Pharmacological interventions for acute pancreatitis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2017, Issue 4, 2017, Pages

  Moggia, Elisabetta ^a   Koti, Rahul ^b   Belgaumkar, Ajay P ^c   Fazio, Federico ^b   Pereira, Stephen P ^d   Davidson, Brian R ^b   Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan ^b  

^a HUMANITAS CLINICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (Italy)

^b ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c ST PETER S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC PANCREATITIS; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; CLINICAL OUTCOME; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; PANCREAS NECROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SEPSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; ACUTE DISEASE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; META ANALYSIS; PANCREATITIS; PANCREATITIS, ACUTE NECROTIZING;

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; PROBIOTIC AGENT;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS; HUMANS; PANCREATITIS; PANCREATITIS, ACUTE NECROTIZING; PROBIOTICS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 85018512655     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011384.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (296)

1. Abraham P, Rodriques J, Moulick N, Dharap S, Chafekar N, Verma PK, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous ulinastatin versus placebo along with standard supportive care in subjects with mild or severe acute pancreatitis. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2013;61(8):535-8. 5449555
2. Balldin G, Borgström A, Genell S, Ohlsson K. The effect of peritoneal lavage and aprotinin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Research in Experimental Medicine. Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin Einschliesslich Experimenteller Chirurgie 1983;183(3):203-13. 5449557
3. Bansal D, Bhalla A, Bhasin DK, Pandhi P, Sharma N, Rana S, et al. Safety and efficacy of vitamin-based antioxidant therapy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology: Official Journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association 2011;17(3):174-9. 5449559
4. Barreda L, Targarona Modena J, Milian W, Portugal J, Sequeiros J, Pando E, et al. Is the prophylactic antibiotic therapy with imipenem effective for patients with pancreatic necrosis? [Es la antibioticoterapia profilactica con Imipenem efectiva en los pacientes con necrosis pancreatica?]. Acta Gastroenterologica Latinoamericana 2009;39(1):24-9. 5449561
5. Berling R, Borgstrom A, Ohlsson K. Peritoneal lavage with aprotinin in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: effects on plasma and peritoneal levels of trypsin and leukocyte proteases and their major inhibitors. International Journal of Pancreatology 1998;24(1):9-17. 5449563
6. Berling R, Genell IS, Ohlsson K. High-dose intraperitoneal aprotinin treatment of acute severe pancreatitis: a double-blind randomized multi-center trial. Journal of Gastroenterology 1994;29(4):479-85. 5449564
7. Berling R, Ohlsson K. Effects of high-dose intraperitoneal aprotinin treatment on complement activation and acute phase response in acute severe pancreatitis. Journal of Gastroenterology 1996;31(5):702-9. 5449565
8. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Boermeester MA, Fischer K, Renooij W, de Smet MB, et al. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in a randomised placebo-controlled trial of probiotic prophylaxis in acute pancreatitis. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2009;21(3):A2-A. 5449567
9. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Akkermans LM, Gooszen HG, Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis - reply. Lancet 2008;372(9633):114. 5449568
10. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Erratum in: Lancet 2008;371(9620):1246. Lancet 2008;371(9613):651-9. 5449569
11. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [Probioticaprofylaxe bij voorspeld ernstige acute pancreatitis: een gerandomiseerde, dubbelblinde, placebogecontroleerde trial.]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2008;152(12):685-96. 5449570
12. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2009;21(3):A8-9. 5449571
13. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371(9613):651-9. 5449572
14. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Renooij W, Smet MB, Boermeester MA, Fischer K, et al. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in a randomized trial of a specific probiotic composition in acute pancreatitis. Annals of Surgery 2009;250(5):712-9. 5449573
15. Besselink MGH, Timmerman HM, Buskens E, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Akkermans LMA, Gooszen HG. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (propatria): design and rationale of a double-blind, placebo controlled randomised multicenter trial [ISCRTN 38327949]. BMC Surgery 2004;4:12. 5449574
16. Besselink MGH, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371(9620):1246. 5449575
17. The Editors of The Lancet. Expression of concern-probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375(9718):875-6. 5449576
18. Birk D, Schoenberg MH, Adler G, Beger HG. Oxidative stress in acute-pancreatitis - results of a prospective randomized clinical pilot-study. Gastroenterology 1994;106(4):A286-A. 5449578
19. Bredkjaer HE, Bülow S, Ebbehøj N, Friis J, Lindewald H, Rasmussen SG, et al. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with indomethacin. A controlled study of the formation of pseudocysts and their subsequent course [Indometacinbehandling ved pancreatitis acuta. En kontrolleret undersogelse af forekomst og forlob af pseudocystedannelse]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1988;150(47):2902-3. 5449580
20. Buchler M, Malfertheiner P, Uhl W, Scholmerich J, Stockmann F, Adler G, et al. Gabexate mesilate in human acute pancreatitis. German pancreatitis study group. Gastroenterology 1993;104(4):1165-70. 5449582
21. Buchler M, Malfertheiner P, Uhl W, Scholmerich J, Stockmann F, Adler G, et al. Gabexate-mesilate in human acute pancreatitis: results from the German multicenter trial with 4 g/day [abstract]. Digestion 1990;46(3):130. 5449583
22. Chen HM, Chen JC, Hwang TL, Jan YY, Chen MF. Prospective and randomized study of gabexate mesilate for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis with organ dysfunction. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2000;47(34):1147-50. 5449585
23. Chen SY, Wang JY. Ulinastatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a multicenter clinical trial. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases 2002;3(2):70-4. 5449587
24. Chen SY, Wang JY. Ulinastatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a multicenter clinical trial. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases 2002;3(2):70-4. 5449589
25. Choi TK, Mok F, Zhan WH, Fan ST, Lai EC, Wong J. Somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Gut 1989;30(2):223-7. 5449591
26. Chooklin S, Vatseba R. N-acetylcysteine and dexamethasone in the prevention of respiratory complications in acute pancreatitis [abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2007;30(Suppl 51):51s [E470]. 5449593
27. Debas HT, Hancock RJ, Soon-Shiong P. Glucagon therapy in acute pancreatitis: prospective randomized double-blind study. Canadian Journal of Surgery 1980;23(6):578-80. 5449595
28. Delcenserie R, Yzet T, Ducroix JP. Prophylactic antibiotics in treatment of severe acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1996;13(2):198-201. 5449597
29. Delcenserie R, Dellion-Lozinguez MP, Pagenault M, Hastier P, Yzet T, Dupas JL, et al. Prophylactic ciprofloxacin treatment in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial. Gastroenterology 2001;120(5):A25-A. 5449599
30. Dellinger EP, Tellado JM, Soto NE, Ashley SW, Barie PS, Dugernier T, et al. Early antibiotic treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Annals of Surgery 2007;245(5):674-83. 5449601
31. Dellinger EP, Tellado JM, Soto NE, Ashley SW, Barie PS, Dugernier T, et al. Re: Early antibiotic treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis - reply. Annals of Surgery 2008;247(2):394-5. 5449602
32. Dürr HK, Kunz R, Zelder O. The treatment of acute pancreatitis with glucagon: a double blind study. Archives Francaises des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif 1975;64(7 Suppl 4):349. 5449604
33. Dürr HK, Maroske D, Zelder O, Bode Ch J. Glucagon therapy in acute pancreatitis. Report of a double-blind trial. Gut 1978;19(3):175-9. 5449605
34. Dürr HK, Zelder O, Maroske D, Bode JC. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with glucagon. Report on a double blind study [Zur behandlung der akuten pankreatitis mit glucagon. Bericht über eine doppelblindstudie]. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin 1976;82 Pt 1:970-3. 5449606
35. Ebbehøj N, Bülow S, Friis J, Madsen P, Svendsen LB. Indomethacin treatment of acute pancreatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Supplement 1984;19(Suppl 98):36. 5449608
36. Ebbehøj N, Friis J, Svendsen B. Indomethacin treatment of acute pancreatitis. A controlled double-blind trial. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1985;20(7):798-800. 5449609
37. Finch WT, Sawyers JL, Schenker S. A prospective study to determine the efficacy of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Annals of Surgery 1976;183(6):667-71. 5449611
38. Freise J, Melzer P. Foy in the treatment of acute-pancreatitis - results of the Hannover multicentric double-blind-study with 50 patients. Zeitschrift Für Gastroenterologie 1985;23(9):429. 5449614
39. Freise J, Melzer P, Schmidt FW, Horbach L. Gabexate mesilate in the treatment of acute pancreatitis - results of the Hannover multicenter double-blind trial with 50 patients [Gabexat mesilat in der behandlung der akuten pankreatitis. Ergebnisse der hannoverschen multizentrischen doppelblindstudie mit 50 patienten]. Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie 1986;24(4):200-11. 5449613
40. Frulloni L, Bassi C, Bovo P, Falconi M, Di Francesco V, Pederzoli P, et al. Gabexate mesilate vs aprotinin in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Argomenti di Gastroenterologia Clinica 1994;7(1):31-6. 5449616
41. Garcia-Barrasa A, Borobia FG, Pallares R, Jorba R, Poves I, Busquets J, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2009;13(4):768-74. 5449618
42. Gilsanz V, Oteyza CP, Rebollar JL. Glucagon vs anticholinergics in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. A double-blind controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 1978;138(4):535-8. 5449620
43. Gjørup I, Roikjaer O, Andersen B, Burcharth F, Hovendal C, Pedersen SA, et al. A double-blinded multicenter trial of somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 1992;175(5):397-400. 5449623
44. Gjørup I, Roikjær O, Andersen B, Burcharth F, Hovendal C, Pedersen SA, et al. Somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis a double-blind multicenter trial [abstract]. Digestion 1990;46(3):140. 5449622
45. Goebell H, Ammann R, Akovbiantz A. Calcitonin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. A multi centre double blind study. Irish Journal of Medical Science 1977;146(Suppl 1):105. 5449625
46. Goebell H, Ammann R, Herfarth C. A double-blind trial of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1979;14(7):881-9. 5449626
47. Goebell H. Multicenter double-blind trial of low-dose intravenous proteinase-inhibitor (foy-r) in patients with acute-pancreatitis. Zeitschrift Für Gastroenterologie 1988;26(9):447. 5449628
48. Goebell H. Multicenter double-blind-study of gabexate-mesilate (foy), given intravenously in low-dose in acute-pancreatitis. Digestion 1988;40(2):83-. 5449629
49. Grupo Español Cooperativo para el Estudio de la Somatostatina en el Tratamiento de la Pancreatitis Aguda Grave. [Somatostatina en el tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda grave: ensayo clínico multicentrico, controlado, con asignación aleatoria y doble ciego. Presentación de resultados en el análisis secuencial]. Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas 1996;88(10):717-8. 5449631
50. Guo H, Chen J, Suo D. Clinical efficacy and safety of ulinastatin plus octreotide for patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi [Chinese Medical Journal] 2015;95(19):1471-4. [PUBMED: 26178495]5449633
51. Hansky J. The use of a peptidase inhibitor in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Medical Journal of Australia 1969;1(25):1284-5. 5449635
52. Hejtmankova S, Cech P, Hoskovec D, Kostka R, Leffler J, Kasalicky M, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis: randomized multicenter prospective study with meropenem. Gastroenterology 2003;124(4):A85-A. 5449637
53. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC. A single centre double blind trial of trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis. Irish Journal of Medical Science 1977;146(suppl.1):no.103. 5449641
54. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC. A single-centre double-blind trial of trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 1978;65(5):337-41. 5449642
55. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC. Single centre double-blind trial of trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis. Gut 1977;18(11):A957-A8. 5449643
56. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC, McKay AJ, Mackenzie I, Oneill J, et al. Single center double-blind trial of trasylol therapy in primary acute-pancreatitis. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 1978;2(11):954. 5449639
57. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC, Thomson WO, McKay AJ, Blumgart LH. Single-center double-blind trial of aprotinin (trasylol) therapy in primary acute-pancreatitis. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1978;60(2):142. 5449640
58. Imrie CW, McKay AJ, Neill JO, Campbell FC, Gordon DA, Lang JA. Short duration megadosage iv trasylol in primary acute pancreatitis - a double-blind trial [abstract]. Gut 1980;21(Suppl 21):A457. 5449645
59. Beger HG, Isenmann R. Discussion on prophylactic antibiotic treatment in patients with predicted severe pancreatitis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial - reply. Gastroenterology 2004;127(3):1016-7. 5449647
60. Isenmann R, Ruenzi M, Kron M, Goebell H, Beger HG. Prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 2003;124(4):A32-A. 5449648
61. Isenmann R, Runzi M, Kron M, Kahl S, Kraus D, Jung N. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Gastroenterology 2004;126(4):997-1004. [see comment]. 5449649
62. Johnson CD, Kingsnorth AN, Imrie CW, McMahon MJ, Neoptolemos JP, McKay C, et al. Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of a platelet activating factor antagonist, lexipafant, in the treatment and prevention of organ failure in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 2001;48(1):62-9. 5449651
63. Kingsnorth AN. Early treatment with lexipafant, a platelet activating factor antagonist reduces mortality in acute pancreatitis: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Gastroenterology 1997;112(4):A453-A. 5449652
64. Toh SKC. Lexipafant, a platelet activation factor (paf) antagonist, reduces mortality in a randomised placebo-controlled study in patients with severe acute pancreatitis [abstract]. Gut 1997;40(Suppl 1):A12. 5449653
65. Kalima TV, Lempinen M. The effect of zinc-protamine-glucagon in acute pancreatitis. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae 1980;69(6):293-5. 5449655
66. Galloway SW, Formela L, Kingsnorth AN. A double blind placebo controlled study of bb-882 (a potent paf antogonist) in human acute pancreatitis. Gut 1994;35(Suppl 5):T139. 5449657
67. Galloway SW, Formela L, Kingsnorth AN. A double-blind placebo controlled study of lexipafant (a potent paf antagonist) in acute pancreatitis. Gut 1995;36(3):A478. 5449658
68. Kingsnorth AN, Galloway SW, Formela LJ. Randomized, double-blind phase ii trial of lexipafant, a platelet-activating factor antagonist, in human acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 1995;82(10):1414-20. 5449659
69. Kirsch A, Werner U, Heinze D. Proteinase inhibiting agents and glucagon in acute pancreatitis (author's transl). Zentralblatt für Chirurgie 1978;103(5):291-303. 5449661
70. Kronborg O, Bulow S, Joergensen PM, Svendsen LB. A randomized double-blind trial of glucagon in treatment of first attack of severe acute pancreatitis without associated biliary disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1980;73(5):423-5. 5449663
71. Kronborg O, Jorgensen PM, Bulow S. Controlled randomized trial of glucagon in treatment of 1st attack of severe acute-pancreatitis without associated biliary disease, interim-report. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1976;11:13. 5449664
72. Llukacaj A, Naco M, Mandi A, Rakipi B, Kodra N. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29(Suppl 50):28. 5449666
73. Luengo L, Gómez R, Castellote M, Ros S, Feliu F, Vadillo J. Influence of somatostatin in the evolution of acute pancreatitis. Cirugía Española 1994;56(Suppl 1):11-2. 5449668
74. Luengo L, Vicente V, Gris F, Coronas JM, Escuder J, Gomez JR, et al. Influence of somatostatin in the evolution of acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study. International Journal of Pancreatology 1994;15(2):139-44. 5449669
75. Luiten EJ, Hop WC, Lange JF, Bruining HA. Controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Annals of Surgery 1995;222(1):57-65. 5449671
76. Marek TA, Dziurkowska-Marek A, Nowak A, Kacperek-Hartleb T, Sierka E, Nowakowska-Dulawa E. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ascorbic acid in human acute pancreatitis. Gut 1999;45(Suppl. V):A315. 5449673
77. Martinez E, Navarrete F. A controlled trial of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. World Journal of Surgery 1984;8(3):354-9. 5449675
78. McKay C, Baxter J, Imrie C. A randomized, controlled trial of octreotide in the management of patients with acute pancreatitis. International Journal of Pancreatology 1997;21(1):13-9. 5449677
79. McKay C, Baxter JN, Imrie CW. Octreotide in acute-pancreatitis - a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Surgery 1994;81(12):1814-. 5449678
80. Curran FJM, Sharples CE, Young CA, Curtis L, McKay CJ, Baxter JN, et al. Controlled trial of lexipafant in severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1995;11(4):424. 5449680
81. McKay CJ, Curran F, Sharples C, Baxter JN, Imrie CW. Prospective placebo-controlled randomized trial of lexipafant in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 1997;84(9):1239-43. 5449681
82. McKay CJ, Imrie CW. Prospective placebo-controlled randomized trial of lexipafant in predicted severe acute pancreatitis - reply. British Journal of Surgery 1998;85(2):280. 5449682
83. Moreau J, Bommelaer G, Buscail L, Benque A, Jacob C, Galleyrand J, et al. Preliminary-results of a multicentric double-blind trial of somatostatin (s) vs placebo (p) in acute-pancreatitis (ap). Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1986;31(10):S24-S. 5449684
84. Death from acute pancreatitis. M.R.C. Multicentre trial of glucagon and aprotinin. Lancet 1977;2(8039):632-5. 5449686
85. Nordback I, Sand J, Saaristo R, Paajanen H. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis--a single-center randomized study. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery: Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2001;5(2):113-8. 5449688
86. Ohair DP, Hoffman RG, Schroeder H, Wilson SD. Octreotide in the treatment of acute-pancreatitis - a prospective, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 1993;104(4):A326-A. 5449690
87. Olah A, Belagyi T, Poto L, Romics Jr L, Bengmark S. Synbiotic control of inflammation and infection in severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective, randomized, double blind study. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2007;54(74):590-4. 5449692
88. Paran H, Neufeld D, Mayo A, Shwartz I, Singer P, Kaplan O, et al. Preliminary report of a prospective randomized study of octreotide in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 1995;181(2):121-4. 5449694
89. Bassi C, Cavallini G, Bovo P, Bonora A, Vesentini S, Pederzoli P. Gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis (ap). The Italian multicentric trial. International Journal of Pancreatology 1992;12(1):76. 5449696
90. Bassi C, Vesentini S, Campedelli A, Nifosi F, Girelli R, Falconi M, et al. Imipenem prophylaxis in necrotizing pancreatitis: results of a multicenter study. International Journal of Pancreatology 1992;12(1):77. 5449697
91. Pederzoli P, Bassi C, Vesentini S, Campedelli A. A randomized multicenter clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis with imipenem. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 1993;176(5):480-3. 5449698
92. Bassi C, Cavallini G, Bovo P, Bonora A, Vesentini S, Pederzoli P. Gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis (ap). The Italian multicentric trial. International Journal of Pancreatology 1992;12(1):76. 5449700
93. Bassi C, DiCarlo V, Zerbi A, Galloro V, Uomo G, Fontana G, et al. Role of imipenem (i) in preventing infected necrosis (in) during acute pancreatitis (np) results of the Italian multicenter study [abstract]. Digestion 1992;52(2):68. 5449701
94. Pederzoli P, Cavallini G, Falconi M, Bassi C. Gabexate mesilate vs aprotinin in human acute pancreatitis (ga.Me.P.A.): A prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter study. International Journal of Pancreatology 1993;14(2):117-24. 5449702
95. Perezdeoteyza C, Rebollar JL, Ballarin M, Chantres MT, Alonso A, Marin J, et al. Controlled treatment of acute-pancreatitis - double-blind-study with cimetidine [Tratamiento controlado de la pancreatitis aguda. Ensayo doble ciego con cimetidina]. Revista Clinica Española 1980;158(6):263-6. 5449704
96. Kyhala L, Lindstrom O, Kylanpaa L, Mustonen H, Puolakkainen P, Kemppainen E, et al. Activated protein C retards recovery from coagulopathy in severe acute pancreatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016;76(1):10-6. 5449706
97. Pettila V, Kyhala L, Kylanpaa ML, Leppaniemi A, Tallgren M, Markkola A, et al. APCAP - activated protein C in acute pancreatitis: a double-blind randomized human pilot trial. Critical Care 2010;14(4):R139. 5449707
98. Plaudis H, Boka V, Pupelis G. Early low volume oral synbiotic/prebiotic supplemented enteral stimulation of the gut in patients with sap: randomized double blind prospective study. HPB 2010;12(Suppl 1):49. 5449709
99. Poropat G, Giljaca V, Licul V, Hauser G, Milic S, Stimac D. Imipenem prophylaxis for predicted severe acute pancreatitis-preliminary results of a randomized clinical trial. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2015;3(5 Suppl):A172. 5449711
100. Rokke O, Harbitz TB, Liljedal J, Pettersen T, Fetvedt T, Heen LO, et al. Early treatment of severe pancreatitis with imipenem: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2007;42(6):771-6. 5449713
101. Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Taavitsainen M, Kivisaari L, Valtonen V, et al. Early antibiotic treatment in acute necrotising pancreatitis. Lancet 1995;346(8976):663-7. 5449715
102. Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Taavitsainen M, Kivisaari L, Valtonen V, et al. Early antibiotic-treatment in acute necrotizing pancreatitis - a prospective randomized study. Gastroenterology 1994;106(4):A319-A. 5449716
103. Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Taavitsainen M, Kivisaari L, Valtonen V, et al. Prophylactic antibiotic-treatment in acute necrotizing pancreatitis - a prospective randomized study. Gastroenterology 1993;104(4):A332-A. 5449717
104. Sateesh J, Bhardwaj P, Singh N, Saraya A. Effect of antioxidant therapy on hospital stay and complications in patients with early acute pancreatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Tropical Gastroenterology 2009;30(4):201-6. 5449719
105. Sharma B, Srivastava S, Singh N, Sachdev V, Kapur S, Saraya A. Role of probiotics on gut permeability and endotoxemia in patients with acute pancreatitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2011;45(5):442-8. 5449721
106. Sillero C, Perez-Mateo M, Vazquez N, Martin A. Controlled trial of cimetidine in acute pancreatitis. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1981;21(1):17-21. 5449723
107. Sinwardena AK, Mason JM, Balachandra S, Bagul A, Galloway S, Formela L, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, trial of high-dose intravenous anti-oxidant therapy in severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2006;130(4):A83-A. 5449725
108. Siriwardena AK, Mason JM, Balachandra S, Bagul A, Galloway S, Formela L, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of intravenous antioxidant (n-acetylcysteine, selenium, vitamin c) therapy in severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 2007;56(10):1439-44. 5449726
109. Hubaczova M, Spicak J, Antos F, Bartova I, Cech P, Kasalicky P, et al. The role of antibiotic treatment in severe form of acute pancreatitis: a randomized prospective study. Gastroenterology 2001;120(5):A645-A. 5449729
110. Hubaczová M, Spicák J, Antós F, Bártová I, Cech P, Kasalický M, et al. The role of antibiotic treatment in severe form of acute pancreatitis: a randomized prospective study [abstract]. Gut 2000;47(Suppl III):A142. 5449728
111. Spicak J, Hubaczova M, Antos F, Bartova J, Cech P, Kasalicky M, et al. Antibiotics in the treatment of acute pancreatitis - findings from a randomized multi-centre prospective study [Antibiotika v léčb akutní pankreatitidy - poučení z randomizonvané multicentrické prospektivni studie]. Ceska a Slovenska Gastroenterologie a Hepatologie 2002;56(5):183-9. 5449730
112. Spicak J, Hejtmankova S, Hubaczova M, Antos F, Bartova J, Cech P, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of infectious complications of acute pancreatitis - the results of randomised study by meropenem [Antibiotiká profylaxe infekĉních komplikací u akutní pankreatitidy - výsledky randomizonvané studie s meropenemem]. Ceska a Slovenska Gastroenterologie a Hepatologie 2003;57(6):222-7. 5449732
113. Storck G, Persson B. Trasylol treatment of acute pancreatitis. A double-blind study [Trasylol vid akut pankreatit. En dubbel-blindstudie]. Nordisk Medicin 1968;79(20):651-3. 5449734
114. Trapnell JE. Controlled study of aprotinin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis [Etude controlee de l'aprotinine dans le traitement de la pancreatie aigue]. Annales de Chirurgie 1976;30(3):201. 5449739
115. Trapnell JE, Rigby CC, Talbot CH, Duncan EH. A controlled trial of trasylol in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 1974;61(3):177-82. 5449736
116. Trapnell JE, Rigby CC, Talbot CH, Duncan EH. Controlled study on trasylol in the treatment of acute pancreatitis [Eine kontrollierte prufung von trasylol bie der behandlung der akuten pankreatitis]. Die Medizinische Welt 1974;25(50):2106-11. 5449737
117. Trapnell JE, Talbot CH, Capper WM. Trasylol in acute pancreatitis. The American Journal of Digestive Diseases 1967;12(4):409-12. 5449738
118. Tykka HT, Vaittinen EJ, Mahlberg KL. A randomized double-blind study using cana2edta, a phospholipase a2 inhibitor, in the management of human acute pancreatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1985;20(1):5-12. 5449741
119. Uhl W, Buchler MW, Malfertheiner P, Beger HG, Adler G, Gaus W. A randomised, double blind, multicentre trial of octreotide in moderate to severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 1999;45(1):97-104. 5449743
120. Uhl W, Malfertheiner P, Adler G, Bruch HP, Lankisch PG, Lorenz D, et al. A randomized controlled multicentric trial on the role of octreotide in human acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1997;112(4):A488-A. 5449744
121. Usadel KH, Uberla KK, Leuschner U. Treatment of acute-pancreatitis with somatostatin - results of the multicenter double-blind trial (apts-study). Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1985;30(10):992. 5449746
122. Valderrama R, Pérez-Mateo M, Navarro S, Vázquez N, Sanjosé L, Adrián MJ, et al. Multicenter double-blind trial of gabexate mesylate (foy) in unselected patients with acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1992;51(2):65-70. 5449748
123. Vege SS, Atwal T, Bi Y, Chari ST, Clemens MA, Enders FT. Pentoxifylline treatment in severe acute pancreatitis: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2015;149(2):318-20.e3. 5449750
124. Vege SS, Atwal T, Chari ST, Pearson RK, Loftus CG, Enders F, et al. Pentoxifylline treatment in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2013;144(Suppl 1):S111-2. 5449751
125. Wang X, Li W, Niu C, Pan L, Li N, Li J. Thymosin alpha 1 is associated with improved cellular immunity and reduced infection rate in severe acute pancreatitis patients in a double-blind randomized control study. Inflammation 2011;34(3):198-202. 5449753
126. Wang G, Wen J, Wilbur RR, Wen P, Zhou SF, Xiao X. The effect of somatostatin, ulinastatin and salvia miltiorrhiza on severe acute pancreatitis treatment. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2013;346(5):371-6. 5449755
127. Wang R, Yang F, Guo Z, Yi Z, Huang L, Hu B, et al. Alleviation of acute pancreatitis with octreotide and celecoxib-a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2013;28(Suppl):16-7. 5449757
128. Wang R, Yang F, Guo Z, Yi Z, Huang L, Tang C. Alleviation of acute pancreatitis with octreotide and celecoxib: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2013;144(Suppl 1):S139. 5449758
129. Wang R, Yang F, Guo ZZ, Yi ZH, Huang LB, Hu B, et al. Alleviation of acute pancreatitis with octreotide and celecoxib: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Journal of Digestive Diseases 2014;15(Suppl 1):8. 5449759
130. Wang R, Yang F, Wu H, Wang Y, Huang Z, Hu B, et al. High-dose versus low-dose octreotide in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Peptides 2013;40:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.12.018]5449761
131. Wang R, Yang F, Wu H, Wang YF, Hu B, Zhang MG, et al. Octreotide at high dose in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2012;142(5):S62. 5449762
132. Wang G, Liu Y, Zhou SF, Qiu P, Xu L, Wen P, et al. Effect of somatostatin, ulinastatin and gabexate on the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2016;351(5):506-12. 5449764
133. Xia YX, Liu XZ, Zhang XD, Shang PJ, Guo J. Efficacy and safety of omeprazole combined with somatostatin in treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi [World Chinese Journal of Digestology] 2014;22(8):1179-83. 5449766
134. Xue P, Deng LH, Zhang ZD, Yang XN, Wan MH, Song B, et al. Effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on acute necrotizing pancreatitis: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia) 2009;24(5):736-42. 5449768
135. Yang JQ, Wang P, Zhong J, Liu YK, Liu ZJ. A controlled study of somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Journal of Jinan University 1999;20(2):50-2. 5449770
136. Yang F, Wu H, Li Y, Li Z, Wang C, Yang J, et al. Prevention of severe acute pancreatitis with octreotide in obese patients: a prospective multi-center randomized controlled trial. Pancreas 2012;41(8):1206-12. 5449772
137. Zhu YM, Lin S, Dang XW, Wang M, Li L, Sun RQ, et al. Effects of probiotics in treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi [World Chinese Journal of Digestology] 2014;22(32):5013-7. 5449774
138. Akzhigitov GN. Use of monoaminoxidase inhibitor vetrazine in the treatment of acute pancreatitis [Primenenie ingibitora monoaminoksidazy vetrazina pri lechenii ostrogo pankreatita]. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 1968;40(10):82-4. 5449776
139. Akzhigitov GN, Grach Z, Rubtsova LK, Koroleva VG, Pozdniakova VP. Use of glycocycline in the treatment of patients with acute pancreatitis and cholepancreatitis. Antibiotiki 1969;14(2):174-8. 5449778
140. Al-Leswas D, Arshad A, Eltweri A, Chung WY, Al-Taan O, Pollard C, et al. An omega-3 rich lipid emulsion is associated with improved clinical outcome in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised double-blind controlled trial. British Journal of Surgery 2013;100(Suppl 4):2. 5449780
141. Al-Leswas D, Chung WY, Eltweri A, Arshad A, Al-Taan O, Pollard C, et al. Evaluation of the acute inflammatory response to omega-3 fatty acids in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Pancreatology 2013;13(1):e6. 5449782
142. Al-Leswas D, Chung WY, Eltweri A, Stephenson J, Arshad A, Pollard C, et al. Evaluation of the cytokines response to omega-3 fatty acids in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(Suppl 1):S2. 5449784
143. Al-Leswas D, Eltweri A, Arshad A, Chung WY, Al-Taan O, Pollard C, et al. Progression of the early warning scores (ews) in severe acute pancreatitis patients treated with omega-3 fish oil: a randomised control trial. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(Suppl 1):S47-S8. 5449786
144. Al-Leswas D, Eltweri A, Arshad A, Chung WY, Stephenson J, Pollard C, et al. An omega-3 rich lipid emulsion is associated with fewer new organ failures, less systemic inflammatory response syndrome and improves the outcome in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised double-blind, phase ii control trial. Pancreatology 2013;13(1):e2. 5449788
145. Al-Leswas D, Eltweri A, Chung WY, Al-Taan O, Arshad A, Pollard C, et al. An omega-3 rich lipid emulsion is associated with fewer new organ failures, less systemic inflammatory response syndrome and improves the outcome in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: A randomised double-blind, phase ii control trial. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(Suppl 1):S2-3. 5449790
146. Al-Leswas D, Eltweri A, Hall T, Stephenson J, Pollard C, Garcea G, et al. Safety and tolerability of two parenteral lipid emulsions in patients with severe acute pancreatitis as measured by serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(Suppl 1):S49-50. 5449792
147. Amundsen E. The use of protease inhibitors during acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis. Experimental findings and clinical implications. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae Fenniae 1972;61(5):284-7. 5449794
148. Andersson RG. Probiotics in acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 2008;95(8):941-2. 5449796
149. Baden H, Jordal K, Lund F, Zachariae F. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of trasylol. Preliminary results in acute pancreatitis and in prophylaxis against postoperative pancreatitis. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 1967;378(Suppl):97-102. 5449798
150. Baden H, Jordal K, Lund F, Zachariae F. Prophylactic and curative action of trasylol in pancreatitis; a double blind trial. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1969;4(3):291-5. 5449800
151. Bai YT, Guo XZ, Li HY, Shao XD, Cui ZM, Wang D, et al. Therapeutic effect of ulinastatin vs gabexate mesilate in management of acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi [World Chinese Journal of Digestology] 2013;21(14):1339-42. 5449802
152. Bassi C, Falconi M, Talamini G, Uomo G, Papaccio G, Dervenis C, et al. Controlled clinical trial of pefloxacin versus imipenem in severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1998;115(6):1513-7. 5449804
153. Beechey-Newman N, Lee W, Wilkinson M, Grogono J, McPherson GAD. Treatment with high dose octreotide improves the clinical course of acute pancreatitis [abstract]. Gut 1991;32(Suppl.5):A558. 5449806
154. Beechey-Newman N. Controlled trial of high-dose octreotide in treatment of acute pancreatitis. Evidence of improvement in disease severity. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1993;38(4):644-7. 5449808
155. Beger HG. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis - a single-center randomized study - commentary. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2001;5(2):119-20. 5449810
156. Bender HJ, Albrecht MD, Quintel M, Ackern K. Use of octreotidacetate (sandostatin) in the treatment of necrotising haemorrhagic pancreatitis. Der Anaesthesist 1992;41(Suppl 2):S130. 5449812
157. Binder M, Buchler M, Uhl W, Friess H, Dennler HJ, Beger HG. Octreotide in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: results of an unicentric prospective trial with three different octreotide dosages [Octreotide bei akuter pankreatitis: Ergebnisse einer unizentrischen prospektiven studie mit drei verschiedenen octreotide-dosierungen]. Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie 1993;Suppl 1 Forumband:233-8. 5449814
158. Binder M, Uhl W, Friess H, Malfertheiner P, Buchler MW. Octreotide in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: results of a unicenter prospective trial with three different octreotide dosages. Digestion 1994;55(Suppl 1):20-3. 5449816
159. Brown A. Prophylactic antibiotic use in severe acute pancreatitis: Hemlock, help, or hype?. Gastroenterology 2004;126(4):1195-8. 5449818
160. Buchler M, Malfertheiner P, Uhl W, Wolf HR, Schwab G, Beger HG. Gabexate mesilate in the therapy of acute pancreatitis. Multicenter study of tolerance of a high intravenous dose (4 g/day) [Gabexat-mesilat in der therapie der akuten pankreatitis. Multicenterstudie zur vertraglichkeit einer hohen intravenosen dosis (4 g/Tag)]. Medizinische Klinik 1988;83(10):320-4, 52. 5449820
161. Cameron JL, Mehigan D, Zuidema GD. Evaluation of atropine in acute pancreatitis. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics 1979;148(2):206-8. 5449822
162. Cheng YX, Wang M, Cheng X. Effect of dachaihu decoction in treating acute mild pancreatitis of gan-qi stagnant type. Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zqzhi [Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine] 2008;28(9):793-6. 5449824
163. Cullimore J, Cotter L, Gonzalez A. Antibiotics in acute necrotising pancreatitis [author reply]. Lancet 2008;371(9618):1072. 5449826
164. Curtis LD. Lexipafant(bb-882), a potent PAF antagonist in acute pancreatitis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1997;416:361-3. 5449828
165. D'Amico D, Favia G, Biasiato R, Casaccia M, Falcone F, Fersini M, et al. The use of somatostatin in acute pancreatitis--results of a multicenter trial. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1990;37(1):92-8. 5449830
166. Da Silveira EBV, Barkin JS. Antibiotic prophylaxis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2002;97(6):1557-9. 5449832
167. De Vries AC, Besselink MG, Buskens E, Ridwan BU, Schipper M, van Erpecum KJ, et al. Randomized controlled trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis: relationship between methodological quality and outcome. Pancreatology 2007;7(5-6):531-8. 5449834
168. Dikkenberg GM. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and informed consent procedure [author reply - 4] [Probioticaprofylaxe bij voorspeld ernstige acute pancreatitis; gerandomiseerde, dubbelblinde, placebogecontroleerde trial en informed-consentprocedure]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2008;152(28):1592. 5449836
169. Dreiling DA, Nacchiero M, Kaplan . I. Is there a place for steroids in the treatment of pancreatic inflammation?. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1977;67(1):21-8. 5449838
170. Du W, Shen D, Huang C, Zhou Y. Effect of high-dose vitamin C on cellular immunity of patients with acute pancreatitis. Wei Chang Bing Xue [Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology] 2002;7(4):213-5. 5449840
171. Du WD, Yuan ZR, Sun J, Tang JX, Cheng AQ, Shen DM, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of high-dose vitamin c on acute pancreatitis and its potential mechanisms. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2003;9(11):2565-9. 5449842
172. Dürr GH, Schaefers A, Maroske D, Bode JC. A controlled study on the use of intravenous fat in patients suffering from acute attacks of pancreatitis. Infusionstherapie und Klinische Ernahrung 1985;12(3):128-33. 5449844
173. Freise J, Schmidt FW, Maferstedt P, Schmid K. Gabexate mesilate and camostate: New inhibitors of phospholipase a2 and their influence on the alpha-amylase activity in serum of patients with acute pancreatitis. Clinical Biochemistry 1985;18(4):224-9. 5449846
174. Friess H, Hofbauer B, Buchler MW. The role of somatostatin and octreotide in pancreatic surgery and in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Digestive Surgery 1994;11(3-6):445-50. 5449848
175. Gabryelewicz A, Niewiarowski S. Activation of blood clotting and inhibition of fibrinolysis in acute pancreatitis. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 1968;20(3):409-14. 5449850
176. Gabryelewicz A, Olszewski S, Szalaj W, Puchalski Z, Stasiewicz J. Heparin and glucagon treatment of acute pancreatitis--results (author's transl) [Wyniki leczenia ostrego zapalenia trzustki za pomoca heparyny lub glukagonu]. Przeglad Lekarski 1976;33(2):323-8. 5449852
177. Gao Q, Liang N. Integrated traditional Chinese medicine improves acute pancreatitis via the downregulation of prss1 and spink1. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2015;9(3):947-54. 5449854
178. Garcia DA, Gonzalez JA, Rodriguez N, Britton CS, Hinojo E, Quintanilla C, et al. Utility of synbiotic therapy in acute pancreatitis. A double blind randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology 2005;128(4 Suppl 2):A173-A. 5449856
179. Gostishchev VK, Lutsevich EV, Tolstykh PI, Vladimirov VG, Sergienko VI. [effectiveness of proteolysis inhibitors in treatment of acute pancreatitis]. Khirurgiia 1977, (7):87-92. 5449858
180. Guo Z, Wang R, Tang C. Effect of octreotide on plasma levels of somatostatin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with acute pancreatitis: A prospective single-center randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2013;144(5 Suppl):S566. 5449860
181. Hajdu N, Belagyi T, Issekutz A, Bartek P, Gartner B, Olah A. Intravenous glutamine and early nasojejunal nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis -- a prospective randomized clinical study [Intravenas glutamin es korai nasojejunalis taplalas egyuttes alkalmazasa sulyos acut pancreatitisben -- prospektiv randomizalt kettos vak kontrollalt klinikai vizsgalat]. Magyar sebeszet 2012;65(2):44-51. 5449862
182. Harinath G, O'Riordan B. Prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of glyceryl trinitrate in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopacreatography-induced pancreatitis (Br J Surg 2001;88:1178-82). The British Journal of Surgery 2002;89(5):628-9; discussion 9. 5449864
183. Hart PA, Bechtold ML, Marshall JB, Choudhary A, Puli SR, Roy PK. Prophylactic antibiotics in necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Southern Medical Journal 2008;101(11):1126-31. 5449866
184. He XL, Ma QJ, Lu JG, Chu YK, Du XL. Effect of total parenteral nutrition (tpn) with and without glutamine dipeptide supplementation on outcome in severe acute pancreatitis (sap). Clinical Nutrition, Supplement 2004;1(1):43-7. 5449868
185. Helton S, Nordback I, Rattner DW, Gloor B, Kumar A, Sarr MG, et al. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis - a single-center randomized study - discussion. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2001;5(2):118-9. 5449870
186. Hoekstra JH. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and informed consent procedure [Probioticaprofylaxe bij voorspeld ernstige acute pancreatitis; gerandomiseerde, dubbelblinde, placebogecontroleerde trial en informed-consentprocedure]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2008;152(28):1591-2; author reply 3-4. 5449872
187. Holub K, Om P. Treatment of acute pancreatitis using glucagon [Glukagonbehandlung der akuten pankreatitis]. Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie 1974;99(24):748-50. 5449874
188. Howard TJ. As good as it gets: the study of prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis. Annals of Surgery 2007;245(5):684-5. 5449876
189. Howes R, Zuidema GD, Cameron JL. Evaluation of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Journal of Surgical Research 1975;18(2):197-200. 5449878
190. Huang XX, Wang XP, Ma JJ, Jing DD, Wang PW, Wu K. Effects of enteral nutrition supplemented with glutamine and arginine on gut barrier in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. National Medical Journal of China 2008;88(34):2407-9. 5449880
191. Issekutz A, Olah A, Bengmark S. Early enteral supply of lactobacilli + fibre vs. Placebo + fibre in severe acute pancreatitis - a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2002;40(5):338. 5449882
192. Ivanov Iu V, Chudnykh SM, Mozgalin AG. Effectiveness of mexidol in acute pancreatitis [Effektivnost' meksidola pri ostrom pankreatite]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 2002;80(9):44-6. 5449884
193. Jiang LS, Fang PS, Xu ZH. Controlled trial of calcium channel blocker, rou gui qing, and -receptor blocker for treatment of 80 patients with acute pancreatitis. Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Clinical Hepatology] 1988;4(4):48. 5449886
194. Karakan T, Ergun M, Dogan I, Cindoruk M, Unal S. Comparison of early enteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis with prebiotic fiber supplementation versus standard enteral solution: a prospective randomized double-blind study. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007;13(19):2733-7. 5449888
195. Karakoyunlar O, Sivrel E, Tanir N, Denecli AG. High dose octreotide in the management of acute pancreatitis. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1999;46(27):1968-72. 5449890
196. Karavanov AG, Osingolts SL. The use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid in the treatment of acute pancreatits [Primenenie epsilon-aminokapronovoi kisloty (E-AKK) v lechenii ostrykh pankreatitov]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 1966;44(5):13-5. 5449892
197. Lasztity N, Hamvas J, Biró L, Németh E, Marosvölgyi T, Decsi T, et al. Effect of enterally administered n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in acute pancreatitis--a prospective randomized clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 2005;24(2):198-205. 5449894
198. Lasztity N, Pap A, Hamvas J, Biro L, Nemeth E, Marosvolgyi T, et al. Effect of enterally administered n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in acute pancreatitis - a prospective randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology 2005;128(4):A174-A. 5449896
199. Lasztity N, Hamvas J, Biro L, Nemeth E, Marosvolgyi T, Decsi T, et al. Enteral administration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in acute pancreatitis [Az n-3 többszörösen telítetlen zsírsavak enteralis adása akut pancreatitisben - elozetes eredmények]. Lege Artis Medicinae 2006;16(10):848-54. 5449898
200. Lata J, Dít P, Julínková K, Precechtělová M, Prásek J. Effect of octreotide on the clinical course of acute pancreatitis and levels of free oxygen radicals and antioxidants [Vliv octreotidu na klinicky prubeh akutni pankreatitidy a hladinu volnych kyslikovych radikala a antioxidacnich latek]. Vnitrní lékarství 1998;44(9):524-7. 5449900
201. Lata J, Juránková J, Stibůrek O, Príbramská V, Senkyrík M, Vanásek T. Probiotics in acute pancreatitis--a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study [Probiotika u akutni pankreatitidy--randomizovana, placebem kontrolovana, dvojite slepa studie]. Vnitrní lékarství 2010;56(2):111-4. 5449902
202. Lim CL, Lee W, Liew YX, Tang SS, Chlebicki MP, Kwa AL. Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2015;19(3):480-91. 5449904
203. Lu J, Liu CW, Zheng YK, Hu W, Zhu KY, Hu WH. Effects of glutamine in hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Zhongguo Linchuang Yingyang Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition] 2006;14(4):227-30. 5449906
204. Lu HG, Shi YB, Zhao LM, Bai C, Wang X. Role of enteral ebselen and ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose in pancreatitis-associated multiple-organ dysfunction in humans. Journal of Organ Dysfunction 2008;4(1):43-50. 5449908
205. Manes G, Rabitti PG, Menchise A, Riccio E, Balzano A, Uomo G. Prophylaxis with meropenem of septic complications in acute pancreatitis: a randomized, controlled trial versus imipenem. Pancreas 2003;27(4):e79-83. 5449910
206. Manes G, Uomo I, Menchise A, Rabitti PG, Ferrara EC, Uomo G. Timing of antibiotic prophylaxis in acute pancreatitis: a controlled randomized study with meropenem. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(6):1348-53. 5449912
207. McClave SA, Heyland DK, Wischmeyer PE. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2009;33(4):444-6. 5449914
208. Mercadier M, Chigot JP, Clot JP. Has glucagon a value in the treatment of acute pancreatitis? [Le glucagon a-t-il un intert dans le traitement des pancreatites aigues]. Nouvelle Presse Medicale 1973;2(40):2692. 5449916
209. Niu G, Zhao R, Gao F, Zheng D, Liu X, Wu H, et al. Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on intestinal mucosal barrier of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Zhongguo Linchuang Yingyang Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition] 2014;22(6):329-33. 5449918
210. Pearce CB, Sadek SA, Walters AM, Goggin PM, Somers SS, Toh SK, et al. A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial to study the effects of an enteral feed supplemented with glutamine, arginine, and omega-3 fatty acid in predicted acute severe pancreatitis. Journal of the Pancreas 2006;7(4):361-71. 5449920
211. Pederzoli P, Bassi C, Falconi M, De Santis L, Uomo G, Rabitti PG, et al. Gabexate mesilate in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Annali Italiani di Chirurgia 1995;66(2):191-5. 5449922
212. Pezzilli R, Dragonetti C, Innocenti P, Miglioli M. A multicenter, open label, copmarative, randomized study of two schedules of gabexate mesilate (1500 mg/day vs. 900 mg/day) for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. An interim report [abstract]. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1997;29(Suppl 1):A7. Abstract 17. 5449924
213. Pezzilli R, Dragonetti C, Innocenti P, Miglioli M. Amulticenter, open label, comparative, randomized study of two schedules of gabexate mesilate for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis.[abstract]. Gut 1999;45(Suppl V):A315. 5449926
214. Pezzilli R, Miglioli M. Multicentre comparative study of two schedules of gabexate mesilate in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Digestive and Liver Disease 2001;33(1):49-57. 5449928
215. Piascik M, Rydzewska G, Milewski J, Olszewski S, Furmanek M, Walecki J, et al. The results of severe acute pancreatitis treatment with continuous regional arterial infusion of protease inhibitor and antibiotic: a randomized controlled study. Pancreas 2010;39(6):863-7. 5449930
216. Plaudis H, Pupelis G, Zeiza K, Boka V. Early low volume oral synbiotic/prebiotic supplemented enteral stimulation of the gut in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective feasibility study. Acta Chirurgica Belgica 2012;112(2):131-8. 5449932
217. Rahman SH, Catton JA, McMahon MJ. Letter 2: Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis (Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1103-1107) [comment]. British Journal of Surgery 2003;90(1):123. 5449934
218. Ranson JH, Rifkind KM, Turner JW. Prognostic signs and nonoperative peritoneal lavage in acute pancreatitis. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 1976;143(2):209-19. 5449936
219. Reddy BS, MacFie J. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Lancet 2008;372(9633):113-. 5449938
220. Santen GW, Benus RF, van der Werf TS. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and informed consent procedure [Probioticaprofylaxe bij voorspeld ernstige acute pancreatitis; gerandomiseerde, dubbelblinde, placebogecontroleerde trial en informed-consentprocedure]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2008;152(28):1591; author reply 3-4. 5449940
221. Singer A, Tornya P, Skyring A. Double-blind study of trasylol in treatment of acute pancreatitis. Gut 1966;7(3):304-&. 5449942
222. Skyring A, Singer A, Tornya P. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with trasylol: report of a controlled therapeutic trial. British Medical Journal 1965;2(5462):627-9. 5449944
223. Tanaka N, Tsuchiya R, Ishii K. Comparative clinical study of foy and trasylol in acute pancreatitis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1979;120 B:367-78. 5449946
224. Tang WF, Wan MH, Zhu L, Chen GY, Xia Q, Huang X. Immuno-modulatory effect of somatostatin combined with traditional Chinese medicine on severe acute pancreatitis at early stage: a randomized control trial. Zhongxiyi Jiehe Xuebao [Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine] 2005;3(2):103-7. 5449948
225. Tang WF, Wang YG, Zhu L, Wan MH, Chen GY, Xia Q, et al. Effect of somatostatin on immune inflammatory response in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Multiphase Pumping and Technologies Conference and Exhibition 2007 2007;8(2):96-102. 5449950
226. Ukai T, Shikata S, Inoue M, Noguchi Y, Igarashi H, Isaji S, et al. Early prophylactic antibiotics administration for acute necrotizing pancreatitis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Sciences 2015;22(4):316-21. 5449952
227. Usadel KH, Leuschner U, Uberla KK. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with somatostatin: a multicenter double blind study. New England Journal of Medicine 1980;303(17):999-1000. 5449954
228. Venkatesan T. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2008;23(6):662-3. 5449956
229. Villatoro E, Mulla M, Larvin M. Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002941.pub3]5449958
230. Wang X, Li W, Li N, Li J. Omega-3 fatty acids - supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases hyperinflammatory response and attenuates systemic disease sequelae in severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized and controlled study. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2008;32(3):236-41. 5449960
231. Wang X, Li W, Zhang F, Pan L, Li N, Li J. Fish oil-supplemented parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis patients and effects on immune function and infectious risk: a randomized controlled trial. Inflammation 2009;32(5):304-9. 5449962
232. Weismann D, Maier SKG. Activated protein C in acute pancreatitis - a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study [Aktiviertes protein C bei akuter pankreatitis - eine doppelblinde, randomisierte, placebo-kontrollierte studie]. Medizinische Klinik 2010;105(10):747. 5449964
233. Wyncoll DL, Beale RJ. Prospective placebo-controlled randomized trial of lexipafant in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. The British Journal of Surgery 1998;85(2):279-80. 5449966
234. Xiong J, Zhu S, Zhou Y, Wu H, Wang C. Regulation of omega-3 fish oil emulsion on the sirs during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Medical Science 2009;29(1):35-8. 5449968
235. Xu QH, Cai GL, Lu XC, Hu CB, Chen J, Yan J. The effects of omega-3 fish oil lipid emulsion on inflammation-immune response and organ function in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Zhonghua Neike Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine] 2012;51(12):962-5. 5449970
236. Yang JS, Hou Y, Zuo Y. Effect of combined therapy with sandostatin and yiyan mixture in treating severe acute pancreatitis. Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zqzhi [Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine] 2008;28(8):708-10. 5449972
237. Yang SQ, Xu JG. Effect of glutamine on serum interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in patients with severe pancreatitis. Nanfang Yeie Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Southern Medical University] 2008;28(1):129-31. 5449974
238. Yang XN, Deng LH, Xue P, Zhao L, Jin T, Wan MH, et al. Non-preventive use of antibiotics in patients with severe acute pancreatitis treated with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Zhongxiyi Jiehe Xuebao [Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine] 2009;7(4):330-3. 5449976
239. Zapater P, Abad-Santos F, Alcalde-Rubio M, Moreno-Otero R. Do muscarinic receptors play a role in acute pancreatitis? A randomised comparison of pirenzepine and nasogastric suction. Clinical Drug Investigation 2000;20(6):401-8. 5449978
240. Hansen HT, Drube HC, Brüning W, Borm D. Therapy of acute pancreatitis with and without proteinase inhibitor. Comparative clinical studies with trasylol [Behandlung der akuten pankreatitis mit und ohne proteinaseninhibitor. Vergleichende klinische untersuchungen mit trasylol]. Medizinische Klinik 1966;61(32):1254-7. 5449980
241. Perez Oteyza C, Rebollar J, Ballarin M. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with cimetidine. Double-blind controlled trial. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1980;27(Suppl):F8.2. 5449982
242. ChiCTR-IPR-16008301 . The effect of proton pump inhibitors on acute pancreatitis--a randomly prospective control study [The effect of proton pump inhibitors on acute pancreatitis--a randomly prospective control study]. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=14089 (first received 18 April 2016). 5449984
243. EUCTR2014-004844-37-ES . Trial of indomethacin in pancreatitis [A randomized controlled pilot trial of indomethacin in acute pancreatitis]. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2014-004844-37/ES (first received 8 May 2015). 5449986
244. NCT01132521 . Ulinastatin in severe acute pancreatitis [Multicenter, double-bind, randomised, placebo controlled study of ulinastatin in severe acute pancreatitis]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01132521 (first received 26 May 2010). 5449988
245. NCT02025049 . DP-b99 in the treatment of acute high-risk pancreatitis [Pilot trial of intravenous DP-b99 in the treatment of first-ever episode of non-obstructive acute high-risk pancreatitis]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02025049 (first received 25 December 2013). 5449990
246. NCT02212392 . Comparing the outcome in patients of acute pancreatitis, with and without prophylactic antibiotics [Comparing the outcome in patients of acute pancreatitis, with and without prophylactic antibiotics]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02212392 (first received 5 August 2014). 5449992
247. NCT02692391 . A randomized controlled pilot trial of indomethacin in acute pancreatitis [A randomized controlled pilot trial of indomethacin in acute pancreatitis]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02692391 (first received 15 February 2016). 5449994
248. NCT02885441 . Treatment of acute pancreatitis with ketorolac [Treatment of acute pancreatitis with ketorolac]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02885441 (first received 23 August 2016). 5449996
249. Andriulli A, Leandro G, Clemente R, Festa V, Caruso N, Annese V, et al. Meta-analysis of somatostatin, octreotide and gabexate mesilate in the therapy of acute pancreatitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1998;12(3):237-45.
250. Ayub K, Slavin J, Imada R. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in gallstone-associated acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003630.pub3]
251. Bang UC, Semb S, Nojgaard C, Bendtsen F. Pharmacological approach to acute pancreatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008;14(19):2968-76.
252. Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, Sarr MG, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis--2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 2013;62(1):102-11.
253. Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 1992;101(6):1644-55.
254. Bradley EL 3rd. A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. Summary of the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, GA, September 11-13, 1992. Archives of Surgery 1993;128(5):586-90.
255. Dias S, Welton NJ, Sutton AJ, Ades AE. NICE DSU Technical Support Document 1: Introduction to evidence synthesis for decision making, 2012. www.nicedsu.org.uk/TSD1%20Introduction.final.08.05.12.pdf (accessed 27 March 2014).
256. Dias S, Welton NJ, Sutton AJ, Caldwell DM, Lu G, Ades AE. NICE DSU Technical Support Document 4: Inconsistency in networks of evidence based on randomised controlled trials, 2012. www.nicedsu.org.uk/TSD4%20Inconsistency.final.08.05.12.pdf (accessed 27 March 2014).
257. Dias S, Sutton AJ, Welton NJ, Ades AE. NICE DSU Technical Support Document 3: Heterogeneity: subgroups, meta-regression, bias and bias-adjustment, 2012. www.nicedsu.org.uk/TSD3%20Heterogeneity.final%20report.08.05.12.pdf (accessed 27 March 2014).
258. Dias S, Welton NJ, Sutton AJ, Ades AE. NICE DSU technical support document 2: a generalised linear modelling framework for pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, 2013. www.nicedsu.org.uk/TSD2%20General%20meta%20analysis%20corrected%20Mar2013.pdf (accessed 27 March 2014).
259. Egger M, Davey SG, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 1997;315(7109):629-34.
260. Elmunzer BJ, Scheiman JM, Lehman GA, Chak A, Mosler P, Higgins PD, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(15):1414-22.
261. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food, Drug Administration. Guidance for industry adverse reactions section of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products - Content and format. www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm075057.pdf 2006 (accessed 4th July 2014).
262. Gao W, Yang HX, Ma CE. The value of BISAP score for predicting mortality and severity in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 2015;10(6):e0130412.
263. Hampton JR. Clinical trial safety committees: the devil's spoon. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2000;320(7229):244-5.
264. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
265. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
266. Hochman D, Louie B, Bailey R. Determination of patient quality of life following severe acute pancreatitis. Canadian Journal of Surgery 2006;49(2):101-6.
267. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Code of Federal Regulation & ICH Guidelines. Pennsylvania: Barnett International/PAREXEL, 1997.
268. Jiang K, Huang W, Yang XN, Xia Q. Present and future of prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012;18(3):279-84.
269. Lu G, Ades AE. Combination of direct and indirect evidence in mixed treatment comparisons. Statistics in Medicine 2004;23(20):3105-24.
270. Lu G, Ades AE, Sutton AJ, Cooper NJ, Briggs AH, Caldwell DM. Meta-analysis of mixed treatment comparisons at multiple follow-up times. Statistics in Medicine 2007;26(20):3681-99.
271. Masood E. Chief to leave troubled British biotech. Nature 1998; Vol. 393, issue 6683:299.
272. Messori A, Rampazzo R, Scroccaro G, Olivato R, Bassi C, Falconi M, et al. Effectiveness of gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis. A metaanalysis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1995;40(4):734-8.
273. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Clinical trials for medicines: Safety reporting - SUSARs and DSURs. 2013. www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Licensingofmedicines/Clinicaltrials/Safetyreporting-SUSARsandASRs/ (accessed 4 July 2014).
274. Mills EJ, Ioannidis JP, Thorlund K, Schunemann HJ, Puhan MA, Guyatt GH. How to use an article reporting a multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis. JAMA 2012;308(12):1246-53.
275. NCBI . MeSH. NLM Controlled Vocabulary. Pancreas. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68010179 (accessed 4 July 2014).
276. Neumann I, Grassi B, Bdair F, Rada G. Antiproteases for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009426]
277. Newell DJ. Intention-to-treat analysis: implications for quantitative and qualitative research. International Journal of Epidemiology 1992;21(5):837-41.
278. Peery AF, Dellon ES, Lund J, Crockett SD, McGowan CE, Bulsiewicz WJ, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. Gastroenterology 2012;143(5):1179-87.
279. Pendharkar SA, Salt K, Plank LD, Windsor JA, Petrov MS. Quality of life after acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreas 2014;43(8):1194-200.
280. Puhan MA, Schünemann HJ, Murad MH, Li T, Brignardello-Petersen R, Singh JA, et al. A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2014;349:g5630.
281. Rada G, Neumann I, Roa M, Rojas L. Antioxidants for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009049]
282. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
283. Roberts SE, Akbari A, Thorne K, Atkinson M, Evans PA. The incidence of acute pancreatitis: impact of social deprivation, alcohol consumption, seasonal and demographic factors. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;38(5):539-48.
284. Sah RP, Dawra RK, Saluja AK. New insights into the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 2013;29(5):523-30.
285. Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JP. Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(2):163-71.
286. Schmid SW, Uhl W, Friess H, Malfertheiner P, Buchler MW. The role of infection in acute pancreatitis. Gut 1999;45(2):311-6.
287. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS, American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2013;108(9):1400-15.
288. World Health Organization. Essential drugs and medicines - quality assurance and safety of medicines health technology and pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals: restrictions in use and availability. 2001. apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s2203e/s2203e.pdf (accessed on 5 October 2016).
289. Imperial College and MRC. WinBUGS with DoodleBUGS. Version 1.4.3. London, UK: Imperial College and MRC, 2007.
290. Wright SE, Lochan R, Imrie K, Baker C, Nesbitt ID, Kilner AJ, et al. Quality of life and functional outcome at 3, 6 and 12 months after acute necrotising pancreatitis. Intensive Care Medicine 2009;35(11):1974-8.
291. Xu W, Zhou YF, Xia SH. Octreotide for primary moderate to severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Hepato-gastroenterology 2013;60(126):1504-8.
292. Yadav D, Lowenfels AB. Trends in the epidemiology of the first attack of acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreas 2006;33(4):323-30.
293. Yang AL, Vadhavkar S, Singh G, Omary MB. Epidemiology of alcohol-related liver and pancreatic disease in the United States. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(6):649-56.
294. Yang X, Zeng X, Wu T. Lexipafant for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009309]
295. Zhang Y, Chen QB, Gao ZY, Xie WF. Meta-analysis: octreotide prevents post-ERCP pancreatitis, but only at sufficient doses. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009;29(11):1155-64.
296. Gurusamy KS. Pharmacological interventions for acute pancreatitis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011384]