The blue, green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives

Ecological Economics

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 749-758

  Chapagain, A K ^a   Hoekstra, A Y ^b  

^a WWF UK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Blue water; Green water; Pollution; Rice; Virtual water; Water footprint

Indexed keywords

CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR; CROP PRODUCTION; ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT; EVAPORATION; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; IRRIGATION SYSTEM; PERCOLATION; RICE; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; WATER FLOW; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER RESOURCE;

INDIA; INDONESIA; MYANMAR; PAKISTAN; PHILIPPINES; THAILAND; UNITED STATES; VIET NAM;

EID: 79451469188     PISSN: 09218009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.11.012     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Allen R.G., Pereira L.S., Raes D., Smith M. Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56 1998, FAO, Rome, Italy.
2. Belder P., Bouman B.A.M., Cabangon R., Guoan L., Quilang E.J.P., Yuanhua L., Spiertz J.H.J., Tuong T.P. Effect of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and water use in typical lowland conditions in Asia. Agricultural Water Management 2004, 65(3):193.
3. Bouman B., Barker R., Humphreys E., Tuong T.P. Rice: feeding the billions. Water for Food, Water for Life 2007, Earthscan, London and International Water Management, Colombo. D. Molden (Ed.).
4. Bouman B.A.M., Humphreys E., Tuong T.P., Barker R., Donald L.S. Rice and water. Advances in Agronomy 2007, 187-237. Academic Press.
5. Bouman B.A.M., Tuong T.P. Field water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated lowland rice. Agricultural Water Management 2001, 49(1):11.
6. Brouwer C., Heibloem M. Irrigation water management, Training manuals - 3 1986, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
7. Cabangon R.J., Tuong T.P., Abdullah N.B. Comparing water input and water productivity of transplanted and direct-seeded rice production systems. Agricultural Water Management 2002, 57(1):11-13.
8. Chapagain A.K. Globalisation of water: opportunities and threats of virtual water trade 2006, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Taylor & Francis Group plc, Leiden.
9. Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y. Virtual water flows between nations in relation to trade in livestock and livestock products. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 13 2003, UNESCO-IHE.
10. Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y. Water footprints of nations. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 16 2004, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
11. Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y. The water footprint of coffee and tea consumption in the Netherlands. Ecological Economics 2007, 64(1):109-118.
12. Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y. The global component of freshwater demand and supply: an assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products. Water International 2008, 33(1):19-32.
13. Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y., Savenije H.H.G., Gautam R. The water footprint of cotton consumption: an assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries. Ecological Economics 2006, 60(1):186-203.
14. Chapagain A.K., Orr S. An improved water footprint methodology linking global consumption to local water resources: a case of Spanish tomatoes. Journal of Environmental Management 2009, 90(2):1219-1228.
15. Choudhury A.T.M.A., Kennedy I.R. Nitrogen fertilizer losses from rice soil and control of environmental pollution problems. Communications in Soil Sciences and Plant Analysis 2005, 36:1625-1639.
16. Clarke D., Smith M., El-Askari K. CropWat for Windows: user guide 1998, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
17. De Datta S.K. Nitrogen transformations in wetland rice ecosystems. RFertilizer Research 1995, 42:193-203.
18. Directorate of Rice Development Rice in India-a handbook of statistics http://drdpat.bih.nic.in.
19. FAO CROPWAT: a computer program for irrigation planning and management. Irrigation and Drainage Paper 46, p. Developed by: Martin Smith 1992, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
20. FAO CLIMWAT for CROPWAT: a climatic database for irrigation planning and management. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 49, p. Developed by: Martin Smith 1993, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
21. FAO FAOCLIM2: World-Wide Agroclimatic database. p. CD ROM 2001, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
22. FAO Fertiliser use by crop in Indonesia 2005, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
23. FAO, IFA Global estimates of gaseous emission of NH3, NO and N2O from agricultural land 2001, Food and Agriculture Organization of United States and International Fertilizer Industry Association, Rome.
24. FAOSTAT data FAO Statistical Databases http://faostat.fao.org/default.jsp.
25. Fillery I., Vlek P. The significance of denitrification of applied nitrogen in fallow and cropped rice soils under different flooding regimes I. Greenhouse experiments. Plant and Soil 1982, 65(2):153.
26. Gerbens-Leenes P.W., Hoekstra A.Y. The water footprint of sweeteners and bio-ethanol from sugar cane, sugar beet and maize. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 38 2009, UNESCO-IHE and University of Twente, Delft and Enschede, The Netherlands.
27. Gujja B., Riddell P., Goud V.V., Dalai S., Murty M., Holland R., Rupela O.P., Rao P., Kumar M., Rao K. More rice with less water: SRI-System of Rice Intensification. Dialogue on Water, Food and Environment 2007, New Concept team, WWF.
28. Hoekstra A.Y., Chapagain A.K. Globalization of water: sharing the planet's freshwater resources 2008, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, UK.
29. Hoekstra A.Y., Chapagain A.K., Aldaya M.M., Mekonnen M.M. Water footprint manual: state of the art 2009 2009, Water Footprint Network, Enschede, the Netherlands.
30. Hoekstra A.Y., Hung P.Q. Globalisation of water resources: international virtual water flows in relation to crop trade. Global Environmental Change 2005, 15(1):45-56.
31. IFA, IFDC, IPI, PPI, FAO Fertilizer use by crop http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/statistics/crops/fubc5ed.pdf.
32. IRRI World Rice Statistics http://www.irri.org/science/ricestat/.
33. ITC PC-TAS version 2000-2004 in HS or SITC. pp. CD-ROM 2006, International Trade Centre, Geneva.
34. Rice almanac 2002, International Rice Research Institute, The Philippines. J.L. Maclean, D.C. Dawe, B. Hardy, G.P. Hettel (Eds.).
35. Oki T., Kanae S. Virtual water trade and world water resources. Water Science and Technology 2004, 49(7):203-209.
36. Smith B.D. The emergence of agriculture 1998, Scientific American Library, A Division of HPHLP, New York.
37. USDA Major world crop areas and climatic profiles 1994, World Agricultural Outlook Board, U.S.Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.
38. Xing G.X., Zhu Z.L. An assessment of N loss from agricultural fields to the environment in China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2000, 57(1):67.
39. Zeigler R.S., Barclay A. The relevance of rice. Rice 2008, 1(1):3-10.
40. Zhu J.G., Han Y., Liu G., Zhang Y.L., Shao X.H. Nitrogen in percolation water in paddy fields with a rice/wheat rotation. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2000, 57(1):75.