Photosensitizers in prostate cancer therapy

Oncotarget

Volumn 8, Issue 18, 2017, Pages 30524-30538

  Gheewala, Taher ^a   Skwor, Troy ^b   Munirathinam, Gnanasekar ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b Starr Science Building   (United States)

Author keywords

Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitizers; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE; LUTETIUM TEXAPHYRIN; PADOPORFIN; PHOTOFRIN; TEMOPORFIN; VERTEPORFIN; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; GENETICS; MALE; METABOLISM; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PROCEDURES; PROSTATE TUMOR;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MALE; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 85018956032     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19492553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15496     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Cancer Facts & Figures 2016. American Cancer Society. 2016
2. Eggener SE, Coleman JA. Focal treatment of prostate cancer with vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy. ScientificWorldJournal. 2008; 8: 963-73. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2008.127
3. Poissonnier L, Chapelon JY, Rouviere O, Curiel L, Bouvier R, Martin X, Dubernard JM, Gelet A. Control of prostate cancer by transrectal HIFU in 227 patients. Eur Urol. 2007; 51: 381-7. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.04.012
4. Onik G. The male lumpectomy: rationale for a cancer targeted approach for prostate cryoablation. A review. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2004; 3: 365-70
5. Windahl T, Andersson SO, Lofgren L. Photodynamic therapy of localised prostatic cancer. Lancet. 1990; 336: 1139
6. Zaak D, Sroka R, Höppner M, Khoder W, Reich O, Tritschler S, Muschter R, Knüchel R, Hofstetter A. Photodynamic Therapy by Means of 5-ALA Induced PPIX in Human Prostate Cancer-Preliminary Results. Medical Laser Application. 2003; 18: 91-5. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1078/1615-1615-00092
7. Dolmans DE, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Photodynamic therapy for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003; 3: 380-7. doi: 10.1038/nrc1071
8. Rutkowska-Zbik D, Witko M. Metallobacteriochlorophylls as potential dual agents for photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. J Mol Model. 2013; 19: 4155-61. doi: 10.1007/s00894-012-1747-y
9. Yoon I, Li JZ, Shim YK. Advance in photosensitizers and light delivery for photodynamic therapy. Clin Endosc. 2013; 46: 7-23. doi: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.7
10. Wilson BC. Photodynamic therapy for cancer: principles. Can J Gastroenterol. 2002; 16: 393-6
11. Agostinis P, Berg K, Cengel KA, Foster TH, Girotti AW, Gollnick SO, Hahn SM, Hamblin MR, Juzeniene A, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J, Mroz P, et al. Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011; 61: 250-81. doi: 10.3322/caac.20114
12. Hoi SW, Wong HM, Chan JY, Yue GG, Tse GM, Law BK, Fong WP, Fung KP. Photodynamic therapy of Pheophorbide a inhibits the proliferation of human breast tumour via both caspase-dependent and-independent apoptotic pathways in in vitro and in vivo models. Phytother Res. 2012; 26: 734-42 doi: 10.1002/ptr.3607
13. Simone CB, 2nd, Friedberg JS, Glatstein E, Stevenson JP, Sterman DH, Hahn SM, Cengel KA. Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2012; 4: 63-75. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2011.11.05
14. Chung PS, He P, Shin JI, Hwang HJ, Lee SJ, Ahn JC. Photodynamic therapy with 9-hydroxypheophorbide alpha on AMC-HN-3 human head and neck cancer cells: induction of apoptosis via photoactivation of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Cancer Biol Ther. 2009; 8: 1343-51
15. Leggett CL, Gorospe EC, Wang KK. Endoscopic therapy for Barrett's esophagus and early esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2013; 42: 175-85. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2012.11.010
16. Qumseya BJ, David W, Wolfsen HC. Photodynamic Therapy for Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Carcinoma. Clin Endosc. 2013; 46: 30-7. doi: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.30
17. Bergstrom LC, Vucenik I, Hagen IK, Chernomorsky SA, Poretz RD. In-vitro photocytotoxicity of lysosomotropic immunoliposomes containing pheophorbide a with human bladder carcinoma cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1994; 24: 17-23
18. Xu DD, Lam HM, Hoeven R, Xu CB, Leung AW, Cho WC. Photodynamic therapy induced cell death of hormone insensitive prostate cancer PC-3 cells with autophagic characteristics. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2013; 10: 278-87. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.01.002
19. Pegaz B, Debefve E, Ballini JP, Wagnieres G, Spaniol S, Albrecht V, Scheglmann DV, Nifantiev NE, van den Bergh H, Konan-Kouakou YN. Photothrombic activity of m-THPC-loaded liposomal formulations: pre-clinical assessment on chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006; 28: 134-40. doi: 10.1016/j. ejps.2006.01.008
20. Kachatkou D, Sasnouski S, Zorin V, Zorina T, D'Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Unusual photoinduced response of mTHPC liposomal formulation (Foslip). Photochem Photobiol. 2009; 85: 719-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00466.x
21. Petri A, Yova D, Alexandratou E, Kyriazi M, Rallis M. Comparative characterization of the cellular uptake and photodynamic efficiency of Foscan(R) and Fospeg in a human prostate cancer cell line. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2012; 9: 344-54. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.03.008
22. Silva AK, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Bonneau S, Marangon I, Boggetto N, Aubertin K, Clement O, Bureau MF, Luciani N, Gazeau F, Wilhelm C. Magnetic and photoresponsive theranosomes: translating cell-released vesicles into smart nanovectors for cancer therapy. ACS Nano. 2013; 7: 4954-66 doi: 10.1021/nn400269x
23. Marchal S, Francois A, Dumas D, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Relationship between subcellular localisation of Foscan and caspase activation in photosensitised MCF-7 cells. Br J Cancer. 2007; 96: 944-51. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603631
24. Yow CM, Mak NK, Leung AW, Huang Z. Induction of early apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by mTHPC-mediated photocytotoxicity. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2009; 6: 122-7. doi: 10.1016/j. pdpdt.2009.06.003
25. Gharehbaghi K, Kubin A, Grusch M, Gharehbaghi-Schnell E, Wierrani F, Jayaram HN, Grunberger W, Szekeres T. Photodynamic action of meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) on an ovarian cancer cell line. Anticancer Res. 2000; 20: 2647-52
26. Gyenge EB, Hiestand S, Graefe S, Walt H, Maake C. Cellular and molecular effects of the liposomal mTHPC derivative Foslipos in prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2011; 8: 86-96. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.02.001
27. Park C, Lee I, Kang WK. Lovastatin-induced E2F-1 modulation and its effect on prostate cancer cell death. Carcinogenesis. 2001; 22: 1727-31
28. Moore CM, Nathan TR, Lees WR, Mosse CA, Freeman A, Emberton M, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy using meso tetra hydroxy phenyl chlorin (mTHPC) in early prostate cancer. Lasers Surg Med. 2006; 38: 356-63. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20275
29. Chang SC, Buonaccorsi G, MacRobert A, Bown SG. Interstitial and transurethral photodynamic therapy of the canine prostate using meso-tetra-(m-hydroxyphenyl) chlorin. Int J Cancer. 1996; 67: 555-62. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960807)67:4 < 555::aid-ijc15 > 3.0.co;2-6
30. Selman SH, Albrecht D, Keck RW, Brennan P, Kondo S. Studies of tin ethyl etiopurpurin photodynamic therapy of the canine prostate. J Urol. 2001; 165: 1795-801
31. Zimmermann A, Walt H, Haller U, Baas P, Klein SD. Effects of chlorin-mediated photodynamic therapy combined with fluoropyrimidines in vitro and in a patient. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2003; 51: 147-54. doi: 10.1007/s00280-002-0549-9
32. van Laar JA, Rustum YM, Ackland SP, van Groeningen CJ, Peters GJ. Comparison of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine with 5-fluorouracil and their role in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1998; 34: 296-306
33. Kelleher DK, Thews O, Scherz A, Salomon Y, Vaupel P. Perfusion, oxygenation status and growth of experimental tumors upon photodynamic therapy with Pdbacteriopheophorbide. Int J Oncol. 2004; 24: 1505-11
34. Eymerit-Morin C, Zidane M, Lebdai S, Triau S, Azzouzi AR, Rousselet MC. Histopathology of prostate tissue after vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy for localized prostate cancer. Virchows Arch. 2013; 463: 547-52. doi: 10.1007/s00428-013-1454-9
35. Trachtenberg J, Bogaards A, Weersink RA, Haider MA, Evans A, McCluskey SA, Scherz A, Gertner MR, Yue C, Appu S, Aprikian A, Savard J, Wilson BC, et al. Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with palladiumbacteriopheophorbide photosensitizer for recurrent prostate cancer following definitive radiation therapy: assessment of safety and treatment response. J Urol. 2007; 178: 1974-9; discussion 9. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.07.036
36. Trachtenberg J, Weersink RA, Davidson SR, Haider MA, Bogaards A, Gertner MR, Evans A, Scherz A, Savard J, Chin JL, Wilson BC, Elhilali M. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (padoporfin, WST09) for recurrent prostate cancer after failure of external beam radiotherapy: a study of escalating light doses. BJU Int. 2008; 102: 556-62 doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07753.x
37. Weersink RA, Bogaards A, Gertner M, Davidson SR, Zhang K, Netchev G, Trachtenberg J, Wilson BC. Techniques for delivery and monitoring of TOOKAD (WST09)-mediated photodynamic therapy of the prostate: clinical experience and practicalities. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2005; 79: 211-22 doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.01.008
38. Weersink RA, Forbes J, Bisland S, Trachtenberg J, Elhilali M, Brun PH, Wilson BC. Assessment of cutaneous photosensitivity of TOOKAD (WST09) in preclinical animal models and in patients. Photochem Photobiol. 2005; 81: 106-13. doi: 10.1562/2004-05-31-ra-182
39. Selman SH, Keck RW, Hampton JA. Transperineal photodynamic ablation of the canine prostate. J Urol. 1996; 156: 258-60
40. Chen Q, Huang Z, Luck D, Beckers J, Brun PH, Wilson BC, Scherz A, Salomon Y, Hetzel FW. Preclinical studies in normal canine prostate of a novel palladiumbacteriopheophorbide (WST09) photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of prostate cancers. Photochem Photobiol. 2002; 76: 438-45. doi: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076 < 0438:psincp > 2.0.co;2
41. Huang Z, Chen Q, Dole KC, Barqawi AB, Chen YK, Blanc D, Wilson BC, Hetzel FW. The effect of Tookad-mediated photodynamic ablation of the prostate gland on adjacent tissues-in vivo study in a canine model. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2007; 6: 1318-24. doi: 10.1039/b705984a
42. Huang Z, Chen Q, Luck D, Beckers J, Wilson BC, Trncic N, Larue SM, Blanc D, Hetzel FW. Studies of a vascularacting photosensitizer, Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (Tookad), in normal canine prostate and spontaneous canine prostate cancer. Lasers Surg Med. 2005; 36: 390-7. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20177
43. Huang Z, Chen Q, Trncic N, LaRue SM, Brun PH, Wilson BC, Shapiro H, Hetzel FW. Effects of Pdbacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD)-mediated photodynamic therapy on canine prostate pretreated with ionizing radiation. Radiat Res. 2004; 161: 723-31
44. Dole KC, Chen Q, Hetzel FW, Whalen LR, Blanc D, Huang Z. Effects of photodynamic therapy on peripheral nerve: in situ compound-action potentials study in a canine model. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005; 23: 172-6. doi: 10.1089/pho.2005.23.172
45. Koudinova NV, Pinthus JH, Brandis A, Brenner O, Bendel P, Ramon J, Eshhar Z, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Photodynamic therapy with Pd-Bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD): successful in vivo treatment of human prostatic small cell carcinoma xenografts. Int J Cancer. 2003; 104: 782-9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.11002
46. Plaks V, Koudinova N, Nevo U, Pinthus JH, Kanety H, Eshhar Z, Ramon J, Scherz A, Neeman M, Salomon Y. Photodynamic therapy of established prostatic adenocarcinoma with TOOKAD: a biphasic apparent diffusion coefficient change as potential early MRI response marker. Neoplasia. 2004; 6: 224-33. doi: 10.1593/neo.3352
47. Arumainayagam N, Moore CM, Ahmed HU, Emberton M. Photodynamic therapy for focal ablation of the prostate. World J Urol. 2010; 28: 571-6. doi: 10.1007/s00345-010-0554-2
48. Brandis A, Mazor O, Neumark E, Rosenbach-Belkin V, Salomon Y, Scherz A. Novel water-soluble bacteriochlorophyll derivatives for vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy: synthesis, solubility, phototoxicity and the effect of serum proteins. Photochem Photobiol. 2005; 81: 983-93. doi: 10.1562/2004-12-01-ra-389
49. Azzouzi AR, Barret E, Bennet J, Moore C, Taneja S, Muir G, Villers A, Coleman J, Allen C, Scherz A, Emberton M. TOOKAD(R) Soluble focal therapy: pooled analysis of three phase II studies assessing the minimally invasive ablation of localized prostate cancer. World J Urol. 2015; 33: 945-53. doi: 10.1007/s00345-015-1505-8
50. Heidenreich A, Bastian PJ, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Joniau S, van der Kwast T, Mason M, Matveev V, Wiegel T, Zattoni F, Mottet N. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent-update 2013. Eur Urol. 2014; 65: 124-37. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.09.046
51. Lebdai S, Villers A, Barret E, Nedelcu C, Bigot P, Azzouzi AR. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of salvage radical prostatectomy after Tookad(R) Soluble focal treatment for localized prostate cancer. World J Urol. 2015; 33: 965-71. doi: 10.1007/s00345-015-1493-8
52. Davidson SR, Weersink RA, Haider MA, Gertner MR, Bogaards A, Giewercer D, Scherz A, Sherar MD, Elhilali M, Chin JL, Trachtenberg J, Wilson BC. Treatment planning and dose analysis for interstitial photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer. Phys Med Biol. 2009; 54: 2293-313 doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/8/003
53. Moore CM, Azzouzi AR, Barret E, Villers A, Muir GH, Barber NJ, Bott S, Trachtenberg J, Arumainayagam N, Gaillac B, Allen C, Schertz A, Emberton M. Determination of optimal drug dose and light dose index to achieve minimally invasive focal ablation of localised prostate cancer using WST11-vascular-targeted photodynamic (VTP) therapy. BJU Int. 2015; 116: 888-96. doi: 10.1111/bju.12816
54. Hsi RA, Kapatkin A, Strandberg J, Zhu T, Vulcan T, Solonenko M, Rodriguez C, Chang J, Saunders M, Mason N, Hahn S. Photodynamic therapy in the canine prostate using motexafin lutetium. Clin Cancer Res. 2001; 7: 651-60
55. Zhu TC, Dimofte A, Finlay JC, Stripp D, Busch T, Miles J, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Tochner Z, Glatstein E, Hahn SM. Optical properties of human prostate at 732 nm measured in mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2005; 81: 96-105. doi: 10.1562/2004-06-25-ra-216
56. Zhu TC, Hahn SM, Kapatkin AS, Dimofte A, Rodriguez CE, Vulcan TG, Glatstein E, Hsi RA. In vivo optical properties of normal canine prostate at 732 nm using motexafin lutetium-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2003; 77: 81-8
57. Du KL, Mick R, Busch TM, Zhu TC, Finlay JC, Yu G, Yodh AG, Malkowicz SB, Smith D, Whittington R, Stripp D, Hahn SM. Preliminary results of interstitial motexafin lutetium-mediated PDT for prostate cancer. Lasers Surg Med. 2006; 38: 427-34. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20341
58. Finlay JC, Zhu TC, Dimofte A, Stripp D, Malkowicz SB, Busch TM, Hahn SM. Interstitial fluorescence spectroscopy in the human prostate during motexafin lutetium-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2006; 82: 1270-8. doi: 10.1562/2005-10-04-ra-711
59. Verigos K, Stripp DC, Mick R, Zhu TC, Whittington R, Smith D, Dimofte A, Finlay J, Busch TM, Tochner ZA, Malkowicz S, Glatstein E, Hahn SM. Updated results of a phase I trial of motexafin lutetium-mediated interstitial photodynamic therapy in patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2006; 25: 373-87
60. Zhu TC, Finlay JC, Hahn SM. Determination of the distribution of light, optical properties, drug concentration, and tissue oxygenation in-vivo in human prostate during motexafin lutetium-mediated photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2005; 79: 231-41. doi: 10.1016/j. jphotobiol.2004.09.013
61. Bunting PS. A guide to the interpretation of serum prostate specific antigen levels. Clin Biochem. 1995; 28: 221-41
62. Long R, Giri S, Diver S, Duddy L, McKeown D, Moran K. Effect of prostate manipulation on the serum levels of complexed prostate-specific antigen and total prostatespecific antigen. Int J Urol. 2006; 13: 947-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01445.x
63. Collins GN, Martin PJ, Wynn-Davies A, Brooman PJ, O'Reilly PH. The effect of digital rectal examination, flexible cystoscopy and prostatic biopsy on free and total prostate specific antigen, and the free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio in clinical practice. J Urol. 1997; 157: 1744-7
64. Leibovici D, Zisman A, Lindner A, Stav K, Siegel YI. PSA elevation during prostate cryosurgery and subsequent decline. Urol Oncol. 2005; 23: 8-11. doi: 10.1016/j. urolonc.2004.06.005
65. Kupeli S, Soygur T, Yilmaz E, Aytac S. Effect of transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate on serum prostate specific antigen concentration. BJU Int. 1999; 83: 783-5
66. Patel H, Mick R, Finlay J, Zhu TC, Rickter E, Cengel KA, Malkowicz SB, Hahn SM, Busch TM. Motexafin lutetiumphotodynamic therapy of prostate cancer: short-and longterm effects on prostate-specific antigen. Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 14: 4869-76. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0317
67. Pogue BW, O'Hara JA, Demidenko E, Wilmot CM, Goodwin IA, Chen B, Swartz HM, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in the radiation-induced fibrosarcoma-1 tumor causes enhanced radiation sensitivity. Cancer Res. 2003; 63: 1025-33
68. Yu G, Durduran T, Zhou C, Zhu TC, Finlay JC, Busch TM, Malkowicz SB, Hahn SM, Yodh AG. Real-time in situ monitoring of human prostate photodynamic therapy with diffuse light. Photochem Photobiol. 2006; 82: 1279-84. doi: 10.1562/2005-10-19-ra-721
69. De Rosa FS, Bentley MV. Photodynamic therapy of skin cancers: sensitizers, clinical studies and future directives. Pharm Res. 2000; 17: 1447-55
70. Braathen LR, Szeimies RM, Basset-Seguin N, Bissonnette R, Foley P, Pariser D, Roelandts R, Wennberg AM, Morton CA. Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. International Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology, 2005. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007; 56: 125-43 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.006
71. Nestor MS, Gold MH, Kauvar AN, Taub AF, Geronemus RG, Ritvo EC, Goldman MP, Gilbert DJ, Richey DF, Alster TS, Anderson RR, Bank DE, Carruthers A, et al. The use of photodynamic therapy in dermatology: results of a consensus conference. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006; 5: 140-54
72. Kennedy JC, Pottier RH, Pross DC. Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin IX: basic principles and present clinical experience. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1990; 6: 143-8
73. Taub AF. Photodynamic therapy: other uses. Dermatol Clin. 2007; 25: 101-9. doi: 10.1016/j.det.2006.09.007
74. Wolf P, Rieger E, Kerl H. Topical photodynamic therapy with endogenous porphyrins after application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. An alternative treatment modality for solar keratoses, superficial squamous cell carcinomas, and basal cell carcinomas? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993; 28: 17-21
75. Cairnduff F, Stringer MR, Hudson EJ, Ash DV, Brown SB. Superficial photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid for superficial primary and secondary skin cancer. Br J Cancer. 1994; 69: 605-8
76. Zaak D, Sroka R, Stocker S, Bise K, Lein M, Hoppner M, Frimberger D, Schneede P, Reich O, Kriegmair M, Knuchel R, Baumgartner R, Hofstetter A. Photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer by means of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX-in vivo experiments on the dunning rat tumor model. Urol Int. 2004; 72: 196-202. doi: 10.1159/000077114
77. Bozzini G, Colin P, Betrouni N, Maurage CA, Leroy X, Simonin S, Martin-Schmitt C, Villers A, Mordon S. Efficiency of 5-ALA mediated photodynamic therapy on hypoxic prostate cancer: a preclinical study on the Dunning R3327-AT2 rat tumor model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2013; 10: 296-303. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.01.003
78. Chang SC, Buonaccorsi GA, MacRobert AJ, Bown SG. Interstitial photodynamic therapy in the canine prostate with disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine and 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX. Prostate. 1997; 32: 89-98
79. Nakai Y, Anai S, Kuwada M, Miyake M, Chihara Y, Tanaka N, Hirayama A, Yoshida K, Hirao Y, Fujimoto K. Photodynamic diagnosis of shed prostate cancer cells in voided urine treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid. BMC Urol. 2014; 14: 59. doi: 10.1186/1471-2490-14-59
80. Fukuhara H, Inoue K, Kurabayashi A, Furihata M, Shuin T. Performance of 5-aminolevulinic-acid-based photodynamic diagnosis for radical prostatectomy. BMC Urol. 2015; 15:78 doi: 10.1186/s12894-015-0073-y
81. Scott LJ, Goa KL. Verteporfin. Drugs Aging. 2000; 16: 139-46; discussion 47-8
82. Huang J, Wu S, Barrera J, Matthews K, Pan D. The Hippo signaling pathway coordinately regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by inactivating Yorkie, the Drosophila Homolog of YAP. Cell. 2005; 122: 421-34. doi: 10.1016/j. cell.2005.06.007
83. Xu MZ, Yao TJ, Lee NP, Ng IO, Chan YT, Zender L, Lowe SW, Poon RT, Luk JM. Yes-associated protein is an independent prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2009; 115: 4576-85. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24495
84. Zhao B, Ye X, Yu J, Li L, Li W, Li S, Yu J, Lin JD, Wang CY, Chinnaiyan AM, Lai ZC, Guan KL. TEAD mediates YAP-dependent gene induction and growth control. Genes Dev. 2008; 22: 1962-71. doi: 10.1101/gad.1664408
85. Xu MZ, Chan SW, Liu AM, Wong KF, Fan ST, Chen J, Poon RT, Zender L, Lowe SW, Hong W, Luk JM. AXL receptor kinase is a mediator of YAP-dependent oncogenic functions in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene. 2011; 30: 1229-40. doi: 10.1038/onc.2010.504
86. Lu L, Li Y, Kim SM, Bossuyt W, Liu P, Qiu Q, Wang Y, Halder G, Finegold MJ, Lee JS, Johnson RL. Hippo signaling is a potent in vivo growth and tumor suppressor pathway in the mammalian liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107: 1437-42. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0911427107
87. Brodowska K, Al-Moujahed A, Marmalidou A, Meyer Zu Horste M, Cichy J, Miller JW, Gragoudas E, Vavvas DG. The clinically used photosensitizer Verteporfin (VP) inhibits YAP-TEAD and human retinoblastoma cell growth in vitro without light activation. Exp Eye Res. 2014; 124: 67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.011
88. Nguyen LT, Tretiakova MS, Silvis MR, Lucas J, Klezovitch O, Coleman I, Bolouri H, Kutyavin VI, Morrissey C, True LD, Nelson PS, Vasioukhin V. ERG Activates the YAP1 Transcriptional Program and Induces the Development of Age-Related Prostate Tumors. Cancer Cell. 2015; 27: 797-808 doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.05.005
89. Chen B, Pogue BW, Zhou X, O'Hara JA, Solban N, Demidenko E, Hoopes PJ, Hasan T. Effect of tumor host microenvironment on photodynamic therapy in a rat prostate tumor model. Clin Cancer Res. 2005; 11: 720-7
90. Chen B, Crane C, He C, Gondek D, Agharkar P, Savellano MD, Hoopes PJ, Pogue BW. Disparity between prostate tumor interior versus peripheral vasculature in response to verteporfin-mediated vascular-targeting therapy. Int J Cancer. 2008; 123: 695-701. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23538
91. Takamiya KI, Tsuchiya T, Ohta H. Degradation pathway(s) of chlorophyll: what has gene cloning revealed? Trends Plant Sci. 2000; 5: 426-31
92. Roeder B, Naether D, Lewald T, Braune M, Nowak C, Freyer W. Photophysical properties and photodynamic activity in vivo of some tetrapyrroles. Biophys Chem. 1990; 35: 303-12
93. Yano T, Uozumi T, Kawamoto K, Mukada K, Onda J, Ito A, Fujimoto N. Photodynamic therapy for rat pituitary tumor in vitro and in vivo using pheophorbide-a and white light. Lasers Surg Med. 1991; 11: 174-82
94. Sohn TA, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Koniaris L, Kaushal S, Abrams RA, Sauter PK, Coleman J, Hruban RH, Lillemoe KD. Resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas-616 patients: results, outcomes, and prognostic indicators. J Gastrointest Surg. 2000; 4: 567-79
95. Hajri A, Coffy S, Vallat F, Evrard S, Marescaux J, Aprahamian M. Human pancreatic carcinoma cells are sensitive to photodynamic therapy in vitro and in vivo. Br J Surg. 1999; 86: 899-906. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1999.01132.x
96. Chan JY, Tang PM, Hon PM, Au SW, Tsui SK, Waye MM, Kong SK, Mak TC, Fung KP. Pheophorbide a, a major antitumor component purified from Scutellaria barbata, induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Planta Med. 2006; 72: 28-33. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-873149
97. Tang PM, Liu XZ, Zhang DM, Fong WP, Fung KP. Pheophorbide a based photodynamic therapy induces apoptosis via mitochondrial-mediated pathway in human uterine carcinosarcoma. Cancer Biol Ther. 2009; 8: 533-9. doi: 10.4161/cbt.8.6.7694
98. Bui-Xuan NH, Tang PM, Wong CK, Fung KP. Photoactivated pheophorbide-a, an active component of Scutellaria barbata, enhances apoptosis via the suppression of ERK-mediated autophagy in the estrogen receptornegative human breast adenocarcinoma cells MDAMB-231 J Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 131: 95-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.007
99. Della Pietra E, Simonella F, Bonavida B, Xodo LE, Rapozzi V. Repeated sub-optimal photodynamic treatments with pheophorbide a induce an epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells via nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide. 2015; 45: 43-53. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.02.005
100. Wu D, Liu Z, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Tang N, Wang Q, Tao L. Efficacy of 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a in photodynamic therapy of human esophageal squamous cancer cells. Oncol Lett. 2013; 6: 1111-9. doi: 10.3892/ol.2013.1493
101. Lipson RL, Baldes EJ. The photodynamic properties of a particular hematoporphyrin derivative. Arch Dermatol. 1960; 82: 508-16
102. Lipson RL, Baldes EJ, Gray MJ. Hematoporphyrin derivative for detection and management of cancer. Cancer. 1967; 20: 2255-7
103. Diamond I, Granelli SG, McDonagh AF, Nielsen S, Wilson CB, Jaenicke R. Photodynamic therapy of malignant tumours. Lancet. 1972; 2: 1175-7
104. Kelly JF, Snell ME. Hematoporphyrin derivative: a possible aid in the diagnosis and therapy of carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 1976; 115: 150-1
105. Wile AG, Dahlman A, Burns RG, Berns MW. Laser photoradiation therapy of cancer following hematoporphyrin sensitization. Lasers Surg Med. 1982; 2: 163-8
106. McCaughan JS, Jr., Guy JT, Hawley P, Hicks W, Inglis W, Laufman L, May E, Nims TA, Sherman R. Hematoporphyrin-derivative and photoradiation therapy of malignant tumors. Lasers Surg Med. 1983; 3: 199-209
107. Dougherty TJ, Potter WR, Weishaupt KR. The structure of the active component of hematoporphyrin derivative. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1984; 170: 301-14
108. McCaughan JS, Jr., Ellison EC, Guy JT, Hicks WJ, Jones JJ, Laufman LR, May E, Nims TA, Spiridonidis CH, Williams TE. Photodynamic therapy for esophageal malignancy: a prospective twelve-year study. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996; 62: 1005-9; discussion 9-10. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(96)00563-2
109. McCaughan JS, Jr. Photodynamic therapy: a review. Drugs Aging. 1999; 15: 49-68
110. Allen CM, Sharman WM, Van Lier JE. Current status of phthalocyanines in the photodynamic therapy of cancer. Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines. 2001; 05: 161-9 doi: 10.1002/jpp.324
111. Qualls MM, Thompson DH. Chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate delivered via acid-labile diplasmenylcholine-folate liposomes: Intracellular localization and synergistic phototoxicity. International Journal of Cancer. 2001; 93: 384-92. doi: 10.1002/ijc.1339
112. Hong EJ, Choi DG, Shim MS. Targeted and effective photodynamic therapy for cancer using functionalized nanomaterials. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2016; 6: 297-307. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.01.007
113. Duchi S, Ramos-Romero S, Dozza B, Guerra-Rebollo M, Cattini L, Ballestri M, Dambruoso P, Guerrini A, Sotgiu G, Varchi G, Lucarelli E, Blanco J. Development of near-infrared photoactivable phthalocyanine-loaded nanoparticles to kill tumor cells: An improved tool for photodynamic therapy of solid cancers. Nanomedicine. 2016; 12: 1885-97. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.04.014
114. Zhao L, Kim T-H, Kim H-W, Ahn J-C, Kim SY. Enhanced cellular uptake and phototoxicity of Verteporfin-conjugated gold nanoparticles as theranostic nanocarriers for targeted photodynamic therapy and imaging of cancers. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2016; 67: 611-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.047
115. Choi KH, Nam KC, Malkinski L, Choi EH, Jung JS, Park BJ. Size-Dependent Photodynamic Anticancer Activity of Biocompatible Multifunctional Magnetic Submicron Particles in Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecules. 2016; 21. doi: 10.3390/molecules21091187
116. Ludicke F, Gabrecht T, Lange N, Wagnieres G, van den Bergh H, Berclaz L, Major AL. Photodynamic diagnosis of ovarian cancer using hexaminolaevulinate: a preclinical study. Br J Cancer. 2003; 88: 1780-4
117. Zhong W, Celli JP, Rizvi I, Mai Z, Spring BQ, Yun SH, Hasan T. In vivo high-resolution fluorescence microendoscopy for ovarian cancer detection and treatment monitoring. Br J Cancer. 2009; 101: 2015-22 http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v101/n12/suppinfo/6605436s1.html
118. Yurt Lambrecht F, Ocakoglu K, Er O, Ince M, Gunduz C, Kayabasi C. Nuclear imaging potential and in vitro photodynamic activity of symmetrical and asymmetrical zinc phthalocyanines. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm. 2016; 59: 221-7. doi: 10.1002/jlcr.3395
119. Shishkova N, Kuznetsova O, Berezov T. Photodynamic Therapy in Gastroenterology. Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer. 2013; 44: 251-9. doi: 10.1007/s12029-013-9496-4
120. Shao J, Dai Y, Zhao W, Xie J, Xue J, Ye J, Jia L. Intracellular distribution and mechanisms of actions of photosensitizer Zinc(II)-phthalocyanine solubilized in Cremophor EL against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Cancer Letters. 330: 49-56. doi: 10.1016/j. canlet.2012.11.017
121. Maduray K, Odhav B. The in vitro photodynamic effect of laser activated gallium, indium and iron phthalocyanine chlorides on human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2013; 128: 58-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jphotobiol.2013.08.003