of Changes in N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients With Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 2425–2436.
14. Solomon, S.D., Zile, M., Pieske, B., et al. The angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a phase 2 double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 380 (2012), 1387–1395.
15. Richards, A.M., Doughty, R., Nicholls, M.G., et al. Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin: prognostic utility and prediction of benefit from carvedilol in chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 (2001), 1781–1787.
16. Tang, W.H., Girod, J.P., Lee, M.J., et al. Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in ambulatory patients with established chronic symptomatic systolic heart failure. Circulation 108 (2003), 2964–2966.
17. Zaphiriou, A., Robb, S., Murray-Thomas, T., et al. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma BNP and NTproBNP in patients referred from primary care with suspected heart failure: results of the UK natriuretic peptide study. Eur J Heart Fail 7 (2005), 537–541.
18. Son, C.S., Kim, Y.N., Kim, H.S., et al. Decision-making model for early diagnosis of congestive heart failure using rough set and decision tree approaches. J Biomed Inform 45 (2012), 999–1008.
19. Kelder, J.C., Cramer, M.J., Van, W.J., et al. The diagnostic value of physical examination and additional testing in primary care patients with suspected heart failure. Circulation 124 (2011), 2865–2873.
20. Balion C, Don-Wauchope A, Hill S, et al. Use of Natriuretic Peptide Measurement in the Management of Heart Failure [Internet]. 13(14)-EHC118-EF ed. Rockville, MD: 2013.
21. Booth, R.A., Hill, S.A., Don-Wauchope, A., et al. Performance of BNP and NT-proBNP for diagnosis of heart failure in primary care patients: a systematic review. Heart Fail Rev 19 (2014), 439–451.
22. Dao, Q., Krishnaswamy, P., Kazanegra, R., et al. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in an urgent-care setting. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 (2001), 379–385.
23. Davis, M., Espiner, E., Richards, G., et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide in assessment of acute dyspnoea. Lancet 343 (1994), 440–444.
24. Maisel, A.S., Krishnaswamy, P., Nowak, R.M., et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 347 (2002), 161–167.
25. Moe, G.W., Howlett, J., Januzzi, J.L., et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing improves the management of patients with suspected acute heart failure: primary results of the Canadian prospective randomized multicenter IMPROVE-CHF study. Circulation 115 (2007), 3103–3110.
26. Mueller, C., Scholer, A., Laule-Kilian, K., et al. Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the evaluation and management of acute dyspnea. N Engl J Med 350 (2004), 647–654.
27. van Kimmenade, R.R., Pinto, Y.M., Bayes-Genis, A., et al. Usefulness of intermediate amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations for diagnosis and prognosis of acute heart failure. Am J Cardiol 98 (2006), 386–390.
28. Januzzi, J.L. Jr., Chen-Tournoux, A.A., Moe, G., Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing for the diagnosis or exclusion of heart failure in patients with acute symptoms. Am J Cardiol 101 (2008), 29–38.
29. Santaguida, P.L., Don-Wauchope, A.C., Ali, U., et al. Incremental value of natriuretic peptide measurement in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF): a systematic review. Heart Fail Rev 19 (2014), 507–519.
30. Hill, S.A., Booth, R.A., Santaguida, P.L., et al. Use of BNP and NT-proBNP for the diagnosis of heart failure in the emergency department: a systematic review of the evidence. Heart Fail Rev 19 (2014), 421–438.
31. Costello-Boerrigter, L.C., Boerrigter, G., Redfield, M.M., et al. Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide in the general community: determinants and detection of left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (2006), 345–353.
32. de Lemos, J.A., McGuire, D.K., Khera, A., et al. Screening the population for left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular systolic dysfunction using natriuretic peptides: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Am Heart J 157 (2009), 746–753.
33. Goetze, J.P., Mogelvang, R., Maage, L., et al. Plasma pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the general population: screening for left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction. Eur Heart J 27 (2006), 3004–3010.
34. Ng, L.L., Loke, I.W., Davies, J.E., et al. Community screening for left ventricular systolic dysfunction using plasma and urinary natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (2005), 1043–1050.
35. Ho, J.E., Liu, C., Lyass, A., et al. Galectin-3, a marker of cardiac fibrosis, predicts incident heart failure in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 60 (2012), 1249–1256.
36. Wang, T.J., Wollert, K.C., Larson, M.G., et al. Prognostic utility of novel biomarkers of cardiovascular stress: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 126 (2012), 1596–1604.
37. Xanthakis, V., Larson, M.G., Wollert, K.C., et al. Association of novel biomarkers of cardiovascular stress with left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction: implications for screening. J Am Heart Assoc, 2, 2013, e000399.
38. Anwaruddin, S., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Baggish, A., et al. Renal function, congestive heart failure, and amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurement: results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (2006), 91–97.
39. Redfield, M.M., Rodeheffer, R.J., Jacobsen, S.J., et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: impact of age and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002), 976–982.
40. Wang, T.J., Larson, M.G., Levy, D., et al. Impact of age and sex on plasma natriuretic peptide levels in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol 90 (2002), 254–258.
41. Chang, A.Y., Abdullah, S.M., Jain, T., et al. Associations among androgens, estrogens, and natriuretic peptides in young women: observations from the Dallas Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007), 109–116.
42. Clerico, A., Giannoni, A., Vittorini, S., et al. The paradox of low BNP levels in obesity. Heart Fail Rev 17 (2012), 81–96.
43. De Vecchis, R., Esposito, C., Di Biase, G., et al. B-type natriuretic peptide-guided versus symptom-guided therapy in outpatients with chronic heart failure: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 15 (2014), 122–134.
44. Felker, G.M., Hasselblad, V., Hernandez, A.F., et al. Biomarker-guided therapy in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 158 (2009), 422–430.
45. Li, P., Luo, Y., Chen, Y.M., B-type natriuretic peptide-guided chronic heart failure therapy: a meta-analysis of 11 randomised controlled trials. Heart Lung Circ 22 (2013), 852–860.
46. Porapakkham, P., Porapakkham, P., Zimmet, H., et al. B-type natriuretic peptide-guided heart failure therapy: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 170 (2010), 507–514.
47. Savarese, G., Trimarco, B., Dellegrottaglie, S., et al. Natriuretic peptide-guided therapy in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of 2,686 patients in 12 randomized trials. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e58287.
48. Troughton, R.W., Frampton, C.M., Brunner-La Rocca, H.P., et al. Effect of B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment of chronic heart failure on total mortality and hospitalization: an individual patient meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 35 (2014), 1559–1567.
49. Xin, W., Lin, Z., Mi, S., Does B-type natriuretic peptide-guided therapy improve outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart Fail Rev 20 (2015), 69–80.
50. Berger, R., Moertl, D., Peter, S., et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided, intensive patient management in addition to multidisciplinary care in chronic heart failure: a 3-arm, prospective, randomized pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 55 (2010), 645–653.
51. Eurlings, L.W., van Pol, P.E., Kok, W.E., et al. Management of chronic heart failure guided by individual N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide targets: results of the PRIMA (Can PRo-brain-natriuretic peptide guided therapy of chronic heart failure IMprove heart fAilure morbidity and mortality?) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 56 (2010), 2090–2100.
52. Gaggin, H.K., Mohammed, A.A., Bhardwaj, A., et al. Heart failure outcomes and benefits of NT-proBNP-guided management in the elderly: results from the prospective, randomized ProBNP outpatient tailored chronic heart failure therapy (PROTECT) study. J Card Fail 18 (2012), 626–634.
53. Jourdain, P., Jondeau, G., Funck, F., et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure: the STARS-BNP Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007), 1733–1739.
54. Karlstrom, P., Alehagen, U., Boman, K., et al. Brain natriuretic peptide-guided treatment does not improve morbidity and mortality in extensively treated patients with chronic heart failure: responders to treatment have a significantly better outcome. Eur J Heart Fail 13 (2011), 1096–1103.
55. Lainchbury, J.G., Troughton, R.W., Strangman, K.M., et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for chronic heart failure: results from the BATTLESCARRED (NT-proBNP-Assisted Treatment To Lessen Serial Cardiac Readmissions and Death) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 55 (2009), 53–60.
56. Persson, H., Erntell, H., Eriksson, B., et al. Improved pharmacological therapy of chronic heart failure in primary care: a randomized Study of NT-proBNP Guided Management of Heart Failure–SIGNAL-HF (Swedish Intervention study–Guidelines and NT-proBNP AnaLysis in Heart Failure). Eur J Heart Fail 12 (2010), 1300–1308.
57. Pfisterer, M., Buser, P., Rickli, H., et al. BNP-guided vs symptom-guided heart failure therapy: the Trial of Intensified vs Standard Medical Therapy in Elderly Patients With Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF) randomized trial. JAMA 301 (2009), 383–392.
58. Shah, M.R., Califf, R.M., Nohria, A., et al. The STARBRITE trial: a randomized, pilot study of B-type natriuretic peptide-guided therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. J Card Fail 17 (2011), 613–621.
59. Troughton, R.W., Frampton, C.M., Yandle, T.G., et al. Treatment of heart failure guided by plasma aminoterminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP) concentrations. Lancet 355 (2000), 1126–1130.
60. Singer, A.J., Birkhahn, R.H., Guss, D., et al. Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatients Trial (REDHOT II): a randomized controlled trial of the effect of serial B-type natriuretic peptide testing on patient management. Circ Heart Fail 2 (2009), 287–293.
61. Stienen, S., Salah, K., Moons, A.H., et al. Rationale and design of PRIMA II: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial to study the impact of in-hospital guidance for acute decompensated heart failure treatment by a predefined NT-PRoBNP target on the reduction of readmIssion and Mortality rAtes. Am Heart J 168 (2014), 30–36.
62. Stienen, S., PRIMA II: can NT-pro-brain-natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) guided therapy during admission for acute heart failure reduce mortality and readmissions?. J Card Fail 22 (2016), 939–940.
63. Kociol, R.D., Pang, P.S., Gheorghiade, M., et al. Troponin elevation in heart failure prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 56 (2010), 1071–1078.
64. Amsterdam, E.A., Wenger, N.K., Brindis, R.G., et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 64 (2014), e139–228.
65. Masson, S., Anand, I., Favero, C., et al. Serial measurement of cardiac troponin T using a highly sensitive assay in patients with chronic heart failure: data from 2 large randomized clinical trials. Circulation 125 (2012), 280–288.
66. Savarese, G., Musella, F., D'Amore, C., et al. Changes of natriuretic peptides predict hospital admissions in patients with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2 (2014), 148–158.
67. de Lemos, J.A., Increasingly sensitive assays for cardiac troponins: a review. JAMA 309 (2013), 2262–2269.
68. de Boer, R.A., Daniels, L.B., Maisel, A.S., et al. State of the Art: Newer biomarkers in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 17 (2015), 559–569.
69. Gopal, D.M., Sam, F., New and emerging biomarkers in left ventricular systolic dysfunction–insight into dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 6 (2013), 516–527.
70. O'Meara, E., de, D.S., Rouleau, J.L., et al. Circulating biomarkers in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Curr Heart Fail Rep 10 (2013), 350–358.
71. Karayannis, G., Triposkiadis, F., Skoularigis, J., et al. The emerging role of Galectin-3 and ST2 in heart failure: practical considerations and pitfalls using novel biomarkers. Curr Heart Fail Rep 10 (2013), 441–449.
72. Ahmad, T., Fiuzat, M., Neely, B., et al. Biomarkers of myocardial stress and fibrosis as predictors of mode of death in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2 (2014), 260–268.
73. Bayes-Genis, A., de, A.M., Vila, J., et al. Head-to-head comparison of 2 myocardial fibrosis biomarkers for long-term heart failure risk stratification: ST2 versus galectin-3. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 158–166.
74. Gaggin, H.K., Szymonifka, J., Bhardwaj, A., et al. Head-to-head comparison of serial soluble ST2, growth differentiation factor-15, and highly-sensitive troponin T measurements in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2 (2014), 65–72.
75. Ky, B., French, B., Levy, W.C., et al. Multiple biomarkers for risk prediction in chronic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 5 (2012), 183–190.
76. Sabatine, M.S., Morrow, D.A., de Lemos, J.A., et al. Evaluation of multiple biomarkers of cardiovascular stress for risk prediction and guiding medical therapy in patients with stable coronary disease. Circulation 125 (2012), 233–240.
77. Ahmad, T., Fiuzat, M., Pencina, M.J., et al. Charting a roadmap for heart failure biomarker studies. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2 (2014), 477–488.
78. Miller, W.L., Hartman, K.A., Grill, D.E., et al. Serial measurements of midregion proANP and copeptin in ambulatory patients with heart failure: incremental prognostic value of novel biomarkers in heart failure. Heart 98 (2012), 389–394.
79. Creemers, E.E., Tijsen, A.J., Pinto, Y.M., Circulating microRNAs: novel biomarkers and extracellular communicators in cardiovascular disease?. Circ Res 110 (2012), 483–495.
80. Wong, L.L., Armugam, A., Sepramaniam, S., et al. Circulating microRNAs in heart failure with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 17 (2015), 393–404.
81. Ovchinnikova, E.S., Schmitter, D., Vegter, E.L., et al. Signature of circulating microRNAs in patients with acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 18 (2016), 414–423.
82. Shah, S.H., Kraus, W.E., Newgard, C.B., Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel biomarkers and mechanisms related to common cardiovascular diseases: form and function. Circulation 126 (2012), 1110–1120.
83. Cheng, M.L., Wang, C.H., Shiao, M.S., et al. Metabolic disturbances identified in plasma are associated with outcomes in patients with heart failure: diagnostic and prognostic value of metabolomics. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1509–1520.
84. Zheng, Y., Yu, B., Alexander, D., et al. Associations between metabolomic compounds and incident heart failure among African Americans: the ARIC Study. Am J Epidemiol 178 (2013), 534–542.
85. Ledwidge, M., Gallagher, J., Conlon, C., et al. Natriuretic peptide-based screening and collaborative care for heart failure: the STOP-HF randomized trial. JAMA 310 (2013), 66–74.
86. Huelsmann, M., Neuhold, S., Resl, M., et al. PONTIAC (NT-proBNP selected prevention of cardiac events in a population of diabetic patients without a history of cardiac disease): a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (2013), 1365–1372.
87. Anand, I.S., Fisher, L.D., Chiang, Y.T., et al. Changes in brain natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine over time and mortality and morbidity in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Circulation 107 (2003), 1278–1283.
88. Berger, R., Huelsman, M., Strecker, K., et al. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 105 (2002), 2392–2397.
89. Forfia, P.R., Watkins, S.P., Rame, J.E., et al. Relationship between B-type natriuretic peptides and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in the intensive care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (2005), 1667–1671.
90. Maeda, K., Tsutamoto, T., Wada, A., et al. High levels of plasma brain natriuretic peptide and interleukin-6 after optimized treatment for heart failure are independent risk factors for morbidity and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (2000), 1587–1593.
91. Neuhold, S., Huelsmann, M., Strunk, G., et al. Comparison of copeptin, B-type natriuretic peptide, and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic heart failure: prediction of death at different stages of the disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 52 (2008), 266–272.
92. Taub, P.R., Daniels, L.B., Maisel, A.S., Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide levels in predicting hemodynamic and clinical decompensation. Heart Fail Clin 5 (2009), 169–175.
93. Bettencourt, P., Azevedo, A., Pimenta, J., et al. N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide predicts outcome after hospital discharge in heart failure patients. Circulation 110 (2004), 2168–2174.
94. Cheng, V., Kazanagra, R., Garcia, A., et al. A rapid bedside test for B-type peptide predicts treatment outcomes in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure: a pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 (2001), 386–391.
95. Fonarow, G.C., Peacock, W.F., Horwich, T.B., et al. Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin levels to predict in-hospital mortality from ADHERE. Am J Cardiol 101 (2008), 231–237.
96. Logeart, D., Thabut, G., Jourdain, P., et al. Predischarge B-type natriuretic peptide assay for identifying patients at high risk of re-admission after decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004), 635–641.
97. Maisel, A., Hollander, J.E., Guss, D., et al. Primary results of the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT). A multicenter study of B-type natriuretic peptide levels, emergency department decision making, and outcomes in patients presenting with shortness of breath. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004), 1328–1333.
98. Zairis, M.N., Tsiaousis, G.Z., Georgilas, A.T., et al. Multimarker strategy for the prediction of 31 days cardiac death in patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 141 (2010), 284–290.
99. Peacock, W.F.I., De Marco, T., Fonarow, G.C., et al. Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med 358 (2008), 2117–2126.
100. Lee, D.S., Stitt, A., Austin, P.C., et al. Prediction of heart failure mortality in emergent care: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 156 (2012), 767–775.
101. Santaguida, P.L., Don-Wauchope, A.C., Oremus, M., et al. BNP and NT-proBNP as prognostic markers in persons with acute decompensated heart failure: a systematic review. Heart Fail Rev 19 (2014), 453–470.
102. Horwich, T.B., Patel, J., MacLellan, W.R., et al. Cardiac troponin I is associated with impaired hemodynamics, progressive left ventricular dysfunction, and increased mortality rates in advanced heart failure. Circulation 108 (2003), 833–838.
103. Ilva, T., Lassus, J., Siirila-Waris, K., et al. Clinical significance of cardiac troponins I and T in acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 10 (2008), 772–779.
104. Dhaliwal, A.S., Deswal, A., Pritchett, A., et al. Reduction in BNP levels with treatment of decompensated heart failure and future clinical events. J Card Fail 15 (2009), 293–299.
105. O'Connor, C.M., Hasselblad, V., Mehta, R.H., et al. Triage after hospitalization with advanced heart failure: the ESCAPE (Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness) risk model and discharge score. J Am Coll Cardiol 55 (2010), 872–878.
106. O'Brien, R.J., Squire, I.B., Demme, B., et al. Pre-discharge, but not admission, levels of NT-proBNP predict adverse prognosis following acute LVF. Eur J Heart Fail 5 (2003), 499–506.
107. Cohen-Solal, A., Logeart, D., Huang, B., et al. Lowered B-type natriuretic peptide in response to levosimendan or dobutamine treatment is associated with improved survival in patients with severe acutely decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 53 (2009), 2343–2348.
108. Salah, K., Kok, W.E., Eurlings, L.W., et al. A novel discharge risk model for patients hospitalised for acute decompensated heart failure incorporating N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels: a European coLlaboration on Acute decompeNsated Heart Failure: ELAN-HF Score. Heart 100 (2014), 115–125.
109. Flint, K.M., Allen, L.A., Pham, M., et al. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts 30-day readmission for heart failure but not readmission for other causes. J Am Heart Assoc, 3, 2014, e000806.
110. Kociol, R.D., Horton, J.R., Fonarow, G.C., et al. Admission, discharge, or change in B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term outcomes: data from Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF) linked to Medicare claims. Circ Heart Fail 4 (2011), 628–636.
111. Kociol, R.D., McNulty, S.E., Hernandez, A.F., et al. Markers of decongestion, dyspnea relief, and clinical outcomes among patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 6 (2013), 240–245.
112. Verdiani, V., Ognibene, A., Rutili, M.S., et al. NT-ProBNP reduction percentage during hospital stay predicts long-term mortality and readmission in heart failure patients. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 9 (2008), 694–699.
113. Bayes-Genis, A., Lopez, L., Zapico, E., et al. NT-ProBNP reduction percentage during admission for acutely decompensated heart failure predicts long-term cardiovascular mortality. J Card Fail 11 (2005), S3–8.
114. Alonso-Martinez, J.L., Llorente-Diez, B., Echegaray-Agara, M., et al. C-reactive protein as a predictor of improvement and readmission in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 4 (2002), 331–336.
115. Dieplinger, B., Gegenhuber, A., Kaar, G., et al. Prognostic value of established and novel biomarkers in patients with shortness of breath attending an emergency department. Clin Biochem 43 (2010), 714–719.
116. Januzzi, J.L. Jr., Peacock, W.F., Maisel, A.S., et al. Measurement of the interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acute dyspnea: results from the PRIDE (Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 50 (2007), 607–613.
117. Manzano-Fernandez, S., Mueller, T., Pascual-Figal, D., et al. Usefulness of soluble concentrations of interleukin family member ST2 as predictor of mortality in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure relative to left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 107 (2011), 259–267.
118. Rehman, S.U., Mueller, T., Januzzi, J.L. Jr., Characteristics of the novel interleukin family biomarker ST2 in patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 52 (2008), 1458–1465.
119. Shah, R.V., Chen-Tournoux, A.A., Picard, M.H., et al. Galectin-3, cardiac structure and function, and long-term mortality in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 12 (2010), 826–832.
120. de Boer, R.A., Lok, D.J., Jaarsma, T., et al. Predictive value of plasma galectin-3 levels in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Ann Med 43 (2011), 60–68.
121. Lok, D.J., van der Meer, P., de la Porte, P.W., et al. Prognostic value of galectin-3, a novel marker of fibrosis, in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the DEAL-HF study. Clin Res Cardiol 99 (2010), 323–328.
122. Tang, W.H., Shrestha, K., Shao, Z., et al. Usefulness of plasma galectin-3 levels in systolic heart failure to predict renal insufficiency and survival. Am J Cardiol 108 (2011), 385–390.
123. Tang, W.H., Wu, Y., Grodin, J.L., et al. Prognostic Value of Baseline and Changes in Circulating Soluble ST2 Levels and the Effects of Nesiritide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 4 (2016), 68–77.
124. Januzzi, J.L., Mebazaa, A., Di, S.S., ST2 and prognosis in acutely decompensated heart failure: the International ST2 Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol 115 (2015), 26B–31B.
125. Mebazaa, A., Di, S.S., Maisel, A.S., et al. ST2 and multimarker testing in acute decompensated heart failure. Am J Cardiol 115 (2015), 38B–43B.
126. Fermann, G.J., Lindsell, C.J., Storrow, A.B., et al. Galectin 3 complements BNP in risk stratification in acute heart failure. Biomarkers 17 (2012), 706–713.
127. Lassus, J., Gayat, E., Mueller, C., et al. Incremental value of biomarkers to clinical variables for mortality prediction in acutely decompensated heart failure: the Multinational Observational Cohort on Acute Heart Failure (MOCA) study. Int J Cardiol 168 (2013), 2186–2194.
128. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 316 (1987), 1429–1435.
129. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 325 (1991), 293–302.
130. Packer, M., Poole-Wilson, P.A., Armstrong, P.W., et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation 100 (1999), 2312–2318.
131. Pfeffer, M.A., Braunwald, E., Moyé, L.A., et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 327 (1992), 669–677.
132. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet 342 (1993), 821–828.
133. Kober, L., Torp-Pedersen, C., Carlsen, J.E., et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 333 (1995), 1670–1676.
134. Cohn, J.N., Tognoni, G., Investigators, V.H.F.T., A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345 (2001), 1667–1675.
135. Pfeffer, M.A., McMurray, J.J.V., Velazquez, E.J., et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 349 (2003), 1893–1906.
136. Konstam, M.A., Neaton, J.D., Dickstein, K., et al. Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 374 (2009), 1840–1848.
137. Pfeffer, M.A., Swedberg, K., Granger, C.B., et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 362 (2003), 759–766.
138. McMurray, J.J.V., Packer, M., Desai, A.S., et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 371 (2014), 993–1004.
139. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353 (1999), 2001–2007.
140. Packer, M., Fowler, M.B., Roecker, E.B., et al. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation 106 (2002), 2194–2199.
141. Eschalier, R., McMurray, J.J.V., Swedberg, K., et al. Safety and efficacy of eplerenone in patients at high risk for hyperkalemia and/or worsening renal function: analyses of the EMPHASIS-HF study subgroups (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (2013), 1585–1593.
142. Pitt, B., Zannad, F., Remme, W.J., et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 341 (1999), 709–717.
143. Garg, R., Yusuf, S., Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA 273 (1995), 1450–1456.
144. Woodard-Grice, A.V., Lucisano, A.C., Byrd, J.B., et al. Sex-dependent and race-dependent association of XPNPEP2 C-2399A polymorphism with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. Pharmacogenet Genomics 20 (2010), 532–536.
145. Yusuf, S., Teo, K.K., Pogue, J., et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 358 (2008), 1547–1559.
146. Yusuf, S., Teo, K., Anderson, C., et al. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 372 (2008), 1174–1183.
147. Entresto [package insert], 2015, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Hanover, NJ.
148. Packer, M., Califf, R.M., Konstam, M.A., et al. Comparison of omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: the Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE). Circulation 106 (2002), 920–926.
149. Kostis, J.B., Packer, M., Black, H.R., et al. Omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with hypertension: the Omapatrilat Cardiovascular Treatment vs. Enalapril (OCTAVE) trial. Am J Hypertens 17 (2004), 103–111.
150. Vardeny, O., Miller, R., Solomon, S.D., Combined neprilysin and renin-angiotensin system inhibition for the treatment of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2 (2014), 663–670.
151. Messerli, F.H., Nussberger, J., Vasopeptidase inhibition and angio-oedema. Lancet 356 (2000), 608–609.
152. Braunwald, E., The path to an angiotensin receptor antagonist-neprilysin inhibitor in the treatment of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1029–1041.
153. Ruilope, L.M., Dukat, A., Böhm, M., et al. Blood-pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and neprilysin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study. Lancet 375 (2010), 1255–1266.
154. Bohm, M., Robertson, M., Ford, I., et al. Influence of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular co-morbidities on outcomes and treatment effect of heart rate reduction with ivabradine in stable heart failure (from the SHIFT Trial). Am J Cardiol 116 (2015), 1890–1897.
155. Swedberg, K., Komajda, M., Böhm, M., et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 376 (2010), 875–885.
156. Fox, K., Ford, I., Steg, P.G., et al. Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure. N Engl J Med 371 (2014), 1091–1099.
157. Fox, K., Ford, I., Steg, P.G., et al. Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 372 (2008), 807–816.
158. Pitt, B., Segal, R., Martinez, F.A., et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet 349 (1997), 747–752.
159. Pitt, B., Remme, W., Zannad, F., et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 348 (2003), 1309–1321.
160. Authors, C.I., The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 353 (1999), 9–13.
161. Packer, M., Coats, A.J., Fowler, M.B., et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 344 (2001), 1651–1658.
162. Taylor, A.L., Ziesche, S., Yancy, C., et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med 351 (2004), 2049–2057.
163. Cohn, J.N., Archibald, D.G., Ziesche, S., et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 314 (1986), 1547–1552.
164. Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R., et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42 (2003), 1206–1252.
165. Levy, D., Larson, M.G., Vasan, R.S., et al. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA 275 (1996), 1557–1562.
166. Pitt, B., Pfeffer, M.A., Assmann, S.F., et al. Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 370 (2014), 1383–1392.
167. Pfeffer, M.A., Claggett, B., Assmann, S.F., et al. Regional variation in patients and outcomes in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial. Circulation 131 (2015), 34–42.
168. Edelmann, F., Wachter, R., Schmidt, A.G., et al. Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the Aldo-DHF randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309 (2013), 781–791.
169. Yusuf, S., Pfeffer, M.A., Swedberg, K., et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 362 (2003), 777–781.
170. Massie, B.M., Carson, P.E., McMurray, J.J., et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 359 (2008), 2456–2467.
171. Redfield, M.M., Anstrom, K.J., Levine, J.A., et al. Isosorbide Mononitrate in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med 373 (2015), 2314–2324.
172. Redfield, M.M., Chen, H.H., Borlaug, B.A., et al. Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition on exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 309 (2013), 1268–1277.
173. Anker, S.D., Comin, C.J., Filippatos, G., et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 361 (2009), 2436–2448.
174. Ponikowski, P., van Veldhuisen, D.J., Comin-Colet, J., et al. Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency. Eur Heart J 36 (2015), 657–668.
175. Kapoor, M., Schleinitz, M.D., Gemignani, A., et al. Outcomes of patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency treated with intravenous iron: a meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord. Drug Targets 13 (2013), 35–44.
176. Swedberg, K., Young, J.B., Anand, I.S., et al. Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 368 (2013), 1210–1219.
177. Cleland, J.G., Sullivan, J.T., Ball, S., et al. Once-monthly administration of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure and anemia: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 46 (2005), 155–161.
178. Klapholz, M., Abraham, W.T., Ghali, J.K., et al. The safety and tolerability of darbepoetin alfa in patients with anaemia and symptomatic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 11 (2009), 1071–1077.
179. Ponikowski, P., Anker, S.D., Szachniewicz, J., et al. Effect of darbepoetin alfa on exercise tolerance in anemic patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007), 753–762.
180. Silverberg, D.S., Wexler, D., Sheps, D., et al. The effect of correction of mild anemia in severe, resistant congestive heart failure using subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron: a randomized controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 (2001), 1775–1780.
181. van der Meer, P., Groenveld, H.F., Januzzi, J.L. Jr., et al. Erythropoietin treatment in patients with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis. Heart 95 (2009), 1309–1314.
182. van Veldhuisen, D.J., Dickstein, K., Cohen-Solal, A., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of two dosing regimens of darbepoetin alfa in patients with heart failure and anaemia. Eur Heart J 28 (2007), 2208–2216.
183. Ghali, J.K., Anand, I.S., Abraham, W.T., et al. Randomized double-blind trial of darbepoetin alfa in patients with symptomatic heart failure and anemia. Circulation 117 (2008), 526–535.
184. Kotecha, D., Ngo, K., Walters, J.A., et al. Erythropoietin as a treatment of anemia in heart failure: systematic review of randomized trials. Am Heart J 161 (2011), 822–831.
185. Bennett, C.L., Silver, S.M., Djulbegovic, B., et al. Venous thromboembolism and mortality associated with recombinant erythropoietin and darbepoetin administration for the treatment of cancer-associated anemia. JAMA 299 (2008), 914–924.
186. Bohlius, J., Wilson, J., Seidenfeld, J., et al. Recombinant human erythropoietins and cancer patients: updated meta-analysis of 57 studies including 9353 patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 98 (2006), 708–714.
187. Pfeffer, M.A., Burdmann, E.A., Chen, C.Y., et al. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 361 (2009), 2019–2032.
188. Szczech, L.A., Barnhart, H.X., Inrig, J.K., et al. Secondary analysis of the CHOIR trial epoetin-alpha dose and achieved hemoglobin outcomes. Kidney Int 74 (2008), 791–798.
189. Xie, X., Atkins, E., Lv, J., et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 387 (2016), 435–443.
190. Thomopoulos, C., Parati, G., Zanchetti, A., Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 7. Effects of more vs. less intensive blood pressure lowering and different achieved blood pressure levels - updated overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 34 (2016), 613–622.
191. Wright, J.T. Jr., Williamson, J.D., Whelton, P.K., et al. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med 373 (2015), 2103–2116.
192. Williamson, J.D., Supiano, M.A., Applegate, W.B., et al. Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged >/=75 years: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315 (2016), 2673–2682.
193. Lv, J., Ehteshami, P., Sarnak, M.J., et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 185 (2013), 949–957.
194. Yancy, C., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (2013), e147–239.
195. Aronow, W.S., Fleg, J.L., Pepine, C.J., et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus documents developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Neurology, American Geriatrics Society, American Society for Preventive Cardiology, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Association of Black Cardiologists, and European Society of Hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 57 (2011), 2037–2114.
196. Law, M.R., Morris, J.K., Wald, N.J., Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ, 338, 2009, b1665.
197. Aronow, W.S., Ahn, C., Kronzon, I., Effect of propranolol versus no propranolol on total mortality plus nonfatal myocardial infarction in older patients with prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular ejection fraction > or = 40% treated with diuretics plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Cardiol 80 (1997), 207–209.
198. van Veldhuisen, D.J., Cohen-Solal, A., Bohm, M., et al. Beta-blockade with nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with impaired and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: Data From SENIORS (Study of Effects of Nebivolol Intervention on Outcomes and Rehospitalization in Seniors With Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 53 (2009), 2150–2158.
199. Piller, L.B., Baraniuk, S., Simpson, L.M., et al. Long-term follow-up of participants with heart failure in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). Circulation 124 (2011), 1811–1818.
200. Arzt, M., Floras, J.S., Logan, A.G., et al. Suppression of central sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure and transplant-free survival in heart failure: a post hoc analysis of the Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients with Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure Trial (CANPAP). Circulation 115 (2007), 3173–3180.
201. Bradley, T.D., Logan, A.G., Kimoff, R.J., et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure. N Engl J Med 353 (2005), 2025–2033.
202. MacDonald, M., Fang, J., Pittman, S.D., et al. The current prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in congestive heart failure patients treated with beta-blockers. J Clin Sleep Med 4 (2008), 38–42.
203. Cowie, M.R., Woehrle, H., Wegscheider, K., et al. Adaptive Servo-Ventilation for Central Sleep Apnea in Systolic Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 373 (2015), 1095–1105.
204. McEvoy, R.D., Antic, N.A., Heeley, E., et al. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 375 (2016), 919–931.
205. Holmqvist, F., Guan, N., Zhu, Z., et al. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea and continuous positive airway pressure therapy on outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation-Results from the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). Am Heart J 169 (2015), 647–654.