메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2017, Pages

Working memory training in healthy young adults: Support for the null from a randomized comparison to active and passive control groups

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BAYES THEOREM; COGNITION; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXPECTATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MOTIVATION; NORMAL HUMAN; NULL HYPOTHESIS; PERSONALITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; WORKING MEMORY; WORKING MEMORY TRAINING; YOUNG ADULT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; REACTION TIME; SHORT TERM MEMORY; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 85020021206     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177707     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 0026554483 scopus 로고
    • Working memory
    • pmid:1736359
    • Baddeley A. Working memory. Science 1992;255:556-9. pmid:1736359
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 556-559
    • Baddeley, A.1
  • 2
    • 33645875323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology
    • pmid:16517088
    • Repovs G, Baddeley A. The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience 2006;139:5-121. pmid:16517088
    • (2006) Neuroscience , vol.139 , pp. 5-121
    • Repovs, G.1    Baddeley, A.2
  • 3
    • 0001280128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Miyake A, Shah P, Editors
    • Engle RW, Kane MJ, Tuholski SW. Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In: Miyake A, Shah P, editors. Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999, p. 102-34.
    • (1999) Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control , pp. 102-134
    • Engle, R.W.1    Kane, M.J.2    Tuholski, S.W.3
  • 4
    • 84981263306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
    • pmid:11515286
    • Cowan N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences Behav Brain Sci 2001;24:87-114 pmid:11515286
    • (2001) Behavioral and Brain Sciences Behav Brain Sci , vol.24 , pp. 87-114
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 6
    • 84896762183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer
    • pmid:24081919
    • Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Shah P, Jonides J. The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer. Memory & Cognition 2014;42:464-80. pmid:24081919
    • (2014) Memory & Cognition , vol.42 , pp. 464-480
    • Jaeggi, S.M.1    Buschkuehl, M.2    Shah, P.3    Jonides, J.4
  • 7
    • 84943249357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nyberg L Neurocognitive Architecture of Working Memory
    • pmid:26447571
    • Eriksson J, Vogel EK, Lansner A, Bergström F, Nyberg L Neurocognitive Architecture of Working Memory. Neuron 2015;88:33-46. pmid:26447571
    • (2015) Neuron , vol.88 , pp. 33-46
    • Eriksson, J.1    Vogel, E.K.2    Lansner, A.3    Bergström, F.4
  • 8
    • 58149433541 scopus 로고
    • Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment
    • Cattell RB. Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology 1963;54:1-22.
    • (1963) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.54 , pp. 1-22
    • Cattell, R.B.1
  • 9
    • 0040657672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A three-stratum theory of intelligence: Spearman's contribution
    • Dennis I, Tapsfield P, editors Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Carroll JB. A three-stratum theory of intelligence: Spearman's contribution. In: Dennis I, Tapsfield P, editors. Human abilities: Their nature and measurement, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1996, p. 1-18.
    • (1996) Human Abilities: Their Nature and Measurement , pp. 1-18
    • Carroll, J.B.1
  • 10
    • 57349200380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research
    • McGrew K. CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research. Intelligence 2009;37:1-10.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , pp. 1-10
    • McGrew, K.1
  • 11
    • 0025452606 scopus 로고
    • What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test
    • pmid:2381998
    • Carpenter PA, Just MA, Shell P. What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. Psychological Review 1990;97:404-31. pmid:2381998
    • (1990) Psychological Review , vol.97 , pp. 404-431
    • Carpenter, P.A.1    Just, M.A.2    Shell, P.3
  • 12
    • 0345256449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence
    • pmid: 14643371
    • Conway AR, Kane MJ, Engle RW. Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003;7:547-52. pmid: 14643371
    • (2003) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.7 , pp. 547-552
    • Conway, A.R.1    Kane, M.J.2    Engle, R.W.3
  • 14
    • 82855162271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms of interference control underlie the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory span
    • pmid:21787103
    • Burgess GC, Gray JR, Conway ARA, Braver TS. Neural mechanisms of interference control underlie the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2011;140:674-92. pmid:21787103
    • (2011) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.140 , pp. 674-692
    • Burgess, G.C.1    Gray, J.R.2    Conway, A.R.A.3    Braver, T.S.4
  • 16
    • 84877356517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When are fluid intelligence and working memory isomorphic and when are they not
    • Chuderski A. When are fluid intelligence and working memory isomorphic and when are they not Intelligence 2013;41:244-62.
    • (2013) Intelligence , vol.41 , pp. 244-262
    • Chuderski, A.1
  • 18
    • 33845584636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canivez GL Psychometric intelligence and achievement: A cross-lagged panel analysis
    • Watkins MW, Lei P-W, Canivez GL Psychometric intelligence and achievement: A cross-lagged panel analysis. Intelligence 2007;35:59-68.
    • (2007) Intelligence , vol.35 , pp. 59-68
    • Watkins, M.W.1    Lei, P.-W.2
  • 19
    • 0032391899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings
    • Schmidt FL, Hunter JE. The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin 1998;124:262-74
    • (1998) Psychological Bulletin , vol.124 , pp. 262-274
    • Schmidt, F.L.1    Hunter, J.E.2
  • 21
    • 34547592375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research
    • Strenze T. Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence 2007;35:401-26.
    • (2007) Intelligence , vol.35 , pp. 401-426
    • Strenze, T.1
  • 23
    • 1642578151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence: Is It the epidemiologists' elusive fundamental cause" of social class inequalities in health
    • pmid: 14717635
    • Gottfredson LS. Intelligence: Is It the epidemiologists' elusive "fundamental cause" of social class inequalities in health Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004;86:174-99. pmid: 14717635
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 174-199
    • Gottfredson, L.S.1
  • 24
    • 0035820373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival up to age 76
    • pmid:11290633
    • Whalley LJ. Longitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival up to age 76. BMJ 2001;322:819. pmid:11290633
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.322 , pp. 819
    • Whalley, L.J.1
  • 27
    • 34249295227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separating cognitive capacity from knowledge: A new hypothesis
    • pmid: 17475538
    • Halford G, Cowan N, Andrews G. Separating cognitive capacity from knowledge: A new hypothesis. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2007;11:236-42. pmid: 17475538
    • (2007) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.11 , pp. 236-242
    • Halford, G.1    Cowan, N.2    Andrews, G.3
  • 29
    • 77954686806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expanding the mind's workspace: Training and transfer effects with a complex working memory span task
    • pmid:20382919
    • Chein JM, Morrison AB. Expanding the mind's workspace: Training and transfer effects with a complex working memory span task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2010;17:193-9. pmid:20382919
    • (2010) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.17 , pp. 193-199
    • Chein, J.M.1    Morrison, A.B.2
  • 30
    • 84865072680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hundred days of cognitive training enhance broad cognitive abilities in adulthood: Findings from the COGITO study
    • pmid:20725526
    • Schmiedek F, Lovden M, Lindenberger U. Hundred days of cognitive training enhance broad cognitive abilities in adulthood: Findings from the COGITO study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2010;2. pmid:20725526
    • (2010) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , pp. 2
    • Schmiedek, F.1    Lovden, M.2    Lindenberger, U.3
  • 32
    • 77958151824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between n-back performance and matrix reasoning-implications for training and transfer
    • Jaeggi SM, Studer-Luethi B, Buschkuehl M, Su Y, Jonides J, Perrig WJ. The relationship between n-back performance and matrix reasoning-implications for training and transfer. Intelligence 2010;38:625-35.
    • (2010) Intelligence , vol.38 , pp. 625-635
    • Jaeggi, S.M.1    Studer-Luethi, B.2    Buschkuehl, M.3    Su, Y.4    Jonides, J.5    Perrig, W.J.6
  • 33
    • 84877089763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Training the emotional brain: Improving affective control through emotional working memory training
    • pmid:23516294
    • Schweizer S, Grahn J, Hampshire A, Mobbs D, Dalgleish T. Training the emotional brain: Improving affective control through emotional working memory training. The Journal of Neuroscience 2013;33:5301-11. pmid:23516294
    • (2013) The Journal of Neuroscience , vol.33 , pp. 5301-5311
    • Schweizer, S.1    Grahn, J.2    Hampshire, A.3    Mobbs, D.4    Dalgleish, T.5
  • 35
    • 84947475254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing cognitive abilities with comprehensive training: A large, online, randomized, active-controlled trial
    • pmid:26333022
    • Hardy JL, Nelson RA, Thomason ME, Sternberg DA, Katovich K, Farzin F, et al. Enhancing Cognitive Abilities with Comprehensive Training: A Large, Online, Randomized, Active-Controlled Trial. PLOS ONE 2015;10. pmid:26333022
    • (2015) PLOS ONE , vol.10
    • Hardy, J.L.1    Nelson, R.A.2    Thomason, M.E.3    Sternberg, D.A.4    Katovich, K.5    Farzin, F.6
  • 39
    • 84865281950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory does not improve intelligence in healthy young adults
    • Chooi W, Thompson LA. Working memory does not improve intelligence in healthy young adults. Intelligence 2012;40:531-42.
    • (2012) Intelligence , vol.40 , pp. 531-542
    • Chooi, W.1    Thompson, L.A.2
  • 43
    • 84876744231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct transfer effects of training different facets of working memory capacity
    • Bastian CCV, Oberauer K. Distinct transfer effects of training different facets of working memory capacity. Journal of Memory and Language 2013;69:36-58.
    • (2013) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.69 , pp. 36-58
    • Bastian, C.C.V.1    Oberauer, K.2
  • 44
    • 84885812906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive n-back training does not improve fluid intelligence at the construct level: Gains on individual tests suggest that training may enhance visuospatial processing
    • Colom R, Román FJ, Abad FJ, Shih PC, Privado J, Froufe M, et al. Adaptive n-back training does not improve fluid intelligence at the construct level: Gains on individual tests suggest that training may enhance visuospatial processing. Intelligence 2013;41:712-27.
    • (2013) Intelligence , vol.41 , pp. 712-727
    • Colom, R.1    Román, F.J.2    Abad, F.J.3    Shih, P.C.4    Privado, J.5    Froufe, M.6
  • 45
    • 84962911705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual n-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training
    • pmid:27043141
    • Lawlor-Savage L, Goghari VM. Dual n-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. PLOS ONE 2016;11. pmid:27043141
    • (2016) PLOS ONE , pp. 11
    • Lawlor-Savage, L.1    Goghari, V.M.2
  • 46
    • 77952400070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving intelligence: A literature review
    • Buschkuehl M, Jaeggi SM. Improving intelligence: A literature review. Swiss Medical Weekly 2010;140:266-72.
    • (2010) Swiss Medical Weekly , vol.140 , pp. 266-272
    • Buschkuehl, M.1    Jaeggi, S.M.2
  • 47
    • 77951193912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive ability: Does working memory training enhance intelligence
    • pmid:21749957
    • Conway ARA, Getz SJ. Cognitive ability: Does working memory training enhance intelligence Current Biology 2010;20:R362-R364 pmid:21749957
    • (2010) Current Biology , vol.20 , pp. R362-R364
    • Conway, A.R.A.1    Getz, S.J.2
  • 48
    • 79951776608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of working memory training on cognitive functions and neural systems
    • pmid:21438192
    • Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Kawashima R. Effects of working memory training on cognitive functions and neural systems. Reviews in the Neurosciences 2010;21:427-49. pmid:21438192
    • (2010) Reviews in the Neurosciences , vol.21 , pp. 427-449
    • Takeuchi, H.1    Taki, Y.2    Kawashima, R.3
  • 49
    • 79951855589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does working memory training work the promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory
    • pmid:21327348
    • Morrison AB, Chein JM. Does working memory training work The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2011;18:46-60. pmid:21327348
    • (2011) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.18 , pp. 46-60
    • Morrison, A.B.1    Chein, J.M.2
  • 51
    • 84886957005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: A review
    • pmid:24213250
    • Bastian CCV, Oberauer K. Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: A review Psychological Research 2013;78:803-20. pmid:24213250
    • (2013) Psychological Research , vol.78 , pp. 803-820
    • Bastian, C.C.V.1    Oberauer, K.2
  • 53
    • 84979988410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of intelligence or other measures of far transfer": Evidence from a meta-analytic review
    • pmid:27474138
    • Melby-Lervåg M, Redick TS, Hulme C. Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of intelligence or other measures of "far transfer": Evidence from a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2016;11:512-34 pmid:27474138
    • (2016) Perspectives On Psychological Science , vol.11 , pp. 512-534
    • Melby-Lervåg, M.1    Redick, T.S.2    Hulme, C.3
  • 54
    • 84883019069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is working memory training effective A meta-analytic review
    • pmid:22612437
    • Melby-Lervåg M, Hulme C. Is working memory training effective A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology 2013;49:270-91. pmid:22612437
    • (2013) Developmental Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 270-291
    • Melby-Lervåg, M.1    Hulme, C.2
  • 56
    • 84930026122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does working memory training transfer a meta-analysis including training conditions as moderators
    • Schwaighofer M, Fischer F, Bühner M. Does Working Memory Training Transfer A Meta-Analysis Including Training Conditions as Moderators. Educational Psychologist 2015;50:138-66.
    • (2015) Educational Psychologist , vol.50 , pp. 138-166
    • Schwaighofer, M.1    Fischer, F.2    Bühner, M.3
  • 57
    • 84956575545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can impaired working memory functioning be improved by training A meta-analysis with a special focus on brain injured patients
    • pmid:26237626
    • Weicker J, Villringer A, Thöne-Otto A. Can impaired working memory functioning be improved by training A meta-analysis with a special focus on brain injured patients. Neuropsychology 2016;30:190-212. pmid:26237626
    • (2016) Neuropsychology , vol.30 , pp. 190-212
    • Weicker, J.1    Villringer, A.2    Thöne-Otto, A.3
  • 58
    • 85015979188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is effective: A reply to Au et al. (2014) and Karbach and Verhaeghen (2014)
    • Melby-Lervåg M, Hulme C. There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is effective: A reply to Au et al. (2014) and Karbach and Verhaeghen (2014). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Psychon Bull Rev 2015.
    • (2015) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Psychon Bull Rev
    • Melby-Lervåg, M.1    Hulme, C.2
  • 59
    • 85015979188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is NOT effective: A reply to Melby-Lervåg and Hulme (2015)
    • pmid:26518308
    • Au J, Buschkuehl M, Duncan GJ, Jaeggi SM. There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is NOT effective: A reply to Melby-Lervåg and Hulme (2015). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Psychon Bull Rev 2015. pmid:26518308
    • (2015) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Psychon Bull Rev
    • Au, J.1    Buschkuehl, M.2    Duncan, G.J.3    Jaeggi, S.M.4
  • 60
    • 84937952982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating the effectiveness of working memory training in the context of Personality Systems Interaction theory
    • pmid:26208631
    • Urbánek T, Marek V. Investigating the effectiveness of working memory training in the context of Personality Systems Interaction theory. Psychological Research 2016;80:877-88. pmid:26208631
    • (2016) Psychological Research , vol.80 , pp. 877-888
    • Urbánek, T.1    Marek, V.2
  • 61
    • 44349114010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing fluid intelligence is possible after all
    • pmid:18474863
    • Sternberg RJ. Increasing fluid intelligence is possible after all. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008;105:6791-2. pmid:18474863
    • (2008) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.105 , pp. 6791-6792
    • Sternberg, R.J.1
  • 62
    • 80555145867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and Analysis Allows presenting anything as significant
    • pmid:22006061
    • Simmons JP, Nelson LD, Simonsohn U. False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and Analysis Allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science 2011;22:1359-66. pmid:22006061
    • (2011) Psychological Science , vol.22 , pp. 1359-1366
    • Simmons, J.P.1    Nelson, L.D.2    Simonsohn, U.3
  • 63
    • 84923037431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory training and interpreting interactions in intelligence intentions
    • Redick TS. Working memory training and interpreting interactions in intelligence intentions. Intelligence 2015;50:14-20.
    • (2015) Intelligence , vol.50 , pp. 14-20
    • Redick, T.S.1
  • 64
    • 84910614981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making working memory work: A meta-analysis of executive-control and working memory training in older adults
    • pmid:25298292
    • Karbach J, Verhaeghen P. Making working memory work: A meta-analysis of executive-control and working memory training in older adults. Psychological Science 2014;25:2027-37. pmid:25298292
    • (2014) Psychological Science , vol.25 , pp. 2027-2037
    • Karbach, J.1    Verhaeghen, P.2
  • 65
    • 84958615106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quartet of interactions
    • pmid:26323655
    • Wagenmakers E-J. A quartet of interactions. Cortex 2015;73:334-5. pmid:26323655
    • (2015) Cortex , vol.73 , pp. 334-335
    • Wagenmakers, E.-J.1
  • 66
    • 84867308342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of processing speed training on cognitive fucntions and neural systems
    • pmid:22752786
    • Takeuchi H, Kawashima R. Effects of processing speed training on cognitive fucntions and neural systems. Reviews in the Neurosciences 2012;23:289-301. pmid:22752786
    • (2012) Reviews in the Neurosciences , vol.23 , pp. 289-301
    • Takeuchi, H.1    Kawashima, R.2
  • 68
    • 85019977040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lumos Labs Inc. Retrieved February 2013 from
    • Lumos Labs Inc. Retrieved February, 2013 from www.lumosity.com
  • 75
    • 0036743126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance and manipulation in spatial working memory: Dissociations in the prefrontal cortex
    • pmid:12482077
    • Glahn D, Kim J, Cohen M, Poutanen V-P, Therman S, Bava S, et al. Maintenance and manipulation in spatial working memory: Dissociations in the prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage 2002;17:201-13. pmid:12482077
    • (2002) Neuro Image , vol.17 , pp. 201-213
    • Glahn, D.1    Kim, J.2    Cohen, M.3    Poutanen, V.-P.4    Therman, S.5    Bava, S.6
  • 76
    • 0037224120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secular gains in fluid intelligence: Evidence from the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test
    • pmid: 12537154
    • Colom R, Garcia-Lopez O. Secular gains in fluid intelligence: Evidence from the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test. Journal of Biosocial Science 2003;35:33-9. pmid: 12537154
    • (2003) Journal of Biosocial Science , vol.35 , pp. 33-39
    • Colom, R.1    Garcia-Lopez, O.2
  • 77
    • 70449672614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The HEXACO-60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality
    • pmid:20017063
    • Ashton M, Lee K. The HEXACO-60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment 2009;91:340-5. pmid:20017063
    • (2009) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.91 , pp. 340-345
    • Ashton, M.1    Lee, K.2
  • 79
    • 61649113461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of the short Grit Scale (Grit-S)
    • pmid:19205937
    • Duckworth AL, Quinn P. Development and validation of the short Grit Scale (Grit-S). Journal of Personality Assessment 2009;91:166-74 pmid:19205937
    • (2009) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.91 , pp. 166-174
    • Duckworth, A.L.1    Quinn, P.2
  • 80
    • 80155168211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of physical fitness, cerebrovascular reserve and cognitive stimulation to cognitive function in post-menopausal women
    • Eskes GA, Longman S, Brown AD, McMorris CA, Langdon KD, Hogan DB, et al. Contribution of physical fitness, cerebrovascular reserve and cognitive stimulation to cognitive function in post-menopausal women. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2010;2:1-7.
    • (2010) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , vol.2 , pp. 1-7
    • Eskes, G.A.1    Longman, S.2    Brown, A.D.3    McMorris, C.A.4    Langdon, K.D.5    Hogan, D.B.6
  • 82
    • 84879961091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology: Why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out placebo effects
    • pmid:26173122
    • Boot WR, Simons DJ, Stothart C, Stutts C. The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology: Why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out placebo effects. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2013;8:445-54 pmid:26173122
    • (2013) Perspectives On Psychological Science , vol.8 , pp. 445-454
    • Boot, W.R.1    Simons, D.J.2    Stothart, C.3    Stutts, C.4
  • 84
    • 85020037950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JASP Team. JASP (version 0.8.0.0) [computer software] Retrieved from
    • JASP Team. JASP (version 0.8.0.0) [computer software] 2016. Retrieved from https://jasp-stats.org/
    • (2016)
  • 85
    • 80052841314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tutorial on a practical Bayesian alternative to null-hypothesis significance testing
    • pmid:21302025
    • Masson MEJ. A tutorial on a practical Bayesian alternative to null-hypothesis significance testing. Behavior Research Methods 2011 ;43:679-90. pmid:21302025
    • (2011) Behavior Research Methods , vol.43 , pp. 679-690
    • Masson, M.E.J.1
  • 86
    • 84908621044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are the odds A practical guide to computing and reporting Bayes factors
    • Jarosz AF, Wiley J. What are the odds A practical guide to computing and reporting Bayes factors. The Journal of Problem Solving 2014;7.
    • (2014) The Journal of Problem Solving , pp. 7
    • Jarosz, A.F.1    Wiley, J.2
  • 89
    • 0001201909 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian model selection in social research
    • Marsden PV editor Cambridge, MA: Blackwell
    • Raftery AE. Bayesian model selection in social research. In: Marsden PV, editor. Sociological methodology 1995, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell; 1995.
    • (1995) Sociological Methodology 1995
    • Raftery, A.E.1
  • 90
    • 56349147998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of short-term retest effects for the interpretation of longitudinal change
    • pmid: 18999354
    • Salthouse TA, Tucker-Drob EM. Implications of short-term retest effects for the interpretation of longitudinal change. Neuropsychology 2008;22:800-11. pmid: 18999354
    • (2008) Neuropsychology , vol.22 , pp. 800-811
    • Salthouse, T.A.1    Tucker-Drob, E.M.2
  • 92
    • 84976537227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of personality and metacognitive beliefs on cognitive training adherence and performance
    • Double KS, Birney DP. The effects of personality and metacognitive beliefs on cognitive training adherence and performance. Personality and Individual Differences 2016;102:7-12.
    • (2016) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.102 , pp. 7-12
    • Double, K.S.1    Birney, D.P.2
  • 94
    • 84926640970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliable gains Evidence for substantially underpowered designs in studies of working memory training transfer to fluid intelligence
    • pmid:25657629
    • Bogg T, Lasecki L. Reliable gains Evidence for substantially underpowered designs in studies of working memory training transfer to fluid intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology Front Psychol 2015;5. pmid:25657629
    • (2015) Frontiers in Psychology Front Psychol , pp. 5
    • Bogg, T.1    Lasecki, L.2
  • 96
    • 84874345274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tatool: A Java-based open-source programming framework for psychological studies
    • pmid:22723043
    • Bastian CCV, Locher A, Ruflin M. Tatool: A Java-based open-source programming framework for psychological studies. Behavior Research Methods 2012;45:108-15. pmid:22723043
    • (2012) Behavior Research Methods , vol.45 , pp. 108-115
    • Bastian, C.C.V.1    Locher, A.2    Ruflin, M.3
  • 98
    • 84941011888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic potential of working memory training for treating mental disorders
    • pmid:26388759
    • Ansari S. The therapeutic potential of working memory training for treating mental disorders. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Front Hum Neurosci 2015;9. pmid:26388759
    • (2015) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Front Hum Neurosci , pp. 9
    • Ansari, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.