The ‘seafood gap’ in the food-water nexus literature—issues surrounding freshwater use in seafood production chains

Advances in Water Resources

Volumn 110, Issue , 2017, Pages 505-514

  Gephart, Jessica A ^a   Troell, Max ^b,c   Henriksson, Patrik J G ^b,d   Beveridge, Malcolm C M ^e   Verdegem, Marc ^f   Metian, Marc ^g   Mateos, Lara D ^b   Deutsch, Lisa ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b STOCKHOLM RESILIENCE CENTRE   (Sweden)

^c ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^d WORLDFISH   (Malaysia)

^e FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS   (Italy)

^f WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^g INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY   (Monaco)

Author keywords

Aquaculture; Fisheries; Food water nexus; Freshwater use assessment; Impact assessment methodology; Water footprint

Indexed keywords

AQUACULTURE; FISHERIES; FOOD PRODUCTS; POPULATION STATISTICS; WATER;

FRESHWATER USE ASSESSMENT; IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES; POPULATION GROWTH; PRODUCTION METHODS; PRODUCTION SYSTEM; SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION; WATER ACCOUNTINGS; WATER FOOTPRINT;

MEATS;

AQUACULTURE; AQUACULTURE METHOD; ASSESSMENT METHOD; FISHERY PRODUCTION; FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT; SEAFOOD; WATER FOOTPRINT; WATER USE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 85020700426     PISSN: 03091708     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.03.025     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Acreman, M.C., Ferguson, A.J.D., Environmental flows and the European water framework directive. Freshwater Biol. 55 (2010), 32–48.
2. Allan, J.A., Policy responses to the closure of water resources: regional and global issues. Water Policy: Allocation and Management in Practice, 1996.
3. Anh, P.T., Kroeze, C., Bush, S.R., Mol, A.P.J., Water pollution by Pangasius production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: causes and options for control. Aquaculture 42:1 (2010), 108–128.
4. Aubin, J., Papatryphon, E., Vanderwerf, H., Chatzifotis, S., Assessment of the environmental impact of carnivorous finfish production systems using life cycle assessment. J. Cleaner Prod. 17 (2009), 354–361, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.08.008.
5. Azad, A.K., Jensen, K.R., Lin, C.K., Coastal aquaculture development in Bangladesh: unsustainable and sustainable experiences. Environ. Manage. 44 (2009), 800–809, 10.1007/s00267-009-9356-y.
6. Bayart, J.B., Bulle, C., Deschênes, L., Margni, M., Pfister, S., Koehler, A., A framework for assessing off-stream freshwater use in LCA. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 15, 2010, 439, 10.1007/s11367-010-0172-7.
7. Bayart, J.-B., Worbe, S., Grimaud, J., Aoustin, E., The Water Impact Index: a simplified single-indicator approach for water footprinting. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 19 (2014), 1336–1344, 10.1007/s11367-014-0732-3.
8. Bell, J.G., Waagbo, R., Safe and nutritious aquaculture produce: benefits and risks of alternative sustainable aquafeeds. Holmer, M, Black, K, Duarte, CM, Marba, N, Karakassis, I, (eds.) Aquaculture in the Ecosystem, 2008, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 185–225.
9. Beveridge, M.C.M., Thilsted, S.H., Phillips, M., Metian, M., Troell, M., Hall, S.J., Meeting the food and nutrition needs of the poor: the role of fish and the opportunities and challenges emerging from the rise of aquaculture. J. Fish Biol. 83:4 (2013), 1067–1084.
10. Boyd, C.E., (2005) Water use in aquaculture. World aquaculture, September 2005: 12–16.
11. Body, C.E., Gross, A., Water use and conservation for inland aquaculture ponds. Fish. Manage. Ecol. 7 (2000), 55–63.
12. Boyd, C.E., McNevin, A.A., Aquaculture, Resource Use, and the Environment. first ed., 2015, Wiley-Blackwell, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 368.
13. Brummett, R.E., Lemoalle, J., Beveridge, M.C.M., Can water productivity metrics guide allocation of freshwater to inland fisheries?. Knowl. Manage. Aquat. Ecosys. 399 (2010), 1–7.
14. Campbell, B., Pauly, D., Mariculture: a global analysis of production trends since 1950. Marine Policy 39 (2012), 94–100.
15. Cao, L., Wang, W., Yang, Y., Yang, C., Yuan, Z., Xiong, S., Diana, J., Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 14 (2007), 452–462, 10.1065/espr2007.05.426.
16. Cao, L., Naylor, R.L., Henriksson, P., Leadbitter, D., Metian, M., Troell, M., Zhang, W., China's aquaculture and the world's wild fisheries. Science 347 (2015), 133–135.
17. Chapagain, A.K., Hoekstra, A.Y., The blue, green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives. Economical Econ. 70 (2011), 749–758.
18. Costa-Pierce, B.A., Sustainable aquaculture systems: the need for a new social contract for aquaculture development. Marine Technol. Soc. J. 44:3 (2010), 88–112.
19. Davis, K.F., Gephart, J.A., Emery, K.A., Leach, A., Galloway, J.N., D'Odorico, P., Meeting future food demand with current agricultural resources. Global Environ. Change 39 (2016), 125–132.
20. Delgado, C.L., Wada, N., Rosegrant, M.W., Meijer, S., Ahmed, M., Fish to 2020: Supply and Demand in Changing Global Markets., 2003 WorldFish Center Technical Report 62, Washington, D.C.
21. Descheemaeker, K., Bunting, S., Bindraban, P., Muthuri, C., Molden, D., Beveridge, M.C.M., van Brakel, M., Herrero, M., Clement, F., Boelee, E., Jarvis, D., Increasing water productivity in agriculture. Boelee, E, (eds.) Managing Water and Agroecosystems for Food Security, 2013, Cambridge, 117–140.
22. Deutsch, L., Troell, M., Limburg, K., Huitric, M., Trade of fisheries products-implications for marine ecosystems and their services. Köllner, T., (eds.) Ecosystem Services and Global Trade of Natural Resources Ecology, Economics and Policies, 2011, Routledge, London, UK, 304.
23. Eltholth, M., Fornace, K., Grace, D., Rushton, J., Häsler, B., Characterization of production, marketing and consumption patterns of farmed tilapia in the Nile Delta of Egypt. Food Policy 51 (2015), 131–143, 10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.01.002.
24. FAO FishStat Database. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166235/en, 2016, 2016.
25. FAO (2015) NASO aquaculture maps collection. In: FAO [online]. Rome. [Cited 18 February 2016]. www.fao.org/fishery/naso-maps/naso-maps/en/.
26. FAO 2016a The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All, Rome, Food and Agriculture Organisation, 190.
27. FAO. Lessons Learned in Water Accounting: The Fisheries and Aquaculture Perspective in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) Framework. 2016 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 599.
28. Foley, J.A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K.A., Cassidy, E.S., Gerber, J.S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N.D., O'Connell, C., Ray, D.K., West, P.C., Balzer, C., Bennett, E.M., Carpenter, S.R., Hill, J., Monfreda, C., Polasky, S., Rockström, J., Sheehan, J., Siebert, S., Tilman, D., Zaks, D.P.M., Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478 (2011), 337–342, 10.1038/nature10452.
29. Fry, J.P., Love, D.C., MacDonald, G.K., West, P.C., Engstrom, P.M., Nachman, K.E., Lawrence, R.S., Environmental health impacts of feeding crops to farmed fish. Environ. Int. 91 (2016), 201–214.
30. Gad, A.A., Ali, R., Creation of GIS digital land resources database of the Nile delta, Egypt, for optimal soil management. Procedia – Social Behav. Sci. 19 (2011), 641–650, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.180.
31. Gaeta, J.W., Sass, G.G., Carpenter, S.R., Drought-driven lake level decline: effects on coarse woody habitat and fishes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 71 (2014), 315–325.
32. Gephart, J.A., Davis, K.F., Emery, K., Leach, A., Galloway, J.N., Pace, M.L., The environmental cost of subsistence: optimizing diets to minimize footprints. Sci. Total Environ. 553 (2016), 120–127.
33. Gephart, J.A., Pace, M.L., Structure and evolution of the global seafood trade network. Environ. Res. Lett., 10(12), 2015, 125014.
34. Gephart, J.A., Pace, M.L., D'Odorico, P., Freshwater savings from marine protein consumption. Environ. Res. Lett., 9(1), 2014, 014005.
35. Guinée, J.B., Udo de Haes, H.A., Huppes, G., Quantitative life cycle assessment of products. J. Cleaner Prod. 1:2 (1993), 81–91.
36. Guinée, J.B., Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., Economic allocation: examples and derived decision tree. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 9 (2004), 23–33, 10.1065/lca2003.10.136.
37. Hall, S.J., Delaporte, A., Phillips, M.J., Beveridge, M.C.M., O'Keefe, M., Blue Frontiers: Managing the Environmental Costs of Aquaculture. 2011, Penang: WorldFish Center.
38. Hasan, M.R., New, M.B., On-Farm Feeding and Feed Management in Aquaculture. 2013, FAO, Rome FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 583.
39. Hasan, M.R., Hecht, T., De Silva, S.S., Tacon, A.G.J., Study and Analysis of Feeds and Fertilizers for Sustainable Aquaculture Development. 2007, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
40. Henriksson, P.J.G., Dickson, M., Allah, A.M.N., Al-Kenawy, D., Phillips, M.J., Benchmarking the environmental performance of best management practice and genetic improvements in Egyptian aquaculture using life cycle assessment. Aquaculture 468 (2017), 53–59.
41. Henriksson, P.J.G., Guinée, J.B., Kleijn, R., De Snoo, G.R., Life cycle assessment of aquaculture systems-a review of methodologies. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 17 (2012), 304–313, 10.1007/s11367-011-0369-4.
42. Henriksson, P.J.G., Heijungs, R., Dao, H.M., Phan, L.T., de Snoo, G.R., Guinée, J.B., Product carbon footprints and their uncertainties in comparative decision contexts. PLoS One, 2015, 10.1371/journal.pone.0121221.
43. Higgins, S., Overeem, I., Tanaka, A., Syvitski, J.P.M., Land subsidence at aquaculture facilities in the Yellow River delta, China. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40:15 (2013), 3898–3902.
44. Hoekstra, A.Y., A critique on the water-scarcity weighted water footprint in LCA. Ecol. Indic. 66 (2016), 564–573, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.026.
45. Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M., Mekonnen, MM, The Water Footprint Assessment Manual. 2011, Earthscan, London and Washington.
46. Hoekstra, A.Y., Gerbens-Leenes, W., Van der Meer, T.H., Water footprint accounting, impact assessment, and life-cycle assessment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106(40), 2009, E114.
47. Hoekstra, A.Y., Hung, P.Q., A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade. Water Res. 49 (2002), 203–209.
48. Hoekstra, A.Y., Mekonnen, M.M., Chapagain, A.K., Mathews, R.E., Richter, B., Global monthly water scarcity: blue water footprints versus blue water availability. PLoS ONE, 7(2), 2012, e32688.
49. Jonell, M., Phillips, M., Rönnbäck, P., Troell, M., Eco-certification of farmed seafood: will it make a difference?. Ambio 42:6 (2013), 659–674.
50. JRC. ILCD Handbook - General Guide for LCA - Detailed Guidance, 2010.
51. Kendy, E., The false promise of sustainable pumping rates. Ground Water 41 (2003), 2–4.
52. Khalil, M.T., Hussein, H.A., Use of waste water for aquaculture: an experimental field study at a sewage-treatment plant, Egypt. Aquacult. Res. 28 (1997), 859–865, 10.1046/j.1365-2109.1997.00910.x.
53. Koehler, A., Water use in LCA: Managing the planet's freshwater resources. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 13 (2008), 451–455, 10.1007/s11367-008-0028-6.
54. Kummu, M., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Konzmann, M., Varis, O., Climate-driven interannual variability of water scarcity in food production potential: a global analysis. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18:2 (2014), 447–461.
55. Leach, A.M., Emery, K.A., Davis, K.F., Gephart, J.A., Carr, J., Pace, M.L., D'Odorico, P., Galloway, J.N., Environmental impact food labels combining carbon, nitrogen, and water footprints. Food Policy 61 (2016), 213–223.
56. Loneragan, N.R., Bunn, S.E., River flows and estuarine ecosystems: implications for coastal fisheries from a review and a case study of the Logan River, southeast Queensland. Aust. J. Ecol. 24 (1999), 431–440.
57. Mateos, L., Ecosystem Services Appropriation by Aquaculture - the Case of Freshwater. Master thesis, 2015, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University.
58. Metian, M., Pouil, S., Boustany, A.M., Troell, M., Farming of Bluefin tuna – reconsidering global estimates and sustainability concerns. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquacult. 22:3 (2014), 184–192.
59. Mekonnen, M.M., Hoekstra, A.Y., The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 15 (2011), 1577–1600, 10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011.
60. Mekonnen, M.M., Hoekstra, A.Y., A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products. Ecosystems 15:3 (2012), 401–415.
61. Mekonnen, M.M., Hoekstra, A.Y., The blue water footprint of electricity from hydropower. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 16:1 (2012), 179–187.
62. Moore, B.C., Coleman, A.M., Wigmosta, M.S., Skaggs, R.L., Venteris, E.R., A high spatiotemporal assessment of consumptive water use and water scarcity in the conterminous United States. Water Resour. Manage. 29:14 (2015), 5185–5200.
63. Mukherjee, I., Sovacool, B.K., Palm oil-based biofuels and sustainability in southeast Asia: a review of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 37 (2014), 1–12, 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.001.
64. Mungkung, R., Aubin, J., Prihadi, T.H., Slembrouck, J., van der Werf, H.M.G., Legendre, M., Life cycle assessment for environmentally sustainable aquaculture management: a case study of combined aquaculture systems for carp and tilapia. J. Cleaner Prod. 57 (2013), 249–256, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.029.
65. Nagabhatla, N., Beveridge, M., Haque, A.B.M.M., Nguyen-Khoa, S., Van Brakel, M., Multiple water use as an approach for increased basin productivity and improved adaptation: a case study from Bangladesh. Int. J. River Basin Manage. 10:1 (2012), 121–136.
66. National Aquaculture Sector Overview. China. National Aquaculture Sector Overview Fact Sheets. Text by Shuping, C. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. Updated 1 February 2005.
67. National Bureau of Statistics of Chins (NBSC). Chinese Statistical Yearbook 2012. 2012, China Statistics Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
68. Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H., Troell, M., Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405 (2000), 1017–1024.
69. Orr, S., Pittock, J., Chapagain, A., Dumaresq, D., Dams on the Mekong River: lost fish protein and the implications for land and water resources. Global Environ. Change 22 (2012), 925–932.
70. Pahlow, M., van Oel, P.R., Mekonnen, M.M., Hoekstra, A.Y., Increasing pressure on freshwater resources due to terrestrial feed ingredients for aquaculture production. Sci. Total Environ. 356 (2015), 847–857.
71. Pfister, S., Bayer, P., Monthly water stress: spatially and temporally explicit consumptive water footprint of global crop production. J. Cleaner Prod. 73 (2014), 52–62.
72. Pfister, S., Hellweg, S., The water “shoesize” vs. footprint of bioenergy., 106, 2009, E93–E94.
73. Pfister, S., Koehler, A., Hellweg, S., Assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in LCA. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:11 (2009), 4098–4104.
74. Phillips, M.J., Henriksson, P.J.G., Tran, N., Chan, C.Y., Mohan, C.V., Rodriguez, U.-P., Suri, S., Hall, S., Koeshendrajana, S., Exploring Indonesian Aquaculture Futures., 2015 WorldFish Program Report 2015-39, Penang, Malaysia.
75. Phillips, M.J., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clarke, R.M., Impact of aquaculture on water resources. Brune, DE, Tomasso, JR, (eds.) Advances in World Aquaculture, vol. 3, 1991, World Aquaculture Society, 568–591.
76. Ranganathan, J., Vennard, D., Waite, R., Dumas, P., Lipinski, B., Searchinger, T., Shifting Diets for a Sustainable Food Future; Working Paper, Installment 11 of Creating a Sustainable Food Future. 2016, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
77. Robins, J.B., Halliday, I.A., Staunton-Smith, J., Mayer, D.G., Sellin, M.J., Freshwater-flow requirements of estuarine fisheries in tropical Australia: a review of the state of knowledge and application of a suggested approach. Marine Freshwater Res. 56:3 (2005), 343–360.
78. Samuel-Fitwi, B., Wuertz, S., Schroeder, J.P., Schulz, C., Sustainability assessment tools to support aquaculture development. J. Cleaner Prod. 32 (2012), 183–192.
79. Suvansombut, N., Drought Crisis Worsens in Many Provinces. 2015, National News Bureau of Thailand, Environmental News 6 February 2015.
80. Szuster, B.W., Flaherty, M., Cumulative environmental effects of low salinity shrimp farming in Thailand. Impact Assess. Project Appraisal 20:3 (2002), 189–200.
81. Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R., Metian, M., Demand and Supply of Feed Ingredients for Farmed Fish and Crustaceans–Trends and Prospects. 2011, FAO, 87 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 564.
82. Tacon, A.G.J., Metian, M., Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: trends and future prospects. Aquaculture 285:1-4 (2008), 146–158.
83. Tacon, A.G.J., Metian, M., Fish Matters: Importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply. Rev. Fish. Sci. 21:1 (2013), 22–38.
84. Tidwell, J.H., Characterization and Categories of Aquaculture Production Systems. Tidwell, J.H., (eds.) Aquaculture Production Systems, 2012, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK doi: 10.1002/9781118250105.ch4.
85. Tilman, D., Clark, M., Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health. Nature 515 (2014), 518–522.
86. Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., Befort, B.L., Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 108 (2011), 20260–20264.
87. Troell, M., Metian, M., Beveridge, M.C.M., Verdegem, M., Deutsch, L., Comment on ‘Water footprint of marine protein consumption—aquaculture's link to agriculture’. Environ. Res. Lett, 9, 2014 109001 (4pp).
88. Troell, M., Naylor, R.L., Metian, M., Beveridge, M., Tyedmers, P.H., Folke, C., Arrow, K.J., Barrett, S., Crépin, A.-S., Ehrlich, P.R., Gren, Å., Kautsky, N., Levin, S.A., Nyborg, K., Österblom, H., Polasky, S., Scheffer, M., Walker, B.H., Xepapadeas, T., de Zeeuw, A., Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system?. PNAS 111:37 (2014), 13257–13263, 10.1073/pnas.1404067111.
89. UNEP (2012) 21 Issues for the 21st Century: Result of the UNEP Foresight Process on Emerging Environmental Issues. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya, 56pp.
90. United Nations General Assembly (2015) Open working group proposal for sustainable development goals [Online]. Available at: http://undocs.org/A/68/970 [Accessed: 13 March 2015].
91. Verdegem, M.C.J., Bosma, R.H., Verreth, J.A.J., Reducing water use for animal production through aquaculture. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev., 22(1), 2006.
92. Verdegem, M.C.J., Bosma, R.H., Water withdrawal for brackish and inland aquaculture, and options to produce more fish in ponds with present water use. Water Policy 1:11 Supplement (2009), 52–68.
93. Wang, Q., Cheng, L., Liu, J., Li, Z., Xie, S., De Silva, S.S., Freshwater aquaculture in PR China: trends and prospects. Rev. Aquacult. 7 (2015), 283–302, 10.1111/raq.12086.
94. Wang-Erlandsson, L., van der Ent, R.J., Gordon, L.J., Savenije, H.H.G., Contrasting roles of interception and transpiration in the hydrological cycle – part 1: simple terrestrial evaporation to atmosphere model. Earth Syst. Dyn. Discuss. 5 (2014), 203–279.
95. World Bank (2014) World development indicators: Freshwater. Available at: http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.5.
96. WHO (2014) Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends, nutrition health topics [Online]. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ 3_foodconsumption/en/index5.html [Accessed: 1 September 2014].
97. Winemiller, K.O., McIntyre, PB, Castello, L., Fluet-Chouinard, E., Giarrizzo, T., Nam, S., Baird, I.G., Darwall, W., Lujan, N.K., Harrison, I., Stiassny, M.L.J., Silvano, R.A.M., Fitzgerald, D.B., Pelicice, F.M., Agostinho, A.A., Gomes, L.C., Albert, J.S., Baran, E., Petrere, M., Zarfl, C., Mulligan, M., Sullivan, J.P., Arantes, C.C., Sousa, L.M., Koning, A.A., Hoeinghaus, D.J., Sabaj, M., Lundberg, J.G., Armbruster, J., Thieme, M.L., Petry, P., Zuanon, J., Torrente Vilara, G., Snoeks, J., Ou, C., Rainboth, W., Pavanelli, C.S., Akama, A., van Soesbergen, A., Sáenz, L., Balancing hydropower and biodiversity in the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong. Science 351:6269 (2016), 128–129.
98. Yoo, K.H., Boyd, C.E., Hydrology and Water Supply for Aquaculture. 1994, Chapman and Hall, New York.
99. Zhao, X., Liu, J., Liu, Q., Tillotson, M.R., Guan, D., Hubacek, K., Physical and virtual water transfers for regional water stress alleviation in China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112:4 (2015), 1031–1035.