Nanoengineering heterogeneous catalysts by atomic layer deposition

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Volumn 8, Issue , 2017, Pages 41-62

  Singh, Joseph A ^a   Yang, Nuoya ^b   Bent, Stacey F ^b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Stanford University   (United States)

Author keywords

Energy; Heterogeneous catalysis; Nanomaterials

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; CATALYST ACTIVITY; CATALYSTS; DEPOSITION; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

3-D NANOSTRUCTURES; CATALYST SYNTHESIS; ENERGY; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST; NANO-ENGINEERING; OPTIMUM CONTROL; RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS; SINGLE SITES;

ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION;

METAL; NANOMATERIAL; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND; OXIDE;

CATALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; DEVICES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SURFACE PROPERTY; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

CATALYSIS; METALS; NANOSTRUCTURES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; OXIDES; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

EID: 85018310472     PISSN: 19475438     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101547     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Lee AF, Bennett JA, Manayil JC, Wilson K. 2014. Heterogeneous catalysis for sustainable biodiesel production via esterification and transesterification. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(22):7887-916
2. Gallezot P. 2008. Catalytic conversion of biomass: challenges and issues. ChemSusChem 1(8-9):734-37
3. Pinaud BA, Benck JD, Seitz LC, Forman AJ, Chen Z, et al. 2013. Technical and economic feasibility of centralized facilities for solar hydrogen production via photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry. Energy Environ. Sci. 6(7):1983-2002
4. Arakawa H, Aresta M, Armor JN, Barteau MA, Beckman EJ, et al. 2001. Catalysis research of relevance to carbon management: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Chem. Rev. 101(4):953-96
5. Wrobleski JT, Boudart M. 1992. Preparation of solid catalysts: an appraisal. Catal. Today 15(3-4):349-60
6. O'Neill BJ, Jackson DHK, Lee J, Canlas C, Stair PC, et al. 2015. Catalyst design with atomic layer deposition. ACS Catal. 5(3):1804-25
7. Schwartz TJ, O'Neill BJ, Shanks BH, Dumesic JA. 2014. Bridging the chemical and biological catalysis gap: challenges and outlooks for producing sustainable chemicals. ACS Catal. 4(6):2060-69
8. Wegener SL, Marks TJ, Stair PC. 2012. Design strategies for the molecular level synthesis of supported catalysts. Acc. Chem. Res. 45(2):206-14
9. Detavernier C, Dendooven J, Sree SP, Ludwig KF, Martens JA. 2011. Tailoring nanoporous materials by atomic layer deposition. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40(11):5242-53
10. Munnik P, de Jongh PE, de Jong KP. 2015. Recent developments in the synthesis of supported catalysts. Chem. Rev. 115(14):6687-718
11. Lu J, Elam JW, Stair PC. 2016. Atomic layer deposition - sequential self-limiting surface reactions for advanced catalyst "bottom-up" synthesis. Surf. Sci. Rep. 71(2):410-72
12. Leskelä M, Ritala M. 2002. Atomic layer deposition (ALD): from precursors to thin film structures. Thin Solid Films 409(1):138-46
13. Suntola T. 1989. Atomic layer epitaxy. Mater. Sci. Rep. 4(5):261-312
14. George SM. 2010. Atomic layer deposition: an overview. Chem. Rev. 110(1):111-31
15. Johnson RW, Hultqvist A, Bent SF. 2014. A brief review of atomic layer deposition: from fundamentals to applications. Mater. Today 17(5):236-46
16. Mackus AJM, Bol AA, Kessels WMM. 2014. The use of atomic layer deposition in advanced nanopatterning. Nanoscale 6(19):10941-60
17. Sobel N, Hess C. 2015. Nanoscale structuring of surfaces by using atomic layer deposition. Angew. Chem. 54(50):15014-21
18. Knez M, Nielsch K, Niinistö L. 2007. Synthesis and surface engineering of complex nanostructures by atomic layer deposition. Adv. Mater. 19(21):3425-38
19. Lakomaa EL. 1994. Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) on porous substrates. Appl. Surf. Sci. 75(1-4):185-96
20. Puurunen RL. 2014. A short history of atomic layer deposition: Tuomo Suntola's atomic layer epitaxy. Chem. Vap. Depos. 20(10-12):332-44
21. Suntola T, Antson J. 1977. Method for producing compound thin films. US Patent No. 4058430
22. Kim H, Lee HBR, Maeng WJ. 2009. Applications of atomic layer deposition to nanofabrication and emerging nanodevices. Thin Solid Films 517(8):2563-80
23. Marichy C, Bechelany M, Pinna N. 2012. Atomic layer deposition of nanostructured materials for energy and environmental applications. Adv. Mater. 24(8):1017-32
24. Muñoz-Rojas D, MacManus-Driscoll J. 2014. Spatial atmospheric atomic layer deposition: a new laboratory and industrial tool for low-cost photovoltaics. Mater. Horiz. 1:314-20
25. Peng Q, Lewis JS, Hoertz PG, Glass JT, Parsons GN. 2012. Atomic layer deposition for electrochemical energy generation and storage systems. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 30(1):10803
26. Ritala M, Niinistö J. 2009. Industrial applications of atomic layer deposition. ECS Trans. 2(8):641-52
27. Kim H. 2003. Atomic layer deposition of metal and nitride thin films: current research efforts and applications for semiconductor device processing. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21(6):2231-61
28. Ritala M, Niinistö J. 2009. Industrial applications of atomic layer deposition. ECS Trans. 2(8):641-52
29. Bakke JR, Pickrahn KL, Brennan TP, Bent SF. 2011. Nanoengineering and interfacial engineering of photovoltaics by atomic layer deposition. Nanoscale 3(9):3482-508
30. Haukka S, Lakomaa EL, Suntola T. 1998. Adsorption controlled preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. Adsorpt. Appl. Ind. Environ. Prot. 120:715-50
31. 3 catalysts studied by LEIS, XPS and catalytic activity. Catal. Lett. 25(3-4):315-24
32. Jacobs JP, Hakuli A. 1996. Surface characteristics and activity of chromia/alumina catalysts prepared by atomic layer epitaxy. J. Catal. 197(276):190-97
33. 2 catalyst for hydrogenation. Catal. Today 43(1-2):11-19
34. Puurunen RL. 2005. Surface chemistry of atomic layer deposition: a case study for the trimethylaluminum/water process. J. Appl. Phys. 97(12):121301
35. Knapas K, Ritala M. 2013. In situ studies on reaction mechanisms in atomic layer deposition. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 38(3):167-202
36. Kim K, Lee HBR, Johnson RW, Tanskanen JT, Liu N, et al. 2014. Selective metal deposition at graphene line defects by atomic layer deposition. Nat. Commun. 5:4781
37. Feng H, Lu J, Stair PC, Elam JW. 2011. Alumina over-coating on Pd nanoparticle catalysts by atomic layer deposition: enhanced stability and reactivity. Catal. Lett. 141(4):512-17
38. Ohring M. 2002. Materials Science of Thin Films: Deposition and Structure. Cambridge, MA: Academic
39. Elam JW, Routkevitch D, Mardilovich PP, George SM. 2003. Conformal coating on ultrahigh-aspect-ratio nanopores of anodic alumina by atomic layer deposition. Chem. Mater. 15(18):3507-17
40. Elam JW, Libera JA, Huynh TH, Feng H, Pellin MJ. 2010. Atomic layer deposition of aluminum oxide in mesoporous silica gel. J. Phys. Chem. C 114:17286-92
41. 2 deposited using atomic layer deposition. Nanoscale 5(11):5001-8
42. Libera JA, Elam JW, Pellin MJ. 2008. Conformal ZnO coatings on high surface area silica gel using atomic layer deposition. Thin Solid Films 516(18):6158-66
43. Wank JR, George SM, Weimer AW. 2004. Nanocoating individual cohesive boron nitride particles in a fluidized bed by ALD. Powder Technol. 142(1):59-69
44. McCormick JA, Cloutier BL, Weimer AW, George SM. 2007. Rotary reactor for atomic layer deposition on large quantities of nanoparticles. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 25(1):67
45. van Ommen JR, Kooijman D, de Niet M, Talebi M, Goulas A. 2015. Continuous production of nanostructured particles using spatial atomic layer deposition. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 33(2):21513
46. Longrie D, Deduytsche D, Detavernier C. 2014. Reactor concepts for atomic layer deposition on agitated particles: a review. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 32(1):10802
47. Pagán-Torres YJ, Gallo JMR, Wang D, Pham HN, Libera JA, et al. 2011. Synthesis of highly ordered hydrothermally stable mesoporous niobia catalysts by atomic layer deposition. ACS Catal. 1(10):1234-45
48. 2 prepared via atomic layer deposition: influence of pre-annealing temperature on catalytic activity. J. Mol. Catal. A 414:87-93
49. 3 nanocuboids. ACS Catal. 1:629-35
50. Christensen ST, Feng H, Libera JL, Guo N, Miller JT, et al. 2010. Supported Ru-Pt bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition. Nano Lett. 10(8):3047-51
51. 2 production for 1-propanol reforming: pathway and support modification effects. ACS Catal. 2(11):2316-26
52. Jiang F, Huang J, Niu L, Xiao G. 2015. Atomic layer deposition of ZnO thin films on ZSM-5 zeolite and its catalytic performance in chichibabin reaction. Catal. Lett. 145(3):947-54
53. Vuori H, Silvennoinen RJ, Lindblad M, Österholm H, Krause AOI. 2009. Beta zeolite-supported iridium catalysts by gas phase deposition. Catal. Lett. 131(1-2):7-15
54. Sree SP, Dendooven J, Korányi TI, Vanbutsele G, Houthoofd K, et al. 2011. Aluminium atomic layer deposition applied to mesoporous zeolites for acid catalytic activity enhancement. Catal. Sci. Technol. 1:218
55. Verheyen E, Pulinthanathu Sree S, Thomas K, Dendooven J, De Prins M, et al. 2014. Catalytic activation of OKO zeolite with intersecting pores of 10- and 12-membered rings using atomic layer deposition of aluminium. Chem. Commun. 50(35):4610-12
56. Sairanen E, Karinen R, Borghei M, Kauppinen EI, Lehtonen J. 2012. Preparation methods for multi-walled carbon nanotube supported palladium catalysts. ChemCatChem 4(12):2055-61
57. 2 photoreduction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(10):5685-92
58. 2-based nanowires by atomic layer deposition and their photocatalytic properties. Nanotechnology 26(25):254002
59. Biener J, Baumann TF, Wang Y, Nelson EJ, Kucheyev SO, et al. 2007. Ruthenium/aerogel nanocomposites via atomic layer deposition. Nanotechnology 18(5):55303
60. King JS, Wittstock A, Biener J, Kucheyev SO, Wang YM, et al. 2008. Ultralow loading Pt nanocatalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition on carbon aerogels. Nano Lett. 8(8):2405-9
61. Feng H, Elam JW, Libera JA, Pellin MJ, Stair PC. 2009. Catalytic nanoliths. Chem. Eng. Sci. 64(3):560-67
62. Peters AW, Li Z, Farha OK, Hupp JT. 2015. Atomically precise growth of catalytically active cobalt sulfide on flat surfaces and within a metal-organic framework via atomic layer deposition. ACS Nano 9(8):8484-90
63. Hämäläinen J, Ritala M, Leskelä M. 2014. Atomic layer deposition of noble metals and their oxides. Chem. Mater. 26(1):786-801
64. Toebes ML, Van Dillen JA, De Jong KP. 2001. Synthesis of supported palladium catalysts. J. Mol. Catal. A 173(1-2):75-98
65. Singh JA, Overbury SH, Dudney NJ, Li M, Veith GM. 2012. Gold nanoparticles supported on carbon nitride: influence of surface hydroxyls on low temperature carbon monoxide oxidation. ACS Catal. 2(6):1138-46
66. Lu J, Low K-B, Lei Y, Libera JA, Nicholls A, et al. 2014. Toward atomically-precise synthesis of supported bimetallic nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition. Nat. Commun. 5:3264
67. Lu J, Stair PC. 2010. Low-temperature ABC-type atomic layer deposition: synthesis of highly uniform ultrafine supported metal nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49(14):2547-51
68. Lu J, Elam JW, Stair PC. 2013. Synthesis and stabilization of supported metal catalysts by atomic layer deposition. Acc. Chem. Res. 46(8):1806-15
69. Haukka S, Kytökivi A, Lakomaa EL, Lehtovirta U, Lindblad M, et al. 1995. The utilization of saturated gas-solid reactions in the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 91:957-66
70. Deng W, Lee S, Libera JA, Elam JW, Vajda S, Marshall CL. 2011. Cleavage of the C-O-C bond on size-selected subnanometer cobalt catalysts and on ALD-cobalt coated nanoporous membranes. Appl. Catal. A 393(1-2):29-35
71. Ivanova TV, Toivonen J, Maydannik PS, Kääriäinen T, Sillanpää M, et al. 2016. Atomiclayer deposition of cerium oxide for potential use in diesel soot combustion. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 34(3):31506
72. Feng H, Elam JW, Libera JA, Pellin MJ, Stair PC. 2010. Oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexane over alumina-supported vanadium oxide nanoliths. J. Catal. 269(2):421-31
73. Keränen J, Auroux A, Ek S, Niinistö L. 2002. Preparation, characterization and activity testing of vanadia catalysts deposited onto silica and alumina supports by atomic layer deposition. Appl. Catal. A 228(1-2):213-25
74. Pickrahn KL, Garg A, Bent SF. 2015. ALD of ultrathin ternary oxide electrocatalysts for water splitting. ACS Catal. 5(3):1609-16
75. x electrocatalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition for oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions. Adv. Energy Mater. 2(10):1269-77
76. Meng X, Yang XQ, Sun X. 2012. Emerging applications of atomic layer deposition for lithium-ion battery studies. Adv. Mater. 24(27):3589-615
77. Kim IS, Borycz J, Platero-Prats AE, Tussupbayev S, Wang TC, et al. 2015. Targeted single-site MOF node modification: trivalent metal loading via atomic layer deposition. Chem. Mater. 27(13):4772-78
78. Li Z, Schweitzer NM, League AB, Bernales V, Peters AW, et al. 2016. Sintering-resistant single-site nickel catalyst supported by metal-organic framework. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138(6):1977-82
79. Weber MJ, Mackus AJM, Verheijen MA, van der Marel C, Kessels WMM. 2012. Supported core/shell bimetallic nanoparticles synthesis by atomic layer deposition. Chem. Mater. 24(15):2973-77
80. Lu J, Stair PC. 2010. Nano/subnanometer Pd nanoparticles on oxide supports synthesized by AB-type and low-temperature ABC-type atomic layer deposition: growth and morphology. Langmuir 26(21):16486-95
81. Mackus AJM, Weber MJ, Thissen NFW, Garcia-Alonso D, Vervuurt RHJ, et al. 2016. Atomic layer deposition of Pd and Pt nanoparticles for catalysis: on the mechanisms of nanoparticle formation. Nanotechnology 27(3):34001
82. Lee HBR, Mullings MN, Jiang X, Clemens BM, Bent SF. 2012. Nucleation-controlled growth of nanoparticles by atomic layer deposition. Chem. Mater. 24(21):4051-59
83. Cao K, Zhu Q, Shan B, Chen R. 2015. Controlled synthesis of Pd/Pt core shell nanoparticles using area-selective atomic layer deposition. Sci. Rep. 5:8470
84. Dasgupta NP, Liu C, Andrews S, Prinz FB, Yang P. 2013. Atomic layer deposition of platinum catalysts on nanowire surfaces for photoelectrochemical water reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(35):12932-35
85. Hsueh YC, Wang CC, Kei CC, Lin YH, Liu C, Perng TP. 2012. Fabrication of catalyst by atomic layer deposition for high specific power density proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Catal. 294:63-68
86. Lei Y, Lee S, Low KB, Marshall CL, Elam JW. 2016. Combining electronic and geometric effects of ZnO-promoted Pt nanocatalysts for aqueous phase reforming of 1-propanol. ACS Catal. 6:3457-60
87. Sun S, Zhang G, Gauquelin N, Chen N, Zhou J, et al. 2013. Single-atom catalysis using Pt/graphene achieved through atomic layer deposition. Sci. Rep. 3:1775
88. Su C, Hsueh Y, Kei C, Lin C, Perng T. 2013. Fabrication of high-activity hybrid Pt@ZnO catalyst on carbon cloth by atomic layer deposition for photoassisted electro-oxidation of methanol. J. Phys. Chem. C 117(22):11610-18
89. Li J, Zhang B, Chen Y, Zhang J, Yang H, et al. 2015. Styrene hydrogenation performance of Pt nanoparticles with controlled size prepared by atomic layer deposition. Catal. Sci. Technol. 5(8):4218-23
90. Feng H, Elam JW, Libera JA, Setthapun W, Stair PC. 2010. Palladium catalysts synthesized by atomic layer deposition for methanol decomposition. Chem. Mater. 22(10):3133-42
91. Liang X, Lyon LB, Jiang Y-B, Weimer AW. 2012. Scalable synthesis of palladium nanoparticle catalysts by atomic layer deposition. J. Nanopart. Res. 14(6):1-12
92. Wang H, Wang C, Yan H, Yi H, Lu J. 2015. Precisely-controlled synthesis of Au@Pd core-shell bimetallic catalyst via atomic layer deposition for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. J. Catal. 3242015:59-68
93. Hayek K, Kramer R, Paál Z. 1997. Metal-support boundary sites in catalysis. Appl. Catal. A 162:1-15
94. Tauster SJ. 1987. Strong metal-support interactions. Acc. Chem. Res. 20(11):389-94
95. Fu Q, Wagner T. 2007. Interaction of nanostructured metal overlayers with oxide surfaces. Surf. Sci. Rep. 62(11):431-98
96. Stakheev AY, Kustov L. 1999. Effects of the support on the morphology and electronic properties of supported metal clusters: modern concepts and progress in 1990s. Appl. Catal. A 188(1-2):3-35
97. Sereda G, Marshall C, Libera JA, Dreessen J, Grady A, Turner M. 2012. Effect of atomic layer deposition support thickness on structural properties and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane on alumina- and titania-supported vanadia. Catal. Lett. 142(4):399-407
98. Burwell RL. 1976. Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units-Appendix II. Oxford, New York: Pergamon
99. 2/Ni inverse-catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Catal. Lett. 141(6):854-59
100. Alba-Rubio AC, O'Neill BJ, Shi F, Akatay C, Canlas C, et al. 2014. Pore structure and bifunctional catalyst activity of overlayers applied by atomic layer deposition on copper nanoparticles. ACS Catal. 4(5):1554-57
101. Strempel VE, Löffler D, Kröhnert J, Skorupska K, Johnson B, et al. 2016. Enhancing of catalytic properties of vanadia via surface doping with phosphorus using atomic layer deposition. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 34(1):01A135
102. Zhang H, Gu X-K, Canlas C, Kropf AJ, Aich P, et al. 2014. Atomic layer deposition overcoating: tuning catalyst selectivity for biomass conversion. Angew. Chem. 53(45):12132-36
103. Zhang H, Lei Y, Kropf AJ, Zhang G, Elam WJ, et al. 2014. Enhancing the stability of copper chromite catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of furfural with ALD overcoating. J. Catal. 317:284-92
104. Argyle M, Bartholomew C. 2015. Heterogeneous catalyst deactivation and regeneration: a review. Catalysts 5(1):145-269
105. Pachón LD, Rothenberg G. 2008. Transition-metal nanoparticles: synthesis, stability and the leaching issue. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 22(6):288-99
106. Li Z, Li M, Bian Z, Kathiraser Y, Kawi S. 2016. Design of highly stable and selective core/yolk-shell nanocatalysts - a review. Appl. Catal. B 188:324-41
107. Lu J, Fu B, Kung MC, Xiao G, Elam JW, et al. 2012. Coking- and sintering-resistant palladium catalysts achieved through atomic layer deposition. Science 335(6073):1205-8
108. Cheng N, Banis MN, Liu J, Riese A, Li X, et al. 2015. Extremely stable platinum nanoparticles encapsulated in a zirconia nanocage by area-selective atomic layer deposition for the oxygen reduction reaction. Adv. Mater. 27(2):277-81
109. Biener MM, Biener J, Wichmann A, Wittstock A, Baumann TF, et al. 2011. ALD functionalized nanoporous gold: thermal stability, mechanical properties, and catalytic activity. Nano Lett. 11(8):3085-90
110. Clark JH, Macquarrie DJ. 1997. Heterogeneous catalysis in liquid phase transformations of importance in the industrial preparation of fine chemicals. Org. Process Res. Dev. 1(2):149-62
111. Lin Y-C, Huber GW. 2009. The critical role of heterogeneous catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 2(1):68
112. Sádaba I, López Granados M, Riisager A, Taarning E. 2015. Deactivation of solid catalysts in liquid media: the case of leaching of active sites in biomass conversion reactions. Green Chem. 17(8):4133-45
113. Besson M, Gallezot P. 2003. Deactivation of metal catalysts in liquid phase organic reactions. Catal. Today 81:547-59
114. O'Neill BJ, Jackson DHK, Crisci AJ, Farberow CA, Shi F, et al. 2013. Stabilization of copper catalysts for liquid-phase reactions by atomic layer deposition. Angew. Chem. 125(51):14053-57
115. O'Neill BJ, Miller JT, Dietrich PJ, Sollberger FG, Ribeiro FH, Dumesic JA. 2014. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of sintering for supported copper catalysts during liquid-phase reaction. ChemCatChem 6(9):2493-96
116. 3 catalysts. ChemSusChem 7(12):3247-51
117. Lee J, Jackson D, Li T, Winans RE, Dumesic J, et al. 2014. Enhanced stability of cobalt catalysts by atomic layer deposition for aqueous-phase reactions. Energy Environ. Sci. 7(c):1657-60
118. 2. ACS Catal. 5:5696-701
119. 2 via atomic layer deposition. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(25):9448-57
120. Jones G, Bligaard T, Abild-Pedersen F, Nørskov JK. 2008. Using scaling relations to understand trends in the catalytic activity of transition metals. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 20:64239
121. Doyle AD, Montoya JH, Vojvodic A. 2015. Improving oxygen electrochemistry through nanoscopic confinement. ChemCatChem 7(5):738-42
122. Canlas CP, Lu J, Ray NA, Grosso-Giordano NA, Lee S, et al. 2012. Shape-selective sieving layers on an oxide catalyst surface. Nat. Chem. 4(12):1030-36
123. Ge H, Zhang B, Gu X, Liang H, Yang H, et al. 2016. A tandem catalyst with multiple metal-oxide interfaces produced by atomic layer deposition. Angew. Chem. 100049:1-6
124. Hashemi FSM, Prasittichai C, Bent SF. 2014. A new resist for area selective atomic and molecular layer deposition on metal-dielectric patterns. J. Phys. Chem. C 118(20):10957-62
125. Honkala K, Hellman A, Remediakis IN, Logadottir A, Carlsson A, et al. 2005. Ammonia synthesis from first-principles calculations. Science 307(5709):555-58
126. Rostrup-Nielsen J, Nørskov JK. 2006. Step sites in syngas catalysis. Top. Catal. 40(1-4):45-48
127. 2+ oxygenate production. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138(11):3705-14
128. Tao AR, Habas S, Yang P. 2008. Shape control of colloidal metal nanocrystals. Small 4(3):310-25
129. Lee K, Kim M, Kim H. 2010. Catalytic nanoparticles being facet-controlled. J. Mater. Chem. 20(19):3791
130. Xia Y, Xiong Y, Lim B, Skrabalak SE. 2009. Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals: simple chemistry meets complex physics? Angew. Chem. 48(1):60-103
131. Lu J, Liu B, Greeley JP, Feng Z, Libera JA, et al. 2012. Porous alumina protective coatings on palladium nanoparticles by self-poisoned atomic layer deposition. Chem. Mater. 24(11):2047-55
132. 3 decoration. ACS Catal. 6:3700-7
133. Yang XF, Wang A, Qiao B, Li J, Liu J, Zhang T. 2013. Single-atom catalysts: a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 46(8):1740-48
134. Feng H, Libera JA, Stair PC, Miller JT, Elam JW. 2011. Subnanometer palladium particles synthesized by atomic layer deposition. ACS Catal. 1(6):665-73
135. Camacho-Bunquin J, Shou H, Aich P, Beaulieu DR, Klotzsch H, et al. 2015. Catalyst synthesis and evaluation using an integrated atomic layer deposition synthesis-catalysis testing tool. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86(8):1-8
136. Cronauer DC, Elam JW, Kropf AJ, Marshall CL, Gao P, et al. 2012. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: preconditioning effects upon Co-containing promoted and unpromoted catalysts. Catal. Lett. 142(6):698-713
137. Cronauer DC, Jacobs G, Linganiso L, Kropf AJ, Elam JW, et al. 2011. CO hydrogenation: exploring iridium as a promoter for supported cobalt catalysts by TPR-EXAFS/XANES and reaction testing. Catal. Lett. 141:968-76