Corrigendum to: European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE) (Europace DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw301);European heart rhythm association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE)

Europace

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 465-511

  Katritsis, Demosthenes G ^a,ac   Boriani, Giuseppe ^b   Cosio, Francisco G ^c   Hindricks, Gerhard ^d   Jäis, Pierre ^e   Josephson, Mark E ^f   Keegan, Roberto ^g   Kim, Young Hoon ^h   Knight, Bradley P ⁱ   Kuck, Karl Heinz ^j   Lane, Deirdre A ^j,k,ab   Lip, Gregory Y H ^k,ab   Malmborg, Helena ^l   Oral, Hakan ^m   Pappone, Carlo ⁿ   Themistoclakis, Sakis ^o   Wood, Kathryn A ^p   Blomström Lundqvist, Carina ^l   Gorenek, Bulent ^q   Dagres, Nikolaos ^d   Dan, Gheorge Andrei ^r   Vos, Marc A ^s   Kudaiberdieva, Gulmira ^t   Crijns, Harry ^u   Roberts Thomson, Kurt ^v   Lin, Yenn Jiang ^w   Vanegas, Diego ^x   Caorsi, Walter Reyes ^y   Cronin, Edmond ^z   Rickard, Jack ^aa   more..

^a Athens Euroclinic   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^c HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE GETAFE   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^f BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g Hospital Privado del Sur   (Argentina)

^h Korea University Ansan Hospital   (South Korea)

ⁱ NORTHWESTERN MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^j DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY   (Germany)

^k UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^l UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^m UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

ⁿ IRCCS POLICLINICO SAN DONATO   (Italy)

^o Dell'Angelo Hosiptal   (Italy)

^p EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^q ESKISEHIR OSMANGAZI UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^r CAROL DAVILA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

^s UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^t Cardiology and CARIM ^*  (Turkey)

^u MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^v ROYAL ADELAIDE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^w TAIPEI VETERANS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^x HOSPITAL MILITAR CENTRAL   (Colombia)

^y Instituto Nacional de Transplantes   (Uruguay)

^z HARTFORD HOSPITAL   (United States)

^aa LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^ab AALBORG UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^ac HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT;

ANTICOAGULATION; ANTIDROMIC ATRIOVENTRICULAR REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASE; ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION; ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRY TACHYCARDIA; CARDIOVERSION; CATHETER ABLATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; EBSTEIN ANOMALY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EUROPEAN; FALLOT TETRALOGY; FONTAN PROCEDURE; GREAT VESSELS TRANSPOSITION; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HEART ACCESSORY CONDUCTION PATHWAY; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART ATRIUM SEPTUM DEFECT; HEART LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK; HEART RHYTHM; HEART RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK; HEART SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; INAPPROPRIATE SINUS TACHYCARDIA; ORTHODROMIC ATRIOVENTRICULAR REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA; PATIENT PREFERENCE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; QRS COMPLEX; QRS INTERVAL; REVIEW; SINOATRIAL NODAL REENTRY TACHYCARDIA; SINUS RHYTHM; SINUS TACHYCARDIA; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; TACHYCARDIA; TYPICAL HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; VALSALVA MANEUVER; WOLFF PARKINSON WHITE SYNDROME; ACTION POTENTIAL; CARDIOLOGY; CONSENSUS; HEART RATE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTIVE VALUE; STANDARDS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ACTION POTENTIALS; CARDIOLOGY; CONSENSUS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HEART RATE; HUMANS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; TACHYCARDIA, SUPRAVENTRICULAR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 85019580395     PISSN: 10995129     EISSN: 15322092     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw444     Document Type: Erratum

References (435)

1. Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Camm AJ et al. Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular A. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias). Circulation 2003; 108: 1871-909.
2. Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, Calkins H, Conti JB, Deal BJ et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67: e27-115.
3. Benhorin J, Bodenheimer M, Brown M, Case R, Dwyer EM Jr, Eberly S et al. Improving clinical practice guidelines for practicing cardiologists. Am J Cardiol 2015; 115: 1773-6.
4. Orejarena LA, Vidaillet H Jr, DeStefano F, Nordstrom DL, Vierkant RA, Smith PN et al. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 150-7.
5. Clair WK, Wilkinson WE, McCarthy EA, Page RL, Pritchett EL. Spontaneous occurrence of symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in untreated patients. Circulation 1993; 87: 1114-22.
6. Lu CW, Wu MH, Chen HC, Kao FY, Huang SK. Epidemiological profile of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a general population younger than 50 years of age in an era of radiofrequency catheter ablation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174: 530-4.
7. Rodriguez LM, de Chillou C, Schlapfer J, Metzger J, Baiyan X, van den Dool A et al. Age at onset and gender of patients with different types of supraventricular tachycardias. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 1213-5.
8. Whinnett ZI, Sohaib SM, Davies DW. Diagnosis and management of supraventricular tachycardia. BMJ 2012; 345: e7769.
9. Porter MJ, Morton JB, Denman R, Lin AC, Tierney S, Santucci PA et al. Influence of age and gender on the mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2004; 1: 393-6.
10. Keegan R, Aguinaga L, Fenelon G, Uribe W, Rodriguez Diez G, Scanavacca M et al.; SOLAECE registry investigators. The first Latin American Catheter Ablation Registry. Europace 2015; 17: 794-800.
11. Granada J, Uribe W, Chyou PH, Maassen K, Vierkant R, Smith PN et al. Incidence and predictors of atrial flutter in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 2242-6.
12. Lessmeier TJ, Gamperling D, Johnson-Liddon V, Fromm BS, Steinman RT, Meissner MD et al. Unrecognized paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Potential for misdiagnosis as panic disorder. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 537-43.
13. Page RL, Wilkinson WE, Clair WK, McCarthy EA, Pritchett EL. Asymptomatic arrhythmias in patients with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1994; 89: 224-7.
14. Ellis ER, Josephson ME. What about Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy? Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2013; 2: 82-90.
15. Abe H, Nagatomo T, Kobayashi H, Miura Y, Araki M, Kuroiwa A et al. Neurohumoral and hemodynamic mechanisms of diuresis during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997; 20: 2783-8.
16. Wood KA, Drew BJ, Scheinman MM. Frequency of disabling symptoms in supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 145-9.
17. Katritsis DG, Josephson ME. Differential diagnosis of regular, narrow-QRS tachycardias. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 1667-76.
18. Jais P, Matsuo S, Knecht S, Weerasooriya R, Hocini M, Sacher F et al. A deductive mapping strategy for atrial tachycardia following atrial fibrillation ablation: importance of localized reentry. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009; 20: 480-91.
19. Crawford TC, Mukerji S, Good E, Chugh A, Bogun F, Pelosi F Jr. et al. Utility of atrial and ventricular cycle length variability in determining the mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18: 698-703.
20. Letsas KP, Weber R, Siklody CH, Mihas CC, Stockinger J, Blum T et al. Electrocar-diographic differentiation of common type atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia via a concealed accessory pathway. Acta Cardiol 2010; 65: 171-6.
21. Bogossian H, Ninios I, Frommeyer G, Bandorski D, Eckardt L, Lemke B et al. U wave during supraventricular tachycardia: simulation of a long RP tachycardia and hiding the common type AVNRT. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2015; 20: 292-5.
22. Kalbfleisch SJ, el-Atassi R, Calkins H, Langberg JJ, Morady F. Differentiation of paroxysmal narrow QRS complex tachycardias using the 12-lead electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 85-9.
23. Tai CT, Chen SA, Chiang CE, Lee SH, Wen ZC, Chiou CW et al. A new electrocardiographic algorithm using retrograde P waves for differentiating atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia from atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia mediated by concealed accessory pathway. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 394-402.
24. Di Toro D, Hadid C, Lopez C, Fuselli J, Luis V, Labadet C. Utility of the aVL lead in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of atrioventricular node re-entrant tachycardia. Europace 2009; 11: 944-8.
25. Haghjoo M, Bahramali E, Sharifkazemi M, Shahrzad S, Peighambari M. Value of the aVR lead in differential diagnosis of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Europace 2012; 14: 1624-8.
26. Alzand BS, Manusama R, Gorgels AP, Wellens HJ. An 'almost wide' QRS tachycardia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2: e1-3.
27. Tai CT, Chen SA, Chiang CE, Chang MS. Characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation of septal accessory atrioventricular pathways. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999; 22: 500-11.
28. Crozier I, Wafa S, Ward D, Camm J. Diagnostic value of comparison of ventriculoatrial interval during junctional tachycardia and right ventricular apical pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1989; 12: 942-53.
29. Katritsis DG, Becker AE, Ellenbogen KA, Giazitzoglou E, Korovesis S, Camm AJ. Effect of slow pathway ablation in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia on the electrophysiologic characteristics of the inferior atrial inputs to the human atrioventricular node. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 860-5.
30. Man KC, Niebauer M, Daoud E, Strickberger SA, Kou W, Williamson BD et al. Comparison of atrial-His intervals during tachycardia and atrial pacing in patients with long RP tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995; 6: 700-10.
31. Martinez-Alday JD, Almendral J, Arenal A, Ormaetxe JM, Pastor A, Villacastin JP et al. Identification of concealed posteroseptal Kent pathways by comparison of ventriculoatrial intervals from apical and posterobasal right ventricular sites. Circulation 1994; 89: 1060-7.
32. Knight BP, Zivin A, Souza J, Flemming M, Pelosi F, Goyal R et al. A technique for the rapid diagnosis of atrial tachycardia in the electrophysiology laboratory. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 775-81.
33. Ormaetxe JM, Almendral J, Arenal A, Martinez-Alday JD, Pastor A, Villacastin JP et al. Ventricular fusion during resetting and entrainment of orthodromic supra-ventricular tachycardia involving septal accessory pathways. Implications for the differential diagnosis with atrioventricular nodal reentry. Circulation 1993; 88: 2623-31.
34. Veenhuyzen GD, Coverett K, Quinn FR, Sapp JL, Gillis AM, Sheldon R et al. Single diagnostic pacing maneuver for supraventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5: 1152-8.
35. Bennett MT, Leong-Sit P, Gula LJ, Skanes AC, Yee R, Krahn AD et al. Entrainment for distinguishing atypical atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia from atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia over septal accessory pathways with long-RP [corrected] tachycardia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4: 506-9.
36. Gonzalez-Torrecilla E, Arenal A, Atienza F, Osca J, Garcia-Fernandez J, Puchol A et al. First postpacing interval after tachycardia entrainment with correction for atrioventricular node delay: a simple maneuver for differential diagnosis of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardias versus orthodromic reciprocating tachycardias. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 674-9.
37. Michaud GF, Tada H, Chough S, Baker R, Wasmer K, Sticherling C et al. Differentiation of atypical atrioventricular node re-entrant tachycardia from orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia using a septal accessory pathway by the response to ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1163-7.
38. Segal OR, Gula LJ, Skanes AC, Krahn AD, Yee R, Klein GJ. Differential ventricular entrainment: a maneuver to differentiate AV node reentrant tachycardia from orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 493-500.
39. Miller JM, Rosenthal ME, Gottlieb CD, Vassallo JA, Josephson ME. Usefulness of the delta HA interval to accurately distinguish atrioventricular nodal reentry from orthodromic septal bypass tract tachycardias. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 1037-44.
40. Miles WM, Yee R, Klein GJ, Zipes DP, Prystowsky EN. The preexcitation index: an aid in determining the mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia and localizing accessory pathways. Circulation 1986; 74: 493-500.
41. Sarkozy A, Richter S, Chierchia GB, De Asmundis C, Seferlis C, Brugada P et al. A novel pacing manoeuvre to diagnose atrial tachycardia. Europace 2008; 10: 459-66.
42. Owada S, Iwasa A, Sasaki S, Higuma T, Kimura M, Kobayashi T et al. 'V-H-A Pattern' as a criterion for the differential diagnosis of atypical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia from AV reciprocating tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28: 667-74.
43. Nagashima K, Kumar S, Stevenson WG, Epstein LM, John RM, Tedrow UB et al. Anterograde conduction to the His bundle during right ventricular overdrive pacing distinguishes septal pathway atrioventricular reentry from atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 735-43.
44. Dandamudi G, Mokabberi R, Assal C, Das MK, Oren J, Storm R et al. A novel approach to differentiating orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia from atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 1326-9.
45. AlMahameed ST, Buxton AE, Michaud GF. New criteria during right ventricular pacing to determine the mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010; 3: 578-84.
46. Ho RT, Mark GE, Rhim ES, Pavri BB, Greenspon AJ. Differentiating atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia by Delta-HA values during entrainment from the ventricle. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5: 83-8.
47. Perez-Rodon J, Bazan V, Bruguera-Cortada J, Mojal-Garcia S, Manresa-Dominguez JM, Marti-Almor J. Entrainment from the para-Hisian region for differentiating atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia from orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. Europace 2008; 10: 1205-11.
48. Singh DK, Viswanathan MN, Tanel RE, Lee RJ, Lee BK, Marcus GM et al. His overdrive pacing during supraventricular tachycardia: a novel maneuver for distinguishing atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11: 1327-35.
49. Reddy VY, Jongnarangsin K, Albert CM, Sabbour H, Keane D, Mela T et al. Para-Hisian entrainment: a novel pacing maneuver to differentiate orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia from atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 1321-8.
50. Hirao K, Otomo K, Wang X, Beckman KJ, McClelland JH, Widman L et al. Para-Hisian pacing. A new method for differentiating retrograde conduction over an accessory AV pathway from conduction over the AV node. Circulation 1996; 94: 1027-35.
51. Kapa S, Henz BD, Dib C, Cha YM, Friedman PA, Munger TM et al. Utilization of retrograde right bundle branch block to differentiate atrioventricular nodal from accessory pathway conduction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009; 20: 751-8.
52. Obeyesekere M, Gula LJ, Modi S, Leong-Sit P, Angaran P, Mechulan A et al. Tachycardia induction with ventricular extrastimuli differentiates atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9: 335-41.
53. Alzand BS, Crijns HJ. Diagnostic criteria of broad QRS complex tachycardia: decades of evolution. Europace 2011; 13: 465-72.
54. Crijns HJ, Kingma JH, Gosselink AT, Dalrymple HW, De Langen CD, Lie K. Sequential bilateral bundle branch block during dofetilide, a new class III antiarrhythmic agent, in a patient with atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1993; 4: 459-66.
55. Crijns HJ, van Gelder IC, Lie KI. Supraventricular tachycardia mimicking ventricular tachycardia during flecainide treatment. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 1303-6.
56. Wellens HJ, Bar FW, Lie KI. The value of the electrocardiogram in the differential diagnosis of a tachycardia with a widened QRS complex. Am J Med 1978; 64: 27-33.
57. Garner BJ, Miller MJ. Wide complex tachycardia - ventricular tachycardia or not ventricular tachycardia, that remains the question. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2013; 2: 23-9.
58. Kindwall KE, Brown J, Josephson ME. Electrocardiographic criteria for ventricular tachycardia in wide complex left bundle branch block morphology tachycardias. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 1279-83.
59. Brugada P, Brugada J, Mont L, Smeets J, Andries EW. A new approach to the differential diagnosis of a regular tachycardia with a wide QRS complex. Circulation 1991; 83: 1649-59.
60. Vereckei A, Duray G, Szenasi G, Altemose GT, Miller JM. New algorithm using only lead aVR for differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5: 89-98.
61. Pava LF, Perafan P, Badiel M, Arango JJ, Mont L, Morillo CA et al. R-wave peak time at DII: a new criterion for differentiating between wide complex QRS tachycardias. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 922-6.
62. Jastrzebski M, Kukla P, Czarnecka D, Kawecka-Jaszcz K. Comparison of five electrocardiographic methods for differentiation of wide QRS-complex tachycardias. Europace 2012; 14: 1165-71.
63. Steurer G, Gursoy S, Frey B, Simonis F, Andries E, Kuck K et al. The differential diagnosis on the electrocardiogram between ventricular tachycardia and preexcited tachycardia. Clin Cardiol 1994; 17: 306-8.
64. Roth A, Elkayam I, Shapira I, Sander J, Malov N, Kehati M et al. Effectiveness of prehospital synchronous direct-current cardioversion for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias causing unstable hemodynamic states. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 489-91.
65. Wittwer MR, Rajendran S, Kealley J, Arstall MA. A South Australian registry of biphasic cardioversions of atrial arrhythmias: efficacy and predictors of success. Heart Lung Circ 2015; 24: 342-7.
66. Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, Goh PP, Tan AT. Comparison of treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by Valsalva maneuver and carotid sinus massage. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31: 30-5.
67. Smith GD, Fry MM, Taylor D, Morgans A, Cantwell K. Effectiveness of the Valsalva Manoeuvre for reversion of supraventricular tachycardia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2: CD009502.
68. Wen ZC, Chen SA, Tai CT, Chiang CE, Chiou CW, Chang MS. Electrophysiological mechanisms and determinants of vagal maneuvers for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1998; 98: 2716-23.
69. Appelboam A, Reuben A, Mann C, Gagg J, Ewings P, Barton A et al. Postural modification to the standard Valsalva manoeuvre for emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardias (REVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 386: 1747-53.
70. Brady WJ Jr., DeBehnke DJ, Wickman LL, Lindbeck G. Treatment of out-of-hospital supraventricular tachycardia: adenosine vs verapamil. Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3: 574-85.
71. Delaney B, Loy J, Kelly AM. The relative efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for the treatment of stable paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in adults: a meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med 2011; 18: 148-52.
72. DiMarco JP, Miles W, Akhtar M, Milstein S, Sharma AD, Platia E et al. Adenosine for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: dose ranging and comparison with verapamil. Assessment in placebo-controlled, multicenter trials. The Adenosine for PSVT Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 104-10.
73. Glatter KA, Cheng J, Dorostkar P, Modin G, Talwar S, Al-Nimri M et al. Electrophysiologic effects of adenosine in patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1999; 99: 1034-40.
74. Gupta A, Naik A, Vora A, Lokhandwala Y. Comparison of efficacy of intravenous diltiazem and esmolol in terminating supraventricular tachycardia. J Assoc Physicians India 1999; 47: 969-72.
75. Hood MA, Smith WM. Adenosine versus verapamil in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia: a randomized double-crossover trial. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 1543-9.
76. Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, Chan YH. Slow infusion of calcium channel blockers compared with intravenous adenosine in the emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation 2009; 80: 523-8.
77. Amsterdam EA, Kulcyski J, Ridgeway MG. Efficacy of cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenously administered metoprolol in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31: 714-8.
78. Das G, Tschida V, Gray R, Dhurandhar R, Lester R, McGrew F et al. Efficacy of esmolol in the treatment and transfer of patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias to alternate oral antiarrhythmic agents. J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 28: 746-50.
79. Dougherty AH, Jackman WM, Naccarelli GV, Friday KJ, Dias VC. Acute conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with intravenous diltiazem. IV Diltiazem Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 587-92.
80. Vietti-Ramus G, Veglio F, Marchisio U, Burzio P, Latini R. Efficacy and safety of short intravenous amiodarone in supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Int J Cardiol 1992; 35: 77-85.
81. Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 2793-867.
82. Crijns HJ, den Heijer P, van Wijk LM, Lie KI. Successful use of flecainide in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 1317-21.
83. Glatter KA, Dorostkar PC, Yang Y, Lee RJ, Van Hare GF, Keung E et al. Electrophysiological effects of ibutilide in patients with accessory pathways. Circulation 2001; 104: 1933-9.
84. Crijns HJ, Lie KI. Haemodynamic deterioration after treatment with adenosine. Br Heart J 1995; 73: 103.
85. Cappato R, Castelvecchio S, Ricci C, Bianco E, Vitali-Serdoz L, Gnecchi-Ruscone T et al. Clinical efficacy of ivabradine in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind, crossover evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 1323-9.
86. Ptaszynski P, Kaczmarek K, Ruta J, Klingenheben T, Wranicz JK. Metoprolol succinate vs. ivabradine in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in patients unresponsive to previous pharmacological therapy. Europace 2013; 15: 116-21.
87. Shen WK How to manage patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2: 1015-9.
88. Gianni C, Di Biase L, Mohanty S, Gokoglan Y, Gunes MF, Horton R et al. Catheter ablation of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2016; 46: 63-9.
89. Jacobson JT, Kraus A, Lee R, Goldberger JJ. Epicardial/endocardial sinus node ablation after failed endocardial ablation for the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014; 25: 236-41.
90. Leonelli FM, Pisano E, Requarth JA, Potenza D, Tomassoni G, O'Connor W et al. Frequency of superior vena cava syndrome following radiofrequency modification of the sinus node and its management. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 771-4, A779.
91. Sanders WE Jr., Sorrentino RA, Greenfield RA, Shenasa H, Hamer ME, Wharton JM. Catheter ablation of sinoatrial node reentrant tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 926-34.
92. Gomes JA, Hariman RJ, Kang PS, Chowdry IH. Sustained symptomatic sinus node reentrant tachycardia: incidence, clinical significance, electrophysiologic observations and the effects of antiarrhythmic agents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 45-57.
93. Sheldon RS, Grubb BP II, Olshansky B, Shen WK, Calkins H, Brignole M et al. 2015 heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: e41-63.
94. Olshansky B, Sullivan RM. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 793-801.
95. Still AM, Raatikainen P, Ylitalo A, Kauma H, Ikaheimo M, Antero Kesaniemi Y et al. Prevalence, characteristics and natural course of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Europace 2005; 7: 104-12.
96. Winum PF, Cayla G, Rubini M, Beck L, Messner-Pellenc P. A case of cardiomyopathy induced by inappropriate sinus tachycardia and cured by ivabradine. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009; 32: 942-4.
97. Sette A, Martino A, Lioy E, Calo L. Efficacy of ivabradine in a case of inappropriate sinus tachycardia and ventricular dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21: 815-7.
98. Yusuf S, Camm AJ. Sinus tachyarrhythmias and the specific bradycardic agents: a marriage made in heaven? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2003; 8: 89-105.
99. Poutiainen AM, Koistinen MJ, Airaksinen KE, Hartikainen EK, Kettunen RV, Karjalainen JE et al. Prevalence and natural course of ectopic atrial tachycardia. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 694-700.
100. Mohamed U, Skanes AC, Gula LJ, Leong-Sit P, Krahn AD, Yee R et al. A novel pacing maneuver to localize focal atrial tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18: 1-6.
101. Teh AW, Kistler PM, Kalman JM. Using the 12-lead ECG to localize the origin of ventricular and atrial tachycardias: part 1. Focal atrial tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009; 20: 706-9.
102. Chen SA, Tai CT, Chiang CE, Ding YA, Chang MS. Focal atrial tachycardia: reanalysis of the clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics and prediction of successful radiofrequency ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9: 355-65.
103. Markowitz SM, Stein KM, Mittal S, Slotwiner DJ, Lerman BB. Differential effects of adenosine on focal and macroreentrant atrial tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999; 10: 489-502.
104. Shah AJ, Hocini M, Xhaet O, Pascale P, Roten L, Wilton SB et al. Validation of novel 3-dimensional electrocardiographic mapping of atrial tachycardias by invasive mapping and ablation: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 889-97.
105. Kall JG, Kopp D, Olshansky B, Kinder C, O'Connor M, Cadman CS et al. Adenosine-sensitive atrial tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995; 18: 300-6.
106. Arsura E, Lefkin AS, Scher DL, Solar M, Tessler S. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of verapamil and metoprolol in treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia. Am J Med 1988; 85: 519-24.
107. Hohnloser SH, Zabel M. Short- and long-term efficacy and safety of flecainide acetate for supraventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 3A-9A; discussion 9A-10A.
108. Kunze KP, Kuck KH, Schluter M, Bleifeld W. Effect of encainide and flecainide on chronic ectopic atrial tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 1121-6.
109. Coumel P, Fidelle J. Amiodarone in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in children: one hundred thirty-five cases. Am Heart J 1980; 100: 1063-9.
110. Eidher U, Freihoff F, Kaltenbrunner W, Steinbach K. Efficacy and safety of ibutilide for the conversion of monomorphic atrial tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006; 29: 358-62.
111. Anguera I, Brugada J, Roba M, Mont L, Aguinaga L, Geelen P et al. Outcomes after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 886-90.
112. Zhang XD, Gu J, Jiang WF, Zhao L, Zhou L, Wang YL et al. Optimal rhythmcontrol strategy for recurrent atrial tachycardia after catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 1327-34.
113. Mehta AV, Sanchez GR, Sacks EJ, Casta A, Dunn JM, Donner RM. Ectopic automatic atrial tachycardia in children: clinical characteristics, management and follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 11: 379-85.
114. Yamabe H, Okumura K, Koyama J, Kanazawa H, Hoshiyama T, Ogawa H. Demonstration of anatomic reentrant circuit in verapamil-sensitive atrial tachycardia originating from the atrioventricular annulus other than the vicinity of the atrioventricular node. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113: 1822-8.
115. Heusch A, Kramer HH, Krogmann ON, Rammos S, Bourgeous M. Clinical experience with propafenone for cardiac arrhythmias in the young. Eur Heart J 1994; 15: 1050-6.
116. Colloridi V, Perri C, Ventriglia F, Critelli G. Oral sotalol in pediatric atrial ectopic tachycardia. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 254-6.
117. Hazard PB, Burnett CR. Treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia with metoprolol. Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 20-5.
118. Jais P, Shah DC, Haissaguerre M, Hocini M, Peng JT, Takahashi A et al. Mapping and ablation of left atrial flutters. Circulation 2000; 101: 2928-34.
119. Takahashi Y, Takahashi A, Miyazaki S, Kuwahara T, Takei A, Fujino T et al. Electrophysiological characteristics of localized reentrant atrial tachycardia occurring after catheter ablation of long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009; 20: 623-9.
120. Hoffmann E, Reithmann C, Nimmermann P, Elser F, Dorwarth U, Remp T et al. Clinical experience with electroanatomic mapping of ectopic atrial tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002; 25: 49-56.
121. Saoudi N, Cosio F, Waldo A, Chen SA, Iesaka Y, Lesh M et al. A classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiological mechanisms and anatomical bases; a Statement from a Joint Expert Group from The Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1162-82.
122. Cosio FG, Arribas F, Lopez-Gil M, Palacios J. Atrial flutter mapping and ablation. I. Studying atrial flutter mechanisms by mapping and entrainment. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996; 19: 841-53.
123. Olgin JE, Kalman JM, Fitzpatrick AP, Lesh MD. Role of right atrial endocardial structures as barriers to conduction during human type I atrial flutter. Activation and entrainment mapping guided by intracardiac echocardiography. Circulation 1995; 92: 1839-48.
124. Friedman PA, Luria D, Fenton AM, Munger TM, Jahangir A, Shen WK et al. Global right atrial mapping of human atrial flutter: the presence of posteromedial (sinus venosa region) functional block and double potentials: a study in biplane fluoroscopy and intracardiac echocardiography. Circulation 2000; 101: 1568-77.
125. Cheng J, Cabeen WR Jr, Scheinman MM. Right atrial flutter due to lower loop reentry: mechanism and anatomic substrates. Circulation 1999; 99: 1700-5.
126. Dixit S, Lavi N, Robinson M, Riley MP, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE et al. Noncontact electroanatomic mapping to characterize typical atrial flutter: participation of right atrial posterior wall in the reentrant circuit. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011; 22: 422-30.
127. Santucci PA, Varma N, Cytron J, Akar JG, Wilber DJ, Al Chekakie MO et al. Electroanatomic mapping of postpacing intervals clarifies the complete active circuit and variants in atrial flutter. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 1586-95.
128. Ohkubo K, Watanabe I, Okumura Y, Ashino S, Kofune M, Kawauchi K et al. Anatomic and electrophysiologic differences between chronic and paroxysmal atrial flutter: intracardiac echocardiographic analysis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008; 31: 432-7.
129. Morita N, Kobayashi Y, Horie T, Iwasaki YK, Hayashi M, Miyauchi Y et al. The undetermined geometrical factors contributing to the transverse conduction block of the crista terminalis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009; 32: 868-78.
130. Schumacher B, Jung W, Schmidt H, Fischenbeck C, Lewalter T, Hagendorff A et al. Transverse conduction capabilities of the crista terminalis in patients with atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 363-73.
131. Gallagher MM, Guo XH, Poloniecki JD, Guan Yap Y, Ward D, Camm AJ. Initial energy setting, outcome and efficiency in direct current cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1498-504.
132. Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ, Van Gilst WH, Verwer R, Lie KI. Prediction of uneventful cardioversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm from direct-current electrical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 41-6.
133. Grimm RA, Stewart WJ, Arheart K, Thomas JD, Klein AL. Left atrial appendage 'stunning' after electrical cardioversion of atrial flutter: an attenuated response compared with atrial fibrillation as the mechanism for lower susceptibility to thromboembolic events. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 592-9.
134. Irani WN, Grayburn PA, Afridi I. Prevalence of thrombus, spontaneous echo contrast, and atrial stunning in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial flutter. A prospective study using transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 1997; 95: 962-6.
135. Ellenbogen KA, Dias VC, Plumb VJ, Heywood JT, Mirvis DM. A placebo-controlled trial of continuous intravenous diltiazem infusion for 24-hour heart rate control during atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18: 891-7.
136. Platia EV, Michelson EL, Porterfield JK, Das G. Esmolol versus verapamil in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 925-9.
137. Salerno DM, Dias VC, Kleiger RE, Tschida VH, Sung RJ, Sami M et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous diltiazem for treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. The Diltiazem-Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 1046-51.
138. Crijns HJ, Van Gelder IC, Kingma JH, Dunselman PH, Gosselink AT, Lie KI. Atrial flutter can be terminated by a class III antiarrhythmic drug but not by a class IC drug. Eur Heart J 1994; 15: 1403-8.
139. Falk RH, Pollak A, Singh SN, Friedrich T. Intravenous dofetilide, a class III antiarrhythmic agent, for the termination of sustained atrial fibrillation or flutter. Intravenous Dofetilide Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 385-90.
140. Stambler BS, Wood MA, Ellenbogen KA. Antiarrhythmic actions of intravenous ibutilide compared with procainamide during human atrial flutter and fibrillation: electrophysiological determinants of enhanced conversion efficacy. Circulation 1997; 96: 4298-306.
141. Volgman AS, Carberry PA, Stambler B, Lewis WR, Dunn GH, Perry KT et al. Conversion efficacy and safety of intravenous ibutilide compared with intravenous procainamide in patients with atrial flutter or fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 1414-9.
142. Vos MA, Golitsyn SR, Stangl K, Ruda MY, Van Wijk LV, Harry JD et al. Superiority of ibutilide (a new class III agent) over DL-sotalol in converting atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. The Ibutilide/Sotalol Comparator Study Group. Heart 1998; 79: 568-75.
143. Bianconi L, Castro A, Dinelli M, Alboni P, Pappalardo A, Richiardi E et al. Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 1265-73.
144. Kafkas NV, Patsilinakos SP, Mertzanos GA, Papageorgiou KI, Chaveles JI, Dagadaki OK et al. Conversion efficacy of intravenous ibutilide compared with intravenous amiodarone in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Int J Cardiol 2007; 118: 321-5.
145. Brockmeier K, Ulmer HE, Hessling G. Termination of atrial reentrant tachycardias by using transesophageal atrial pacing. J Electrocardiol 2002; 35(Suppl): 159-63.
146. Doni F, Della Bella P, Kheir A, Manfredi M, Piemonti C, Staffiere E et al. Atrial flutter termination by overdrive transesophageal pacing and the facilitating effect of oral propafenone. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 1243-6.
147. Rhodes LA, Walsh EP, Saul JP. Conversion of atrial flutter in pediatric patients by transesophageal atrial pacing: a safe, effective, minimally invasive procedure. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 323-7.
148. Stephenson EA, Casavant D, Tuzi J, Alexander ME, Law I, Serwer G et al. Efficacy of atrial antitachycardia pacing using the Medtronic AT500 pacemaker in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 871-6.
149. Singh S, Zoble RG, Yellen L, Brodsky MA, Feld GK, Berk M Jr et al. Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: the symptomatic atrial fibrillation investigative research on dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study. Circulation 2000; 102: 2385-90.
150. Crozier IG, Ikram H, Kenealy M, Levy L. Flecainide acetate for conversion of acute supraventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 607-9.
151. Murdock CJ, Kyles AE, Yeung-Lai-Wah JA, Qi A, Vorderbrugge S, Kerr CR. Atrial flutter in patients treated for atrial fibrillation with propafenone. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 755-7.
152. Crijns HJ, Van Gelder IC, Tieleman RG, Brugemann J, De Kam PJ, Gosselink AT et al. Long-term outcome of electrical cardioversion in patients with chronic atrial flutter. Heart 1997; 77: 56-61.
153. Da Costa A, Thevenin J, Roche F, Romeyer-Bouchard C, Abdellaoui L, Messier M et al. Results from the Loire-Ardeche-Drome-Isere-Puy-de-Dome (LADIP) trial on atrial flutter, a multicentric prospective randomized study comparing amiodarone and radiofrequency ablation after the first episode of symptomatic atrial flutter. Circulation 2006; 114: 1676-81.
154. Natale A, Newby KH, Pisano E, Leonelli F, Fanelli R, Potenza D et al. Prospective randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic therapy versus first-line radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1898-04.
155. Luchsinger JA, Steinberg JS. Resolution of cardiomyopathy after ablation of atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 205-10.
156. Pizzale S, Lemery R, Green MS, Gollob MH, Tang AS, Birnie DH. Frequency and predictors of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with persistent atrial flutter. Can J Cardiol 2009; 25: 469-72.
157. Chae S, Oral H, Good E, Dey S, Wimmer A, Crawford T et al. Atrial tachycardia after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation of atrial fibrillation: mechanistic insights, results of catheter ablation, and risk factors for recurrence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1781-7.
158. Daoud EG, Weiss R, Augostini R, Hummel JD, Kalbfleisch SJ, Van Deren JM et al. Proarrhythmia of circumferential left atrial lesions for management of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006; 17: 157-65.
159. Lukac P, Pedersen AK, Mortensen PT, Jensen HK, Hjortdal V, Hansen PS. Ablation of atrial tachycardia after surgery for congenital and acquired heart disease using an electroanatomic mapping system: which circuits to expect in which substrate? Heart Rhythm 2005; 2: 64-72.
160. Coffey JO, d'Avila A, Dukkipati S, Danik SB, Gangireddy SR, Koruth JS et al. Catheter ablation of scar-related atypical atrial flutter. Europace 2013; 15: 414-9.
161. Patel NJ, Deshmukh A, Pau D, Goyal V, Patel SV, Patel N et al. Contemporary utilization and safety outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial flutter in the United States: analysis of 89,638 procedures. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13: 1317-25.
162. Marrouche NF, Natale A, Wazni OM, Cheng J, Yang Y, Pollack H et al. Left septal atrial flutter: electrophysiology, anatomy, and results of ablation. Circulation 2004; 109: 2440-7.
163. Bai R, Fahmy TS, Patel D, Di Biase L, Riedlbauchova L, Wazni OM et al. Radiofrequency ablation of atypical atrial flutter after cardiac surgery or atrial fibrillation ablation: a randomized comparison of open-irrigation-tip and 8-mm-tip catheters. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4: 1489-96.
164. Matsuo S, Wright M, Knecht S, Nault I, Lellouche N, Lim KT et al. Peri-mitral atrial flutter in patients with atrial fibrillation ablation. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 2-8.
165. Mohanty S, Mohanty P, Di Biase L, Bai R, Trivedi C, Santangeli P et al. Long-term outcome of catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation patients with coexistent metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea: impact of repeat procedures versus lifestyle changes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014; 25: 930-8.
166. Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Lau DH, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Twomey D et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64: 2222-31.
167. Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Wong CX et al. Long-term effect of goal-directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: a long-term follow-up study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65: 2159-69.
168. Biblo LA, Yuan Z, Quan KJ, Mackall JA, Rimm AA. Risk of stroke in patients with atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 346-9, A349.
169. Wood KA, Eisenberg SJ, Kalman JM, Drew BJ, Saxon LA, Lee RJ et al. Risk of thromboembolism in chronic atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1043-7.
170. Seidl K, Hauer B, Schwick NG, Zellner D, Zahn R, Senges J. Risk of thromboembolic events in patients with atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 580-3.
171. Bochoeyer A, Yang Y, Cheng J, Lee RJ, Keung EC, Marrouche NF et al. Surface electrocardiographic characteristics of right and left atrial flutter. Circulation 2003; 108: 60-6.
172. Marcus GM, Smith LM, Whiteman D, Tseng ZH, Badhwar N, Lee BK et al. Alcohol intake is significantly associated with atrial flutter in patients under 60 years of age and a shorter right atrial effective refractory period. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008; 31: 266-72.
173. Mont L, Elosua R, Brugada J. Endurance sport practice as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Europace 2009; 11: 11-7.
174. Elesber AA, Rosales AG, Herges RM, Shen WK, Moon BS, Malouf JF et al. Relapse and mortality following cardioversion of new-onset vs. recurrent atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in the elderly. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 854-60.
175. Luria DM, Hodge DO, Monahan KH, Haroldson JM, Shen WK, Asirvatham SJ et al Effect of radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter on the natural history of subsequent atrial arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 1145-50.
176. Milliez P, Richardson AW, Obioha-Ngwu O, Zimetbaum PJ, Papageorgiou P, Josephson ME. Variable electrocardiographic characteristics of isthmus-dependent atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1125-32.
177. Brodsky MA, Allen BJ, Grimes JA, Gold C. Enhanced atrioventricular conduction during atrial flutter after intravenous adenosine. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 288-9.
178. Strickberger SA, Man KC, Daoud EG, Goyal R, Brinkman K, Knight BP et al. Adenosine-induced atrial arrhythmia: a prospective analysis. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 417-22.
179. Chen SA, Chiang CE, Wu TJ, Tai CT, Lee SH, Cheng CC et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of common atrial flutter: comparison of electrophysiologically guided focal ablation technique and linear ablation technique. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 860-8.
180. Cosio FG, Arribas F, Lopez-Gil M, Gonzalez HD. Atrial flutter mapping and ablation II. Radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter circuits. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996; 19: 965-75.
181. Shah D, Haissaguerre M, Takahashi A, Jais P, Hocini M, Clementy J. Differential pacing for distinguishing block from persistent conduction through an ablation line. Circulation 2000; 102: 1517-22.
182. Schwartzman D, Callans DJ, Gottlieb CD, Dillon SM, Movsowitz C, Marchlinski FE. Conduction block in the inferior vena caval-tricuspid valve isthmus: association with outcome of radiofrequency ablation of type I atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 1519-31.
183. Anselme F, Klug D, Scanu P, Poty H, Lacroix D, Kacet S et al. Randomized comparison of two targets in typical atrial flutter ablation. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 1302-7.
184. Passman RS, Kadish AH, Dibs SR, Engelstein ED, Goldberger JJ. Radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter: a randomized controlled study of two anatomic approaches. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2004; 27: 83-8.
185. Weiss C, Becker J, Hoffmann M, Willems S. Can radiofrequency current isthmus ablation damage the right coronary artery? Histopathological findings following the use of a long (8 mm) tip electrode. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002; 25: 860-2.
186. Hillock RJ, Melton IC, Crozier IG. Radiofrequency ablation for common atrial flutter using an 8-mm tip catheter and up to 150 W. Europace 2005; 7: 409-12.
187. Ellis K, Wazni O, Marrouche N, Martin D, Gillinov M, McCarthy P et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation post-cavotricuspid isthmus ablation in patients with typical atrial flutter: left-atrial size as an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18: 799-802.
188. Bottoni N, Donateo P, Quartieri F, Tomasi C, Oddone D, Lolli G et al. Outcome after cavo-tricuspid isthmus ablation in patients with recurrent atrial fibrillation and drug-related typical atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 504-8.
189. Babaev A, Suma V, Tita C, Steinberg JS. Recurrence rate of atrial flutter after initial presentation in patients on drug treatment. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 1122-4.
190. Cosio FG, Martin-Penato A, Pastor A, Nunez A, Goicolea A. Atypical flutter: a review. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003; 26: 2157-69.
191. Ouyang F, Ernst S, Vogtmann T, Goya M, Volkmer M, Schaumann A et al. Characterization of reentrant circuits in left atrial macroreentrant tachycardia: critical isthmus block can prevent atrial tachycardia recurrence. Circulation 2002; 105: 1934-42.
192. Markowitz SM, Brodman RF, Stein KM, Mittal S, Slotwiner DJ, Iwai S et al. Lesional tachycardias related to mitral valve surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1973-83.
193. Chugh A, Oral H, Lemola K, Hall B, Cheung P, Good E et al. Prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical significance of macroreentrant atrial tachycardia during and following left atrial ablation for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2: 464-71.
194. Kall JG, Rubenstein DS, Kopp DE, Burke MC, Verdino RJ, Lin AC et al. Atypical atrial flutter originating in the right atrial free wall. Circulation 2000; 101: 270-9.
195. Collins KK, Love BA, Walsh EP, Saul JP, Epstein MR, Triedman JK. Location of acutely successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 969-74.
196. Zrenner B, Dong J, Schreieck J, Ndrepepa G, Meisner H, Kaemmerer H et al. Delineation of intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia circuits after mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries using biatrial electroanatomic mapping and entrainment mapping. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 1302-10.
197. Wasmer K, Monnig G, Bittner A, Dechering D, Zellerhoff S, Milberg P et al. Incidence, characteristics, and outcome of left atrial tachycardias after circumferential antral ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9: 1660-6.
198. Rostock T, Salukhe TV, Hoffmann BA, Steven D, Berner I, Mullerleile K et al. Prognostic role of subsequent atrial tachycardias occurring during ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: a prospective randomized trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013; 6: 1059-65.
199. Hinojar R, Pastor A, Cosio FG. Bachmann block pattern resulting from inexcitable areas peripheral to the Bachmann's bundle: controversial name or concept? Europace 2013; 15: 1272.
200. Lukac P, Hjortdal V, Pedersen AK, Jensen HK, Mortensen PT, Hansen PS. The superior transseptal surgical approach to mitral valve creates slow conduction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006; 29: 719-26.
201. Akar JG, Al-Chekakie MO, Hai A, Brysiewicz N, Porter M, Varma N et al. Surface electrocardiographic patterns and electrophysiologic characteristics of atrial flutter following modified radiofrequency MAZE procedures. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18: 349-55.
202. McElderry HT, McGiffin DC, Plumb VJ, Nanthakumar K, Epstein AE, Yamada T et al. Proarrhythmic aspects of atrial fibrillation surgery: mechanisms of postoperative macroreentrant tachycardias. Circulation 2008; 117: 155-62.
203. Gerstenfeld EP, Callans DJ, Dixit S, Russo AM, Nayak H, Lin D et al. Mechanisms of organized left atrial tachycardias occurring after pulmonary vein isolation. Circulation 2004; 110: 1351-7.
204. Miyazaki S, Shah AJ, Hocini M, Haissaguerre M, Jais P. Recurrent spontaneous clinical perimitral atrial tachycardia in the context of atrial fibrillation ablation. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 104-10.
205. Aktas MK, Khan MN, Di Biase L, Elayi C, Martin D, Saliba W et al. Higher rate of recurrent atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation following atrial flutter ablation after cardiac surgery. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21: 760-5.
206. Bai R, Di Biase L, Mohanty P, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Pelargonio G et al. Ablation of perimitral flutter following catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: impact on outcomes from a randomized study (PROPOSE). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23: 137-44.
207. O'Neill MD, Wright M, Knecht S, Jais P, Hocini M, Takahashi Y et al. Long-term follow-up of persistent atrial fibrillation ablation using termination as a procedural endpoint. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 1105-12.
208. McLellan AJ, Ling LH, Azzopardi S, Lee GA, Lee G, Kumar S et al. A minimal or maximal ablation strategy to achieve pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a prospective multi-centre randomized controlled trial (the Minimax study). Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 1812-21.
209. Verma A, Macle L, Sanders P. Catheter Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 878-9.
210. Vogler J, Willems S, Sultan A, Schreiber D, Luker J, Servatius H et al. Pulmonary vein isolation versus defragmentation: the CHASE-AF clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66: 2743-52.
211. Takahashi K, Miyauchi Y, Hayashi M, Iwasaki YK, Yodogawa K, Tsuboi I et al. Mechanisms of postoperative atrial tachycardia following biatrial surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation in relation to the surgical lesion sets. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13: 1059-65.
212. Frost L, Molgaard H, Christiansen EH, Hjortholm K, Paulsen PK, Thomsen PE. Atrial fibrillation and flutter after coronary artery bypass surgery: epidemiology, risk factors and preventive trials. Int J Cardiol 1992; 36: 253-61.
213. Ishii Y, Schuessler RB, Gaynor SL, Yamada K, Fu AS, Boineau JP Jr et al. Inflammation of atrium after cardiac surgery is associated with inhomogeneity of atrial conduction and atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2005; 111: 2881-8.
214. Ho KM, Tan JA. Benefits and risks of corticosteroid prophylaxis in adult cardiac surgery: a dose-response meta-analysis. Circulation 2009; 119: 1853-66.
215. Mazgalev TN, Ho SY, Anderson RH. Anatomic-electrophysiological correlations concerning the pathways for atrioventricular conduction. Circulation 2001; 103: 2660-7.
216. Spach MS, Josephson ME. Initiating reentry: the role of nonuniform anisotropy in small circuits. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1994; 5: 182-209.
217. Katritsis DG, Becker A. The atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia circuit: a proposal. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4: 1354-60.
218. Nikolaidou T, Aslanidi OV, Zhang H, Efimov IR. Structure-function relationship in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes. Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 33: 890-9.
219. Hucker WJ, McCain ML, Laughner JI, Iaizzo PA, Efimov IR. Connexin 43 expression delineates two discrete pathways in the human atrioventricular junction. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291: 204-15.
220. Kelder TP, Vicente-Steijn R, Harryvan TJ, Kosmidis G, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Poelmann RE et al. The sinus venosus myocardium contributes to the atrioventricular canal: potential role during atrioventricular node development? J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19: 1375-89.
221. Katritsis DG, Sepahpour A, Marine JE, Katritsis GD, Tanawuttiwat T, Calkins H et al. Atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: prevalence, electrophysiologic characteristics, and tachycardia circuit. Europace 2015; 17: 1099-106.
222. Katritsis DG, Ellenbogen KA, Becker AE, Camm AJ. Retrograde slow pathway conduction in patients with atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia. Europace 2007; 9: 458-65.
223. Pentinga ML, Meeder JG, Crijns HJ, de Muinck ED, Wiesfeld AC, Lie KI. Late onset atrioventricular nodal tachycardia. Int J Cardiol 1993; 38: 293-8.
224. Sauer WH, Alonso C, Zado E, Cooper JM, Lin D, Dixit S et al. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in patients referred for atrial fibrillation ablation: response to ablation that incorporates slow-pathway modification. Circulation 2006; 114: 191-5.
225. D'Este D, Zoppo F, Bertaglia E, Zerbo F, Picciolo A, Scarabeo V et al. Long-term outcome of patients with atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. Int J Cardiol 2007; 115: 350-3.
226. Hasdemir C, Payzin S, Kocabas U, Sahin H, Yildirim N, Alp A et al. High prevalence of concealed Brugada syndrome in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 1584-94.
227. Katritsis DG, Josephson ME. Classification of electrophysiological types of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: a reappraisal. Europace 2013; 15: 1231-40.
228. Katritsis DG, Camm AJ. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Circulation 2010; 122: 831-40.
229. Engelstein ED, Stein KM, Markowitz SM, Lerman BB. Posterior fast atrioventricular node pathways: implications for radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 1098-105.
230. Katritsis DG, Ellenbogen KA, Becker AE. Atrial activation during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: studies on retrograde fast pathway conduction. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 993-1000.
231. Nam GB, Rhee KS, Kim J, Choi KJ, Kim YH. Left atrionodal connections in typical and atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardias: activation sequence in the coronary sinus and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006; 17: 171-7.
232. Katritsis DG, Marine JE, Latchamsetty R, Zografos T, Tanawuttiwat T, Sheldon SH et al. Coexistent types of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: implications for the tachycardia circuit. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8: 1189-93.
233. Nawata H, Yamamoto N, Hirao K, Miyasaka N, Kawara T, Hiejima K et al. Heterogeneity of anterograde fast-pathway and retrograde slow-pathway conduction patterns in patients with the fast-slow form of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: electrophysiologic and electrocardiographic considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 1731-40.
234. Hwang C, Martin DJ, Goodman JS, Gang ES, Mandel WJ, Swerdlow CD et al. Atypical atrioventricular node reciprocating tachycardia masquerading as tachycardia using a left-sided accessory pathway. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 218-25.
235. Sakabe K, Wakatsuki T, Fujinaga H, Oishi Y, Ikata J, Toyoshima T et al. Patient with atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia with eccentric retrograde left-sided activation: treatment with radiofrequency catheter ablation. Jpn Heart J 2000; 41: 227-34.
236. Vijayaraman P, Kok LC, Rhee B, Ellenbogen KA. Unusual variant of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2: 100-2.
237. Anselme F, Hook B, Monahan K, Frederiks J, Callans D, Zardini M et al. Heterogeneity of retrograde fast-pathway conduction pattern in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia: observations by simultaneous multisite catheter mapping of Koch's triangle. Circulation 1996; 93: 960-8.
238. Katritsis DG Upper and lower common pathways in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: refutation of a legend? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007; 30: 1305-8.
239. Smith G, Taylor DM, Morgans A, Cameron P. Prehospital synchronized electrical cardioversion of a poorly perfused SVT patient by paramedics. Prehosp Disaster Med 2013; 28: 301-4.
240. Gambhir DS, Bhargava M, Nair M, Arora R, Khalilullah M. Comparison of electrophysiologic effects and efficacy of single-dose intravenous and long-term oral amiodarone therapy in patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Indian Heart J 1996; 48: 133-7.
241. Yeh SJ, Lin FC, Chou YY, Hung JS, Wu D. Termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with a single oral dose of diltiazem and propranolol. Circulation 1985; 71: 104-9.
242. Alboni P, Tomasi C, Menozzi C, Bottoni N, Paparella N, Fuca G et al. Efficacy and safety of out-of-hospital self-administered single-dose oral drug treatment in the management of infrequent, well-tolerated paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 548-53.
243. Katritsis D, Zografos T, Katritsis G, Giazitzoglou E, Vachliotits V, Paxinos G et al. Catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with symptomatic atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: a randomized, controlled trial. Europace 2016; DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw064.
244. Spector P, Reynolds MR, Calkins H, Sondhi M, Xu Y, Martin A et al. Meta-analysis of ablation of atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104: 671-7.
245. Farkowski MM, Pytkowski M, Maciag A, Golicki D, Wood KA, Kowalik I et al. Gender-related differences in outcomes and resource utilization in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of supraventricular tachycardia: results from Patients' Perspective on Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of AVRT and AVNRT Study. Europace 2014; 16: 1821-7.
246. Wood KA, Stewart AL, Drew BJ, Scheinman MM, Froelicher ES. Patient perception of symptoms and quality of life following ablation in patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Heart Lung 2010; 39: 12-20.
247. Cheng CH, Sanders GD, Hlatky MA, Heidenreich P, McDonald KM, Lee BK et al. Cost-effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation for supraventricular tachycardia. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 864-76.
248. Mauritson DR, Winniford MD, Walker WS, Rude RE, Cary JR, Hillis LD. Oral verapamil for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a long-term, double-blind randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 409-12.
249. Sakurai M, Yasuda H, Kato N, Nomura A, Fujita M, Nishino T et al. Acute and chronic effects of verapamil in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J 1983; 105: 619-28.
250. Winniford MD, Fulton KL, Hillis LD. Long-term therapy of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a randomized, double-blind comparison of digoxin, propranolol and verapamil. Am J Cardiol 1984; 54: 1138-9.
251. Rinkenberger RL, Prystowsky EN, Heger JJ, Troup PJ, Jackman WM, Zipes DP. Effects of intravenous and chronic oral verapamil administration in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 1980; 62: 996-1010.
252. Musto B, Cavallaro C, Musto A, D'Onofrio A, Belli A, De Vincentis L. Flecainide single oral dose for management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children and young adults. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 110-5.
253. Scheinman MM, Huang S. The 1998 NASPE prospective catheter ablation registry. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000; 23: 1020-8.
254. Goldberg AS, Bathina MN, Mickelsen S, Nawman R, West G, Kusumoto FM. Longterm outcomes on quality-of-life and health care costs in patients with supraventricular tachycardia (radiofrequency catheter ablation versus medical therapy). Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 1120-3.
255. Larson MS, McDonald K, Young C, Sung R, Hlatky MA. Quality of life before and after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with drug refractory atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 471-3, A479.
256. Bubien RS, Knotts-Dolson SM, Plumb VJ, Kay GN. Effect of radiofrequency catheter ablation on health-related quality of life and activities of daily living in patients with recurrent arrhythmias. Circulation 1996; 94: 1585-91.
257. Bohnen M, Stevenson WG, Tedrow UB, Michaud GF, John RM, Epstein LM et al. Incidence and predictors of major complications from contemporary catheter ablation to treat cardiac arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2011; 8: 1661-6.
258. Bathina MN, Mickelsen S, Brooks C, Jaramillo J, Hepton T, Kusumoto FM. Radiofrequency catheter ablation versus medical therapy for initial treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and its impact on quality of life and healthcare costs. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 589-93.
259. Kalbfleisch SJ, Calkins H, Langberg JJ, el-Atassi R, Leon A, Borganelli M et al. Comparison of the cost of radiofrequency catheter modification of the atrioventricular node and medical therapy for drug-refractory atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 1583-7.
260. Kalbfleisch SJ, Strickberger SA, Williamson B, Vorperian VR, Man C, Hummel JD et al. Randomized comparison of anatomic and electrogram mapping approaches to ablation of the slow pathway of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 716-23.
261. Katritsis DG, Giazitzoglou E, Zografos T, Ellenbogen KA, Camm AJ. An approach to left septal slow pathway ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2011; 30: 73-9.
262. Skeberis V, Simonis F, Tsakonas K, Celiker A, Andries E, Brugada P. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia following radiofrequency ablation of AV nodal tachycardia: incidence and clinical significance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994; 17: 924-7.
263. Giazitzoglou E, Korovesis S, Kokladi M, Venetsanakos I, Paxinos G, Katritsis DG. Slow-pathway ablation for atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia with no risk of atrioventricular block. Hellenic J Cardiol 2010; 51: 407-12.
264. Chen H, Shehata M, Ma W, Xu J, Cao J, Cingolani E et al. Atrioventricular block during slow pathway ablation: entirely preventable? Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8: 739-44.
265. Suzuki A, Yoshida A, Takei A, Fukuzawa K, Kiuchi K, Tanaka S et al. Visualization of the antegrade fast and slow pathway inputs in patients with slow-fast atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2014; 37: 874-83.
266. Hoffmann BA, Brachmann J, Andresen D, Eckardt L, Hoffmann E, Kuck KH et al. Ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in the elderly: results from the German Ablation Registry. Heart Rhythm 2011; 8: 981-7.
267. Rostock T, Risius T, Ventura R, Klemm HU, Weiss C, Keitel A et al. Efficacy and safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in the elderly. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005; 16: 608-10.
268. Li YG, Gronefeld G, Bender B, Machura C, Hohnloser SH. Risk of development of delayed atrioventricular block after slow pathway modification in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and a pre-existing prolonged PR interval. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 89-95.
269. Deisenhofer I, Zrenner B, Yin YH, Pitschner HF, Kuniss M, Grossmann G et al. Cryoablation versus radiofrequency energy for the ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (the CYRANO Study): results from a large multicenter prospective randomized trial. Circulation 2010; 122: 2239-45.
270. Hanninen M, Yeung-Lai-Wah N, Massel D, Gula LJ, Skanes AC, Yee R et al. Cryoablation versus RF ablation for AVNRT: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; 24: 1354-60.
271. Pieragnoli P, Paoletti Perini A, Checchi L, Carrassa G, Giomi A, Carrai P et al. Cryoablation of typical AVNRT: younger age and administration of bonus ablation favor long-term success. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 2125-31.
272. Enriquez A, Ellenbogen KA, Boles U, Baranchuk A. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in implantable cardioverter defibrillators: diagnosis and troubleshooting. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015; 26: 1282-1288.
273. Rowland E, McKenna WJ, Gulker H, Krikler DM. The comparative effects of diltiazem and verapamil on atrioventricular conduction and atrioventricular reentry tachycardia. Circ Res 1983; 52: I163-8.
274. Talajic M, Papadatos D, Villemaire C, Nayebpour M, Nattel S. Antiarrhythmic actions of diltiazem during experimental atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias. Importance of use-dependent calcium channel-blocking properties. Circulation 1990; 81: 334-42.
275. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of propafenone in the prophylaxis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. UK Propafenone PSVT Study Group. Circulation 1995; 92: 2550-7.
276. Chimienti M, Cullen MT Jr, Casadei G. Safety of flecainide versus propafenone for the long-term management of symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Report from the Flecainide and Propafenone Italian Study (FAPIS) Group. Eur Heart J 1995; 16: 1943-51.
277. Hopson JR, Buxton AE, Rinkenberger RL, Nademanee K, Heilman JM, Kienzle MG. Safety and utility of flecainide acetate in the routine care of patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: results of a multicenter trial. The Flecainide Supraventricular Tachycardia Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 72A-82A.
278. Dorian P, Naccarelli GV, Coumel P, Hohnloser SH, Maser MJ. A randomized comparison of flecainide versus verapamil in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. The Flecainide Multicenter Investigators Group. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 89A-95A.
279. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Cox MM, Huikuri H, Terracall E, Interian AJ et al. Reversal of proarrhythmic effects of flecainide acetate and encainide hydrochloride by propranolol. Circulation 1989; 80: 1571-9.
280. Wanless RS, Anderson K, Joy M, Joseph SP. Multicenter comparative study of the efficacy and safety of sotalol in the prophylactic treatment of patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am Heart J 1997; 133: 441-6.
281. Tendera M, Wnuk-Wojnar AM, Kulakowski P, Malolepszy J, Kozlowski JW, Krzeminska-Pakula M et al. Efficacy and safety of dofetilide in the prevention of symptomatic episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a 6-month double-blind comparison with propafenone and placebo. Am Heart J 2001; 142: 93-8.
282. Yamabe H, Tanaka Y, Morihisa K, Uemura T, Enomoto K, Kawano H et al. Analysis of the anatomical tachycardia circuit in verapamil-sensitive atrial tachycardia originating from the vicinity of the atrioventricular node. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010; 3: 54-62.
283. Villain E, Vetter VL, Garcia JM, Herre J, Cifarelli A, Garson A Jr. Evolving concepts in the management of congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia. A multicenter study. Circulation 1990; 81: 1544-9.
284. Walsh EP, Saul JP, Sholler GF, Triedman JK, Jonas RA, Mayer JE et al. Evaluation of a staged treatment protocol for rapid automatic junctional tachycardia after operation for congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 1046-53.
285. Hamdan M, Van Hare GF, Fisher W, Gonzalez R, Dorostkar P, Lee R et al. Selective catheter ablation of the tachycardia focus in patients with nonreentrant junctional tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 1292-7.
286. Ruder MA, Davis JC, Eldar M, Abbott JA, Griffin JC, Seger JJ et al. Clinical and electrophysiologic characterization of automatic junctional tachycardia in adults. Circulation 1986; 73: 930-7.
287. Konecke LL, Knoebel SB. Nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia complicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1972; 45: 367-74.
288. Fishenfeld J, Desser KB, Benchimol A. Non-paroxysmal A-V junctional tachycardia associated with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1973; 86: 754-8.
289. Kumagai K, Yamato H, Yamanouchi Y, Matsuo K, Tashiro N, Hiroki T et al. Automatic junctional tachycardia in an adult. Clin Cardiol 1990; 13: 813-6.
290. Cook JR, Steinberg JS. An incessant form of junctional ectopic tachycardia in an adult responsive to a class 1C agent. Am Heart J 1991; 122: 1487-9.
291. Kuck KH, Kunze KP, Schluter M, Duckeck W. Encainide versus flecainide for chronic atrial and junctional ectopic tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 37L-44L.
292. Paul T, Reimer A, Janousek J, Kallfelz HC. Efficacy and safety of propafenone in congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 911-4.
293. Law IH, Von Bergen NH, Gingerich JC, Saarel EV, Fischbach PS, Dick M 2nd. Transcatheter cryothermal ablation of junctional ectopic tachycardia in the normal heart. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 903-7.
294. Raja P, Hawker RE, Chaikitpinyo A, Cooper SG, Lau KC, Nunn GR et al. Amiodarone management of junctional ectopic tachycardia after cardiac surgery in children. Br Heart J 1994; 72: 261-5.
295. Sarubbi B, Musto B, Ducceschi V, D'Onofrio A, Cavallaro C, Vecchione F et al. Congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia in children and adolescents: a 20 year experience based study. Heart 2002; 88: 188-90.
296. Dieks JK, Klehs S, Müller MJ, Paul T, Krause U. Adjunctive ivabradine in combination with amiodarone: a novel therapy for pediatric congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13: 1297-302.
297. Yokoshiki H, Sasaki K, Shimokawa J, Sakurai M, Tsutsui H. Nonreentrant atrioventricular nodal tachycardia due to triple nodal pathways manifested by radiofrequency ablation at coronary sinus ostium. J Electrocardiol 2006; 39: 395-9.
298. Itagaki T, Ohnishi Y, Inoue T, Yokoyama M. Linking phenomenon in dual atrioventricular nodal pathways. Jpn Circ J 2001; 65: 937-40.
299. Arena G, Bongiorni MG, Soldati E, Gherarducci G, Mariani M. Incessant nonreentrant atrioventricular nodal tachycardia due to multiple nodal pathways treated by radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathways. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999; 10: 1636-42.
300. Fitzpatrick AP, Gonzales RP, Lesh MD, Modin GW, Lee RJ, Scheinman MM. New algorithm for the localization of accessory atrioventricular connections using a baseline electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 107-16.
301. Arruda MS, McClelland JH, Wang X, Beckman KJ, Widman LE, Gonzalez MD et al. Development and validation of an ECG algorithm for identifying accessory pathway ablation site in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9: 2-12.
302. Xie B, Heald SC, Bashir Y, Katritsis D, Murgatroyd FD, Camm AJ et al. Localization of accessory pathways from the 12-lead electrocardiogram using a new algorithm. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 161-5.
303. Issa Z, Miller JM, Zipes DP. Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. In: Issa ZF, Miller JM, Zipes DP (eds). Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Elsevier W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia; 2012. p411-67.
304. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, Mathewson FA, Cuddy TE. The natural history of electrocardiographic preexcitation in men. The Manitoba Follow-up Study. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 456-60.
305. Vidaillet HJ Jr., Pressley JC, Henke E, Harrell FE Jr, German LD. Familial occurrence of accessory atrioventricular pathways (preexcitation syndrome). N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 65-9.
306. Klein GJ, Bashore TM, Sellers TD, Pritchett EL, Smith WM, Gallagher JJ. Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 1080-5.
307. Dreifus LS, Haiat R, Watanabe Y, Arriaga J, Reitman N. Ventricular fibrillation. A possible mechanism of sudden death in patients and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation 1971; 43: 520-7.
308. Beckman KJ, Gallastegui JL, Bauman JL, Hariman RJ. The predictive value of electrophysiologic studies in untreated patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 640-7.
309. Montoya PT, Brugada P, Smeets J, Talajic M, Della Bella P, Lezaun R et al. Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Eur Heart J 1991; 12: 144-50.
310. Ludmer PL, McGowan NE, Antman EM, Friedman PL. Efficacy of propafenone in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: electrophysiologic findings and long-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 9: 1357-63.
311. Sellers TD Jr, Campbell RW, Bashore TM, Gallagher JJ. Effects of procainamide and quinidine sulfate in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation 1977; 55: 15-22.
312. Hamer A, Peter T, Platt M, Mandel WJ. Effects of verapamil on supraventricular tachycardia in patients with overt and concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am Heart J 1981; 101: 600-12.
313. Huycke EC, Sung RJ, Dias VC, Milstein S, Hariman RJ, Platia EV. Intravenous diltiazem for termination of reentrant supraventricular tachycardia: a placebocontrolled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 13: 538-44.
314. Morady F, DiCarlo LA Jr, Baerman JM, De Buitleir M. Effect of propranolol on ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1987; 10: 492-6.
315. Sellers TD Jr, Bashore TM, Gallagher JJ. Digitalis in the pre-excitation syndrome. Analysis during atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1977; 56: 260-7.
316. Boriani G, Biffi M, Frabetti L, Azzolini U, Sabbatani P, Bronzetti G et al. Ventricular fibrillation after intravenous amiodarone in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1996; 131: 1214-6.
317. Schützenberger W, Leisch F, Gmeiner R. Enhanced accessory pathway conduction following intravenous amiodarone in atrial fibrillation. A case report. Int J Cardiol 1987; 16: 93-5.
318. Sheinman BD, Evans T. Acceleration of ventricular rate by fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285: 999-1000.
319. Tijunelis MA, Herbert ME. Myth: Intravenous amiodarone is safe in patients with atrial fibrillation and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the emergency department. CJEM 2005; 7: 262-5.
320. Calkins H, Yong P, Miller JM, Olshansky B, Carlson M, Saul JP et al. Catheter ablation of accessory pathways, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, and the atrioventricular junction: final results of a prospective, multicenter clinical trial. The Atakr Multicenter Investigators Group. Circulation 1999; 99: 262-70.
321. Jackman WM, Wang XZ, Friday KJ, Roman CA, Moulton KP, Beckman KJ et al. Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) by radiofrequency current. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1605-11.
322. Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Manguso F, Saviano M, Baldi M, Pappone A et al. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the era of catheter ablation: insights from a registry study of 2169 patients. Circulation 2014; 130: 811-9.
323. Breithardt G, Borggrefe M, Wiebringhaus E, Seipel L. Effect of propafenone in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: electrophysiologic findings and long-term follow-up. Am J Cardiol 1984; 54: 29D-39D.
324. Vassiliadis I, Papoutsakis P, Kallikazaros I, Stefanadis C. Propafenone in the prevention of non-ventricular arrhythmias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Int J Cardiol 1990; 27: 63-70.
325. Feld GK, Nademanee K, Stevenson W, Weiss J, Klitzner T, Singh BN. Clinical and electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation complicating the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 102-7.
326. Feld GK, Nademanee K, Weiss J, Stevenson W, Singh BN. Electrophysiologic basis for the suppression by amiodarone of orthodromic supraventricular tachycardias complicating pre-excitation syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 3: 1298-307.
327. Kuck KH, Friday KJ, Kunze KP, Schluter M, Lazzara R, Jackman WM. Sites of conduction block in accessory atrioventricular pathways. Basis for concealed accessory pathways. Circulation 1990; 82: 407-17.
328. Kang KT, Potts JE, Radbill AE, La Page MJ, Papagiannis J, Garnreiter JM et al. Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia in children: a multicenter experience. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11: 1426-32.
329. Kottkamp H, Hindricks G, Shenasa H, Chen X, Wichter T, Borggrefe M et al. Variants of preexcitation-specialized atriofascicular pathways, nodofascicular pathways, and fasciculoventricular pathways: electrophysiologic findings and target sites for radiofrequency catheter ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1996; 7: 916-30.
330. Gandhavadi M, Sternick EB, Jackman WM, Wellens HJ, Josephson ME. Characterization of the distal insertion of atriofascicular accessory pathways and mechanisms of QRS patterns in atriofascicular antidromic tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10: 1385-92.
331. Haissaguerre M, Cauchemez B, Marcus F, Le Metayer P, Lauribe P, Poquet F, Gencel L, Clementy J. Characteristics of the ventricular insertion sites of accessory pathways with anterograde decremental conduction properties. Circulation 1995; 91: 1077-85.
332. Hluchy J, Schlegelmilch P, Schickel S, Jorger U, Jurkovicova O, Sabin GV. Radiofrequency ablation of a concealed nodoventricular Mahaim fiber guided by a discrete potential. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999; 10: 603-10.
333. Sternick EB, Lokhandwala Y, Bohora S, Timmermans C, Martins PR, Dias LV et al. Is the 12-lead electrocardiogram during antidromic circus movement tachycardia helpful in predicting the ablation site in atriofascicular pathways? Europace 2014; 16: 1610-8.
334. Munger TM, Packer DL, Hammill SC, Feldman BJ, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ et al. A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953-1989. Circulation 1993; 87: 866-73.
335. Timmermans C, Smeets JL, Rodriguez LM, Vrouchos G, van den Dool A, Wellens HJ. Aborted sudden death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 492-4.
336. Satoh M, Aizawa Y, Funazaki T, Niwano S, Ebe K, Miyajima S et al. Electrophysiologic evaluation of asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1989; 12: 413-20.
337. Klein GJ, Yee R, Sharma AD. Longitudinal electrophysiologic assessment of asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White electrocardiographic pattern. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1229-33.
338. Leitch JW, Klein GJ, Yee R, Murdock C. Prognostic value of electrophysiology testing in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. Circulation 1990; 82: 1718-23.
339. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Rosanio S, Vicedomini G, Nardi S, Pappone A et al. Usefulness of invasive electrophysiologic testing to stratify the risk of arrhythmic events in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern: results from a large prospective long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 239-44.
340. Pappone C, Santinelli V. Should catheter ablation be performed in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome? Catheter ablation should be performed in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation 2005; 112: 2207-15; discussion 2216.
341. Santinelli V, Radinovic A, Manguso F, Vicedomini G, Ciconte G, Gulletta S et al. Asymptomatic ventricular preexcitation: a long-term prospective follow-up study of 293 adult patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2: 102-7.
342. Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Manguso F, Baldi M, Pappone A, Petretta A et al. Risk of malignant arrhythmias in initially symptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: results of a prospective long-term electrophysiological follow-up study. Circulation 2012; 125: 661-8.
343. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, Augello G, Santinelli O, Vicedomini G et al. A randomized study of prophylactic catheter ablation in asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1803-11.
344. Al-Khatib SM, Arshad A, Balk EM, Das SR, Hsu JC, Joglar JA et al. Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in patients with asymptomatic pre-excitation: a systematic review for the 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67: 1624-38.
345. Pappone C, Manguso F, Santinelli R, Vicedomini G, Sala S, Paglino G et al. Radiofrequency ablation in children with asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1197-205.
346. Koch J, Lucke C, Gebauer R, Hindricks G, Arya A. Accessory pathway ablation in childhood forming the substrate for ventricular tachycardia in adulthood. Eur Heart J 2016; 37: 609.
347. Chevalier P, Cadi F, Scridon A, Girerd N, Bejan-Angoulvan T, Morel E et al. Prophylactic radiofrequency ablation in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White is not yet a good strategy: a decision analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013; 6: 185-90.
348. Engelfriet P, Boersma E, Oechslin E, Tijssen J, Gatzoulis MA, Thilen U et al. The spectrum of adult congenital heart disease in Europe: morbidity and mortality in a 5 year follow-up period. The Euro Heart Survey on adult congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 2325-33.
349. Wasmer K, Kobe J, Dechering DG, Bittner A, Monnig G, Milberg P et al. Isthmus-dependent right atrial flutter as the leading cause of atrial tachycardias after surgical atrial septal defect repair. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 2447-52.
350. Khairy P, Aboulhosn J, Gurvitz MZ, Opotowsky AR, Mongeon FP, Kay J et al. Arrhythmia burden in adults with surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a multi-institutional study. Circulation 2010; 122: 868-75.
351. Silka MJ, Hardy BG, Menashe VD, Morris CD. A population-based prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 245-51.
352. Koyak Z, Harris L, de Groot JR, Silversides CK, Oechslin EN, Bouma BJ et al. Sudden cardiac death in adult congenital heart disease. Circulation 2012; 126: 1944-54.
353. Nieminen HP, Jokinen EV, Sairanen HI. Causes of late deaths after pediatric cardiac surgery: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1263-71.
354. Gallego P, Gonzalez AE, Sanchez-Recalde A, Peinado R, Polo L, Gomez-Rubin C et al. Incidence and predictors of sudden cardiac arrest in adults with congenital heart defects repaired before adult life. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110: 109-17.
355. Ghali WA, Wasil BI, Brant R, Exner DV, Cornuz J. Atrial flutter and the risk of thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2005; 118: 101-7.
356. Feltes TF, Friedman RA. Transesophageal echocardiographic detection of atrial thrombi in patients with nonfibrillation atrial tachyarrhythmias and congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1365-70.
357. Ammash NM, Phillips SD, Hodge DO, Connolly HM, Grogan MA, Friedman PA et al. Outcome of direct current cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2012; 154: 270-4.
358. Hoyer AW, Balaji S. The safety and efficacy of ibutilide in children and in patients with congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007; 30: 1003-8.
359. Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Olschewski M, Gornandt L, Roskamm H, Spillner G et al. A comparison of surgical and medical therapy for atrial septal defect in adults. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 469-73.
360. Murphy JG, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, Mair DD, Porter CJ, Ilstrup DM et al. Longterm outcome after surgical repair of isolated atrial septal defect. Follow-up at 27 to 32 years. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1645-50.
361. Correa R, Walsh EP, Alexander ME, Mah DY, Cecchin F, Abrams DJ et al. Transbaffle mapping and ablation for atrial tachycardias after mustard, senning, or Fontan operations. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2: e000325.
362. de Groot NM, Atary JZ, Blom NA, Schalij MJ. Long-term outcome after ablative therapy of postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmia in patients with congenital heart disease and characteristics of atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrences. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010; 3: 148-54.
363. Yap SC, Harris L, Silversides CK, Downar E, Chauhan VS. Outcome of intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia catheter ablation in adults with congenital heart disease: negative impact of age and complex atrial surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 1589-96.
364. Wu J, Deisenhofer I, Ammar S, Fichtner S, Reents T, Zhu P et al. Acute and longterm outcome after catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in patients after the Mustard or Senning operation for D-transposition of the great arteries. Europace 2013; 15: 886-91.
365. Yap SC, Harris L, Downar E, Nanthakumar K, Silversides CK, Chauhan VS. Evolving electroanatomic substrate and intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia late after Fontan surgery. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23: 339-45.
366. Ueda A, Suman-Horduna I, Mantziari L, Gujic M, Marchese P, Ho SY et al. Contemporary outcomes of supraventricular tachycardia ablation in congenital heart disease: a single-center experience in 116 patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013; 6: 606-13.
367. Khairy P, Harris L, Landzberg MJ, Fernandes SM, Barlow A, Mercier LA et al. Sudden death and defibrillators in transposition of the great arteries with intra-atrial baffles: a multicenter study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2008; 1: 250-7.
368. Koyak Z, Kroon B, de Groot JR, Wagenaar LJ, van Dijk AP, Mulder BA et al. Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in adults with congenital heart disease and supraventricular tachycardias. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112: 1461-7.
369. Lafuente-Lafuente C, Valembois L, Bergmann JF, Belmin J. Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 3: CD005049.
370. Fish FA, Gillette PC, Benson DW Jr Proarrhythmia, cardiac arrest and death in young patients receiving encainide and flecainide. The Pediatric Electrophysiology Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18: 356-65.
371. Opic P, Yap SC, Van Kranenburg M, Van Dijk AP, Budts W, Vliegen HW et al. Atrial-based pacing has no benefit over ventricular pacing in preventing atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Europace 2013; 15: 1757-62.
372. Mavroudis C, Deal BJ, Backer CL, Tsao S. Arrhythmia surgery in patients with and without congenital heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86: 857-68;discussion 857-868
373. Deal BJ, Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Buck SH, Johnsrude C. Comparison of anatomic isthmus block with the modified right atrial maze procedure for late atrial tachycardia in Fontan patients. Circulation 2002; 106: 575-9.
374. Shivapour JK, Sherwin ED, Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Mah DY, Triedman JK et al. Utility of preoperative electrophysiologic studies in patients with Ebstein's anomaly undergoing the Cone procedure. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11: 182-6.
375. Huang CJ, Chiu IS, Lin FY, Chen WJ, Lin JL, Lo HM et al. Role of electrophysiological studies and arrhythmia intervention in repairing Ebstein's anomaly. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 48: 347-50.
376. Cappato R, Schluter M, Weiss C, Antz M, Koschyk DH, Hofmann T et al. Radiofrequency current catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways in Ebstein's anomaly. Circulation 1996; 94: 376-83.
377. Reich JD, Auld D, Hulse E, Sullivan K, Campbell R. The Pediatric Radiofrequency Ablation Registry's experience with Ebstein's anomaly. Pediatric Electrophysiology Society. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9: 1370-7.
378. Moore JP, Russell M, Mandapati R, Aboulhosn JA, Shannon KM. Catheter ablation of tachycardia arising from the pulmonary venous atrium after surgical repair of congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 297-304.
379. Scaglione M, Caponi D, Ebrille E, Di Donna P, Di Clemente F, Battaglia A et al. Very long-term results of electroanatomic-guided radiofrequency ablation of atrial arrhythmias in patients with surgically corrected atrial septal defect. Europace 2014; 16: 1800-7.
380. Dallaglio PD, Anguera I, Jimenez-Candil J, Peinado R, Garcia-Seara J, Arcocha MF et al. Impact of previous cardiac surgery on long-term outcome of cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter ablation. Europace 2016; 18: 873-80.
381. Attie F, Rosas M, Granados N, Zabal C, Buendia A, Calderon J. Surgical treatment for secundum atrial septal defects in patients >40 years old. A randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 2035-42.
382. Kutty S, Hazeem AA, Brown K, Danford CJ, Worley SE, Delaney JW et al. Longterm (5- to 20-year) outcomes after transcatheter or surgical treatment of hemodynamically significant isolated secundum atrial septal defect. Am J Cardiol 2012; 109: 1348-52.
383. Wei W, Zhan X, Xue Y, Fang X, Liao H, Deng H et al. Features of accessory pathways in adult Ebstein's anomaly. Europace 2014; 16: 1619-25.
384. Roten L, Lukac P, DE Groot N, Nielsen JC, Szili-Torok T, Jensen HK et al. Catheter ablation of arrhythmias in ebstein's anomaly: a multicenter study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011; 22: 1391-6.
385. Khositseth A, Danielson GK, Dearani JA, Munger TM, Porter CJ. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in Ebstein anomaly: management and outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 128: 826-33.
386. Bockeria L, Golukhova E, Dadasheva M, Revishvili A, Levant A, Bazaev V et al. Advantages and disadvantages of one-stage and two-stage surgery for arrhythmias and Ebstein's anomaly. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 28: 536-40.
387. Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA, Siu SC, Hokanson JS, Poile C et al. Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study. Lancet 2000; 356: 975-81.
388. Biviano A, Garan H, Hickey K, Whang W, Dizon J, Rosenbaum M. Atrial flutter catheter ablation in adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: mechanisms and outcomes of percutaneous catheter ablation in a consecutive series. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2010; 28: 125-35.
389. Wu MH, Lu CW, Chen HC, Chiu SN, Kao FY, Huang SK. Arrhythmic burdens in patients with tetralogy of Fallot: a national database study. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 604-9.
390. Harrison DA, Harris L, Siu SC, MacLoghlin CJ, Connelly MS, Webb GD et al. Sustained ventricular tachycardia in adult patients late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1368-73.
391. Miyazaki A, Sakaguchi H, Ohuchi H, Matsuoka M, Komori A, Yamamoto T et al. Efficacy of hemodynamic-based management of tachyarrhythmia after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circ J 2012; 76: 2855-62.
392. de Groot NM, Lukac P, Schalij MJ, Makowski K, Szili-Torok T, Jordaens L et al. Long-term outcome of ablative therapy of post-operative atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with tetralogy of Fallot: a European multi-centre study. Europace 2012; 14: 522-7.
393. Quinton E, Nightingale P, Hudsmith L, Thorne S, Marshall H, Clift P et al. Prevalence of atrial tachyarrhythmia in adults after Fontan operation. Heart 2015; 101: 1672-7.
394. Said SM, Burkhart HM, Schaff HV, Cetta F, Driscoll DJ, Li Z et al. Fontan conversion: identifying the high-risk patient. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 97: 2115-21;discussion 2121-2
395. Li JM, Nguyen C, Joglar JA, Hamdan MH, Page RL. Frequency and outcome of arrhythmias complicating admission during pregnancy: experience from a highvolume and ethnically-diverse obstetric service. Clin Cardiol 2008; 31: 538-41.
396. Tawam M, Levine J, Mendelson M, Goldberger J, Dyer A, Kadish A. Effect of pregnancy on paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 838-40.
397. Widerhorn J, Widerhorn AL, Rahimtoola SH, Elkayam U. WPW syndrome during pregnancy: increased incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 796-8.
398. Lee SH, Chen SA, Wu TJ, Chiang CE, Cheng CC, Tai CT et al. Effects of pregnancy on first onset and symptoms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 675-8.
399. Shotan A, Ostrzega E, Mehra A, Johnson JV, Elkayam U. Incidence of arrhythmias in normal pregnancy and relation to palpitations, dizziness, and syncope. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1061-4.
400. Elkayam U, Goodwin TM. Adenosine therapy for supraventricular tachycardia during pregnancy. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 521-3.
401. Frishman WH, Chesner M. Beta-adrenergic blockers in pregnancy. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 147-52.
402. Tromp CH, Nanne AC, Pernet PJ, Tukkie R, Bolte AC. Electrical cardioversion during pregnancy: safe or not? Neth Heart J 2011; 19: 134-6.
403. Ghosh N, Luk A, Derzko C, Dorian P, Chow CM. The acute treatment of maternal supraventricular tachycardias during pregnancy: a review of the literature. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011; 33: 17-23.
404. Ersbøll AS, Hedegaard M, Søndergaard L, Ersbøll M, Johansen M. Treatment with oral beta-blockers during pregnancy complicated by maternal heart disease increases the risk of fetal growth restriction. BJOG 2014; 121: 618-26.
405. Weber-Schoendorfer C, Hannemann D, Meister R, Eléfant E, Cuppers-Maarschalkerweerd B, Arnon J et al. The safety of calcium channel blockers during pregnancy: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 1: 24-30.
406. Joglar JA, Page RL. Antiarrhythmic drugs in pregnancy. Curr Opin Cardiol 2001; 16: 40-5.
407. Jaeggi ET, Carvalho JS, De Groot E, Api O, Clur SA, Rammeloo L et al. Comparison of transplacental treatment of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias with digoxin, flecainide, and sotalol: results of a nonrandomized multicenter study. Circulation 2011; 124: 1747-54.
408. Driver K, Chisholm CA, Darby AE, Malhotra R, Dimarco JP, Ferguson JD. Catheter ablation of arrhythmia during pregnancy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015; 26: 698-702.
409. Lydakis C, Lip GY, Beevers M, Beevers DG. Atenolol and fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1999; 12: 541-7.
410. Barnes EJ, Eben F, Patterson D. Direct current cardioversion during pregnancy should be performed with facilities available for fetal monitoring and emergency caesarean section. BJOG 2002; 109: 1406-7.
411. Mitani GM, Steinberg I, Lien EJ, Harrison EC, Elkayam U. The pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic agents in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987; 12: 253-91.
412. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Blomstrom Lundqvist C, Borghi C, Cifkova R, Ferreira R, Foidart JM et al. ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147-97.
413. Boriani G, Maniadakis N, Auricchio A, Muller-Riemenschneider F, Fattore G, Leyva F et al. Health technology assessment in interventional electrophysiology and device therapy: a position paper of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1869-74.
414. Fattore G, Maniadakis N, Mantovani LG, Boriani G. Health technology assessment: what is it? Current status and perspectives in the field of electrophysiology. Europace 2011; 13(Suppl. 2): ii49-53.
415. 2012 Comparative Price Report. International Federation of Health Plans. 2012.
416. Rodriguez BC, Leal S, Calvimontes G, Hutton D. Cost-Effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation for supraventricular tachycardia in Guatemala: patient outcomes and economic analysis from a low-middle-income country. Value Health Reg Issues 2015; 8: 92-8.
417. Vida VL, Calvimontes GS, Macs MO, Aparicio P, Barnoya J, Castaneda AR. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in children and adolescents: feasibility and cost-effectiveness in a low-income country. Pediatr Cardiol 2006; 27: 434-9.
418. Theodoreson MD, Chohan BC, McAloon CJ, Sandhu A, Lancaster CJ, Yusuf S et al. Same-day cardiac catheter ablation is safe and cost-effective: experience from a UK tertiary center. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 1756-61.
419. Lane DA, Aguinaga L, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Boriani G, Dan GA, Hills MT et al. Cardiac tachyarrhythmias and patient values and preferences for their management: the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLEACE). Europace 2015; 17: 1747-69.
420. Wood KA, Wiener CL, Kayser-Jones J. Supraventricular tachycardia and the struggle to be believed. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2007; 6: 293-302.
421. Wood KA, Stewart AL, Drew BJ, Scheinman MM, Frolicher ES. Development and initial psychometric evaluation of the Patient Perspective of Arrhythmia Questionnaire. Res Nurs Health 2009; 32: 504-16.
422. Walfridsson U, Walfridsson H. The impact of supraventricular tachycardias on driving ability in patients referred for radiofrequency catheter ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28: 191-5.
423. Dhala A, Bremner S, Blanck Z, Sra J, Deshpande S, Jazayeri MR et al. Impairment of driving abilities in patients with supraventricular tachycardias. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 516-8.
424. Meissner A, Stifoudi I, Weismuller P, Schrage MO, Maagh P, Christ M et al. Sustained high quality of life in a 5-year long term follow-up after successful ablation for supra-ventricular tachycardia. results from a large retrospective patient cohort. Int J Med Sci 2009; 6: 28-36.
425. Yildirim O, Yontar OC, Semiz M, Erdem A, Canan F, Yontar G et al. The effect of radiofrequency ablation treatment on quality of life and anxiety in patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16: 2108-12.
426. Nakagawa H, Natale A. Catheter ablation of complex tachyarrhythmias using remote magnetic catheter navigation system. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2016; 27(Suppl. 1): S3-4.
427. Hilbert S, Sommer P, Gutberlet M, Gaspar T, Foldyna B, Piorkowski C et al. Realtime magnetic resonance-guided ablation of typical right atrial flutter using a combination of active catheter tracking and passive catheter visualization in man: initial results from a consecutive patient series. Europace 2016; 18: 572-7.
428. Perlman O, Katz A, Amit G, Zigel Y. Supraventricular tachycardia classification in the 12-lead ECG using atrial waves detection and a clinically based tree scheme. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2015; PP, 99: 1-1.
429. Gollob MH, Green MS, Tang AS, Gollob T, Karibe A, Ali Hassan AS et al. Identification of a gene responsible for familial Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1823-31.
430. Wolf CM, Arad M, Ahmad F, Sanbe A, Bernstein SA, Toka O et al. Reversibility of PRKAG2 glycogen-storage cardiomyopathy and electrophysiological manifestations. Circulation 2008; 117: 144-54.
431. Tan HL, van der Wal AC, Campian ME, Kruyswijk HH, ten Hove Jansen B, van Doorn DJ et al. Nodoventricular accessory pathways in PRKAG2-dependent familial preexcitation syndrome reveal a disorder in cardiac development. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2008; 1: 276-81.
432. Lalani SR, Thakuria JV, Cox GF, Wang X, Bi W, Bray MS et al. 20p12.3 microdeletion predisposes to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with variable neurocognitive deficits. J Med Genet 2009; 46: 168-75.
433. Weyhrauch DL, Ye D, Boczek NJ, Tester DJ, Gavrilova RH, Patterson MC et al. Whole exome sequencing and heterologous cellular electrophysiology studies elucidate a novel loss-of-function mutation in the CACNA1A-encoded neuronal P/Q-type calcium channel in a child with congenital hypotonia and developmental delay. Pediatr Neurol 2016; 55: 46-51.
434. Baruscotti M, Bianco E, Bucchi A, DiFrancesco D. Current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for inappropriate sinus tachycardia: role of the I(f) 'funny' current. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2016; 46: 19-28.
435. Josephson ME Electrophysiology at a crossroads. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4: 658-61.