Investigation of inherent differences between oxide supports in heterogeneous catalysis in the absence of structural variations

Journal of Catalysis

Volumn 351, Issue , 2017, Pages 49-58

  Yang, Nuoya ^a   Bent, Stacey F ^a  

^a Stanford University   (United States)

Author keywords

Atomic layer deposition; Oxide support; Rh catalyst; Support effect; Syngas conversion

Indexed keywords

ALUMINA; ALUMINUM OXIDE; ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; DISPERSIONS; SILICA; SILICA GEL; STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES; SYNTHESIS GAS; TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST; OXIDE SUPPORTS; RH CATALYSTS; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES; STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS; SUPPORT EFFECTS; SYNGAS CONVERSION;

CATALYST SUPPORTS;

EID: 85018266244     PISSN: 00219517     EISSN: 10902694     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.04.003     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. [1] Comotti, M., Li, W.C., Spliethoff, B., Schuth, F., Support effect in high activity gold catalysts for CO oxidation. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 2006, 917.
2. [2] Min, B.K., Friend, C.M., Heterogeneous gold-based catalysis for green chemistry: low-temperature CO oxidation and propene oxidation. Chem. Rev., 107, 2007, 2709.
3. [3] Fu, Q., Wagner, T., Interaction of nanostructured metal overlayers with oxide surfaces. Surf. Sci. Rep., 62, 2007, 431.
4. [4] Arrii, S., Morfin, F., Renouprez, a J., Rousset, J.L., Oxidation of CO on gold supported catalysts prepared by laser vaporization: direct evidence of support contribution. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 2004, 1199.
5. [5] Schubert, M.M., Hackenberg, S., van Veen, A.C., Muhler, M., Plzak, V., Behm, R.J., CO oxidation over supported gold catalysts—“inert” and “active” support materials and their role for the oxygen supply during reaction. J. Catal., 197, 2001, 113.
6. [6] Green, I.X., Tang, W., Neurock, M., Yates, J.T., Spectroscopic observation of dual catalytic sites during oxidation of CO on a Au/TiO2 catalyst. Science, 333, 2011, 736.
7. [7] Graciani, J., Mudiyanselage, K., Xu, F., Baber, A.E., Evans, J., Senanayake, S.D., Stacchiola, D.J., Liu, P., Hrbek, J., Sanz, J.F., Rodriguez, J.A., Highly active copper-ceria and copper-ceria-titania catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2. Science, 345, 2014, 546.
8. [8] Batista, M.S., Santos, R.K.S., Assaf, E.M., Assaf, J.M., Ticianelli, E.A., Characterization of the activity and stability of supported cobalt catalysts for the steam reforming of ethanol. J. Power Sources, 124, 2003, 99.
9. [9] Tauster, S.J., Strong metal-support interactions. Acc. Chem. Res., 20, 1987, 389.
10. [10] Yang, L., Shan, S., Loukrakpam, R., Petkov, V., Ren, Y., Wanjala, B.N., Engelhard, M.H., Luo, J., Yin, J., Chen, Y., Zhong, C.-J., Role of support-nanoalloy interactions in the atomic-scale structural and chemical ordering for tuning catalytic sites. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 2012, 15048.
11. [11] Sachtler, W.M.H., Ichikawat, M., Catalytic site requirements for elementary steps in syngas conversion to oxygenates over promoted rhodium. J. Phys. Chem., 90, 1986, 4752.
12. [12] Rodriguez, J.A., Liu, P., Hrbek, J., Evans, J., Pérez, M., Water gas shift reaction on Cu and Au nanoparticles supported on CeO2(1 1 1) and ZnO(0 0 0 1): intrinsic activity and importance of support interactions. Angew. Chem. – Int. Ed., 46, 2007, 1329.
13. [13] Sandoval, A., Gómez-Cortés, A., Zanella, R., Díaz, G., Saniger, J.M., Gold nanoparticles: support effects for the WGS reaction. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 278, 2007, 200.
14. [14] Mul, G., Moulijn, J.A., Preparation of supported metal catalysts. Support. Met. Catal., 2011, 1–40.
15. [15] Munnik, P., de Jongh, P.E., de Jong, K.P., Recent developments in the synthesis of supported catalysts. Chem. Rev., 115, 2015, 6687.
16. [16] Geus, J., Production of supported catalysts by impregnation and viscous drying. Catal. Prep., 2006, CRC Press, 341–372.
17. [17] Denton, P., Giroir-Fendler, A., Praliaud, H., Primet, M., Role of the nature of the support (alumina or silica), of the support porosity, and of the Pt dispersion in the selective reduction of NO by C3H6 under lean-burn conditions. J. Catal., 189, 2000, 410.
18. [18] Katzer, J.R., Sleight, A.W., Gajardo, P., Michel, J.B., Gleason, E.F., McMillan, S., The role of the support in CO hydrogenation selectivity of supported rhodium. Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 72, 1981, 121.
19. [19] Storsater, S., Totdal, B., Walmsley, J., Tanem, B., Holmen, A., Characterization of alumina-, silica-, and titania-supported cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. J. Catal., 236, 2005, 139.
20. [20] Kung, H.H., Ko, E.I., Preparation of oxide catalysts and catalyst supports – a review of recent advances. Chem. Eng. J., 64, 1996, 203.
21. [21] Pierre, A.C., Pajonk, G.M., Chemistry of aerogels and their applications. Chem. Rev., 102, 2002, 4243.
22. [22] Nonneman, L.E.Y., Bastein, A.G.T.M., Ponec, V., Burch, R., Role of impurities in the enhancement of C​2-oxygenates activity. Appl. Catal., 62, 1990, 23.
23. [23] Lillebø, A.H., Patanou, E., Yang, J., Blekkan, E.A., Holmen, A., The effect of alkali and alkaline earth elements on cobalt based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. Catal. Today, 215, 2013, 60.
24. [24] Ermolov, L.V., Slinkin, A.A., Strong metal-carrier interaction and its role in catalysis. Russ. Chem. Rev., 60, 1991.
25. [25] Li, G., Wang, X., Yan, H., Liu, Y., Liu, X., Epoxidation of propylene using supported titanium silicalite catalysts. Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 236, 2002, 1.
26. [26] Sobel, N., Hess, C., Nanoscale structuring of surfaces by using atomic layer deposition. Angew. Chem. – Int. Ed., 54, 2015, 15014.
27. [27] Knez, M., Nielsch, K., Niinistö, L., Synthesis and surface engineering of complex nanostructures by atomic layer deposition. Adv. Mater., 19, 2007, 3425.
28. [28] Lu, J., Elam, J.W., Stair, P.C., Atomic layer deposition—sequential self-limiting surface reactions for advanced catalyst “bottom-up” synthesis. Surf. Sci. Rep., 71, 2016, 410.
29. [29] O'Neill, B.J., Jackson, D.H.K., Lee, J., Canlas, C., Stair, P.C., Marshall, C.L., Elam, J.W., Kuech, T.F., Dumesic, J.A., Huber, G.W., Catalyst design with atomic layer deposition. ACS Catal., 5, 2015, 1804.
30. [30] Singh, J.A., Yang, N., Bent, S.F., Nanoengineering heterogeneous catalysts by atomic layer deposition. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng., 8, 2017, 1 3.1–3.22.
31. [31] Zhang, H., Lei, Y., Kropf, A.J., Zhang, G., Elam, J.W., Miller, J.T., Sollberger, F., Ribeiro, F., Akatay, M.C., Stach, E.A., Dumesic, J.A., Marshall, C.L., Enhancing the stability of copper chromite catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of furfural using ALD overcoating. J. Catal., 317, 2014, 284.
32. [32] Lu, J., Fu, B., Kung, M.C., Xiao, G., Elam, J.W., Kung, H.H., Stair, P.C., Coking- and sintering-resistant palladium catalysts achieved through atomic layer deposition. Science, 335, 2012, 1205.
33. [33] Onn, T.M., Zhang, S., Arroyo-Ramirez, L., Chung, Y.-C., Graham, G.W., Pan, X., Gorte, R.J., Improved thermal stability and methane-oxidation activity of Pd/Al2O3 catalysts by atomic layer deposition of ZrO2. ACS Catal., 5, 2015, 5696.
34. [34] Ma, Z., Brown, S., Howe, J.Y., Overbury, S.H., Dai, S., Surface modification of Au/TiO2 catalysts by SiO2 via atomic layer deposition. J. Phys. Chem. C, 112, 2008, 9448.
35. [35] O'Neill, B.J., Jackson, D.H.K., Crisci, A.J., Farberow, C.A., Shi, F., Alba-Rubio, A.C., Lu, J., Dietrich, P.J., Gu, X., Marshall, C.L., Stair, P.C., Elam, J.W., Miller, J.T., Ribeiro, F.H., Voyles, P.M., Greeley, J., Mavrikakis, M., Scott, S.L., Kuech, T.F., Dumesic, J.A., Stabilization of copper catalysts for liquid-phase reactions by atomic layer deposition. Angew. Chem. – Int. Ed., 52, 2013, 13808.
36. [36] Lee, J., Jackson, D., Li, T., Winans, R.E., Dumesic, J., Kuech, T., Huber, G., Enhanced stability of cobalt catalysts by atomic layer deposition for aqueous-phase reactions. Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 2014, 1657.
37. [37] Feng, H., Lu, J., Stair, P.C., Elam, J.W., Alumina over-coating on Pd nanoparticle catalysts by atomic layer deposition: enhanced stability and reactivity. Catal. Lett., 141, 2011, 512.
38. [38] Lei, Y., Lee, S., Low, K.-B., Marshall, C.L., Elam, J.W., Combining electronic and geometric effects of ZnO-promoted Pt nanocatalysts for aqueous phase reforming of 1-propanol. ACS Catal., 2016, 3457.
39. [39] Mohanty, P., Pant, K.K., Naik, S.N., Parikh, J., Hornung, A., Sahu, J.N., Synthesis of green fuels from biogenic waste through thermochemical route – the role of heterogeneous catalyst: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 38, 2014, 131.
40. [40] Subramani, V., Gangwal, S.K., A review of recent literature to search for an efficient catalytic process for the conversion of syngas to ethanol. Energy Fuels, 22, 2008, 814.
41. [41] Spivey, J.J., Egbebi, A., Heterogeneous catalytic synthesis of ethanol from biomass-derived syngas. Chem. Soc. Rev., 36, 2007, 1514.
42. [42] Fang, K., Li, D., Lin, M., Xiang, M., Wei, W., Sun, Y., A short review of heterogeneous catalytic process for mixed alcohols synthesis via syngas. Catal. Today, 147, 2009, 133.
43. [43] Levin, M.E., Williams, K.J., Salmeron, M., Bell, A.T., Somorjai, G.A., Alumina and titania overlayers on rhodium: a comparison of the chemisorption catalytic properties. Surf. Sci., 195, 1988, 341.
44. [44] Resasco, D.E., Weber, R.S., Sakellson, S., Mcmillan, M., Hailer, G.L., X-ray absorption near-edge structure evidence for direct metal-metal bonding and electron transfer in reduced Rh/TiO, catalysts. J. Phys. Chem., 92, 1988, 189.
45. [45] De Jong, K.P., Glezer, J.H.E., Kuipers, H.P.C.E., Knoester, A., Emeis, C.A., Highly dispersed Rh/SiO2 and Rh/MnO/SiO2 catalysts. 1. Synthesis, characterization, and CO hydrogenation activity. J. Catal., 9, 1990, 520.
46. [46] Ioannides, T., Verykios, X., Influence of the carrier on the interaction of H2 and CO with supported Rh. J. Catal., 140, 1993, 353.
47. [47] Gogate, M.R., Davis, R.J., X-ray absorption spectroscopy of an Fe-promoted Rh/TiO2 catalyst for synthesis of ethanol from synthesis gas. ChemCatChem, 1, 2009, 295.
48. [48] Han, L., Mao, D., Yu, J., Guo, Q., Lu, G., Synthesis of C2-oxygenates from syngas over Rh-based catalyst supported on SiO2, TiO2 and SiO2–TiO2 mixed oxide. Catal. Commun., 23, 2012, 20.
49. [49] Mcquire, M.W., Rochester, C.H., Infrared study of supported rhodium catalysts exposed to CO/H2 mixtures at high pressure and temperature. Ber. Bunsen. Phys. Chem., 97, 1993, 298.
50. [50] Henderson, M.A., Worely, S.D., An infrared study of the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide on supported rhodium catalysts. J. Phys. Chem., 89, 1985, 1417.
51. [51] Trautmann, S., Infrared spectroscopic studies of CO adsorption on rhodium supported by SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2. J. Catal., 150, 1994, 335.
52. [52] Erdohelyi, A., Solymosi, F., Effects of the support on the adsorption and dissociation of CO and on the reactivity of surface carbon on Rh catalysts. J. Catal., 84, 1983, 446.
53. [53] Burch, R., Petch, M.I.I., Investigation of the synthesis of oxygenates from carbon monoxide/hydrogen mixtures on supported rhodium catalysts. Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 88, 1992, 39.
54. [54] Chuang, S.C., Goodwin, J.G., Wender, I., The effect of alkali promotion on CO hydrogenation over Rh TiO2. J. Catal., 95, 1985, 435.
55. [55] Rodríguez, J.A., Hrbek, J., Inverse oxide/metal catalysts: a versatile approach for activity tests and mechanistic studies. Surf. Sci., 604, 2010, 241.
56. [56] Reichl, W., Hayek, K., Vanadium oxide overlayers on rhodium: influence of the reduction temperature on the composition and on the promoting effect in CO hydrogenation. J. Catal., 208, 2002, 422.
57. [57] Boffa, A.B., Lin, C., Bell, A.T., Somorjai, G.A., Lewis acidity as an explanation for oxide promotion of metals: implications of its importance and limits for catalytic reactions. Catal. Lett., 27, 1994, 243.
58. [58] Barrio, L., Estrella, M., Zhou, G., Wen, W., Hanson, J.C., Hungría, A.B., Hornés, A., Fernández-García, M., Martínez-Arias, A., Rodriguez, J.A., Unraveling the active site in copper−ceria systems for the water−gas shift reaction. In situ characterization of an inverse powder CeO2−x/CuO−Cu catalyst. J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 2010, 3580.
59. [59] Levin, M., The characterization of Ti and Al oxide overlayers on rhodium and gold by XPS. Surf. Sci., 195, 1988, 429.
60. [60] Szenti, I., Bugyi, L., Kónya, Z., The promotion of CO dissociation by molybdenum oxide overlayers on rhodium. Surf. Sci., 657, 2017, 1.
61. [61] O'Neill, B.J., Sener, C., Jackson, D.H.K., Kuech, T.F., Dumesic, J.A., Control of thickness and chemical properties of atomic layer deposition overcoats for stabilizing Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. Chemsuschem, 7, 2014, 3247.
62. [62] De Lange, M.F., Vlugt, T.J.H., Gascon, J., Kapteijn, F., Adsorptive characterization of porous solids: error analysis guides the way. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 200, 2014, 199.
63. [63] Christy, A.A., Quantitative determination of surface area of silica gel particles by near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 322, 2008, 248.
64. [64] Wachs, I.E., Deo, G., Kim, D.S., Vuurman, M.A., Hu, H., Molecular design of supported metal oxide catalysts: an initial step to theoretical models. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1993, 543–557.
65. [65] Usman, U., Takaki, M., Kubota, T., Okamoto, Y., Effect of boron addition on a MoO3/Al2O3 catalyst physicochemical characterization. Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 286, 2005, 148.
66. [66] Burch, R., Loader, P.K., Cruise, N.A., An investigation of the deactivation of Rh/alumina catalysts under strong oxidising conditions. Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 147, 1996, 375.
67. [67] Yao, H., Surface interactions in the system Rh/Al2O3. J. Catal., 50, 1977, 407.
68. [68] Dohmae, K., Nonaka, T., Seno, Y., Local structure change of Rh on alumina after treatments in high-temperature oxidizing and reducing environments. Surf. Interface Anal., 37, 2005, 115.
69. [69] Yang, C., Garl, C.W., Infrared studies of carbon monoxide chemisorbed on rhodium. J. Phys. Chem., 61, 1957, 1504.
70. [70] Yates, J.T., Duncan, T.M., Worley, S.D., Vaughan, R.W., Infrared spectra of chemisorbed CO on Rh. J. Chem. Phys., 70, 1979, 1219.
71. [71] Rice, C.A., Worley, S.D., Curtis, C.W., Guin, J.A., Tarrer, A.R., The oxidation state of dispersed Rh on Al2O3. J. Chem. Phys., 74, 1981, 6487.
72. [72] Magee, J.W., Palomino, R.M., White, M.G., Infrared spectroscopy investigation of Fe-promoted Rh catalysts supported on titania and ceria for CO hydrogenation. Catal. Lett., 146, 2016, 1771.
73. [73] Zhang, Z.L., Kladi, A., Verykios, X.E., Structural alterations of highly dispersed Rh/TiO2 catalyst upon CO adsorption and desorption investigated by infrared spectroscopy. J. Mol. Catal., 89, 1994, 229.
74. [74] Van't Blik, H.F.J., Van Zon, J.B.A.D., Huizinga, T., Vis, J.C., Koningsberger, D.C., Prins, R., An extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy study of a highly dispersed rhodium/aluminum oxide catalyst: the influence of carbon monoxide chemisorption on the topology of rhodium. J. Phys. Chem., 87, 1983, 2264.
75. [75] Basu, P., Panayotov, D., Yates, J.T., Rhodium-carbon monoxide surface chemistry: the involvement of surface hydroxyl groups on alumina and silica supports. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 1988, 2074.
76. [76] Zhang, Z.L., Kladi, A., Verykios, X.E., Surface species formed during CO and CO2 hydrogenation over Rh/TiO2 (W6+) catalysts investigated by FTIR and mass-spectroscopy. J. Catal., 156, 1995, 37.
77. [77] Rethwischt, D.G., Dumesic, J.A., Effect of metal-oxygen bond strength on properties of oxides. 1. Infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO and CO2. Langmuir, 2, 1986, 73.
78. [78] Yang, N., Medford, A.J., Liu, X., Studt, F., Bligaard, T., Bent, S.F., Nørskov, J.K., Intrinsic selectivity and structure sensitivity of rhodium catalysts for C2+ oxygenate production. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 2016, 3705.
79. [79] Levin, M.E., Salmeron, M., Bell, A.T., Somorjai, G.A., The effects of titania and alumina overlayers on the hydrogenation of CO over rhodium. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1(83), 1987, 2061.
80. [80] Zhou, S., Zhao, H., Ma, D., Miao, S., Cheng, M., Bao, X., The effect of Rh particle size on the catalytic performance of porous silica supported rhodium catalysts for CO hydrogenation. Z. Phys. Chem., 219, 2005, 949.
81. [81] Du, Y., Chen, D.-A., Tsai, K.-R., Promoter action of rare earth oxides in rhodium/silica catalysts for the conversion of syngas to ethanol. Appl. Catal., 35, 1987, 77.
82. [82] Fisher, I.A., Bell, A.T., A comparative study of CO and CO2 hydrogenation over Rh/SiO2. J. Catal., 162, 1996, 54.
83. [83] Gao, J., Mo, X., Goodwin, J.G. Jr., Evidence of strong metal–oxide interactions in promoted Rh/SiO2 on CO hydrogenation: analysis at the site level using SSITKA. Catal. Today, 160, 2011, 44.
84. [84] Schwartz, V., Campos, A., Egbebi, A., Spivey, J.J., Overbury, S.H., EXAFS and FT-IR characterization of Mn and Li promoted titania-supported Rh catalysts for CO hydrogenation. ACS Catal., 1, 2011, 1298.
85. [85] Haider, M., Gogate, M., Davis, R., Fe-promotion of supported Rh catalysts for direct conversion of syngas to ethanol. J. Catal., 261, 2009, 9.
86. [86] Efstathiou, A., Bennett, C., The CO/H2 reaction on Rh/Al2O3. J. Catal., 120, 1989, 118.
87. [87] Paul, J., Cameron, S.D., Dwyer, D.J., Hoffmann, F.M., The interaction of CO and O2 with the (111) surface of Pt3Ti. Surf. Sci., 177, 1986, 121.
88. [88] Li, W., Ni, C., Lin, H., Huang, C.P., Shah, S.I., Size dependence of thermal stability of TiO2 nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys., 96, 2004, 6663.
89. [89] Trueba, M., Trasatti, S.P., Γ-alumina as a support for catalysts: a review of fundamental aspects. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2005, 2005, 3393.
90. [90] Bagheri, S., Muhd Julkapli, N., Bee Abd Hamid, S., Titanium dioxide as a catalyst support in heterogeneous catalysis. Sci. World J., 2014, 2014, 1.
91. [91] Bechara, R., Balloy, D., Dauphin, J.-Y., Grimblot, J., Influence of the characteristics of γ-aluminas on the dispersion and the reducibility of supported cobalt catalysts. Chem. Mater., 11, 1999, 1703.
92. [92] Solymosi, F., Knözinger, H., Infrared study on the interaction of CO with alumina-supported rhodium. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 86, 1990, 389.
93. [93] Panayotov, D., Ivanova, E., Mihaylov, M., Chakarova, K., Spassov, T., Hadjiivanov, K., Hydrogen spillover on Rh/TiO2: the FTIR study of donated electrons, co-adsorbed CO and H/D exchange. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 2015, 20563.
94. [94] Lu, J., Liu, B., Greeley, J.P., Feng, Z., Libera, J.A., Lei, Y., Bedzyk, M.J., Stair, P.C., Elam, J.W., Porous alumina protective coatings on palladium nanoparticles by self-poisoned atomic layer deposition. Chem. Mater., 24, 2012, 2047.
95. [95] Zhang, H., Gu, X.-K.K., Canlas, C., Kropf, A.J., Aich, P., Greeley, J.P., Elam, J.W., Meyers, R.J., Dumesic, J.A., Stair, P.C., Marshall, C.L., Atomic layer deposition overcoating: tuning catalyst selectivity for biomass conversion. Angew. Chem. – Int. Ed., 53, 2014, 12132.
96. [96] O'Neill, B.J., Jackson, D.H.K., Crisci, A.J., Farberow, C.A., Shi, F., Alba-Rubio, A.C., Lu, J., Dietrich, P.J., Gu, X., Marshall, C.L., Stair, P.C., Elam, J.W., Miller, J.T., Ribeiro, F.H., Voyles, P.M., Greeley, J., Mavrikakis, M., Scott, S.L., Kuech, T.F., Dumesic, J.A., Stabilization of copper catalysts for liquid-phase reactions by atomic layer deposition. Angew. Chem., 125, 2013, 14053.
97. [97] Linsmeier, C., Taglauer, E., Strong metal-support interactions on rhodium model catalysts. Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 391, 2011, 175.
98. [98] Martens, J.H.A., Prins, R., Zandbergen, H., Koningsberger, D.C., Structure of Rh/TiO2 in the normal and the SMSI state as determined by extended X-ray absorption fine structure and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. J. Phys. Chem., 92, 1988, 1903.
99. [99] Matsubu, J.C., Zhang, S., DeRita, L., Marinkovic, N.S., Chen, J.G., Graham, G.W., Pan, X., Christopher, P., Adsorbate-mediated strong metal–support interactions in oxide-supported Rh catalysts. Nat. Chem., 9, 2017, 120.
100. [100] Tauster, S.J., Fung, S.C., Baker, R.T., Horsley, J.A., Strong interactions in supported-metal catalysts. Science, 211, 1981, 1121.
101. [101] Sakellson, S., Mcmillan, M., Haller, G.L., EXAFS evidence for direct metal metal bonding in reduced Rh TiO2 catalysts. J. Phys. Chem., 90, 1986, 1984.
102. [102] Orita, H., Naito, S., Tamaru, K., Improvement of selectivity for C2-oxygenated compounds in CO-H2 reaction over TiO2-supported Rh catalysts by doping alkali metal cations. Chem. Lett., 12, 1983, 1161.
103. [103] Argyle, D.M., Bartholomew, H.C., Heterogeneous catalyst deactivation and regeneration: a review. Catalysts, 5, 2015.
104. [104] Ma, S., Rodriguez, J., Hrbek, J., STM study of the growth of cerium oxide nanoparticles on Au(1 1 1). Surf. Sci., 602, 2008, 3272.
105. [105] Tsakoumis, N.E., Ronning, M., Borg, O., Rytter, E., Holmen, A., Deactivation of cobalt based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts: a review. Catal. Today, 154, 2010, 162.
106. [106] Johnson, R.W., Hultqvist, A., Bent, S.F., A brief review of atomic layer deposition: from fundamentals to applications. Mater. Today, 17, 2014, 236.