메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 48, Issue , 2014, Pages 443-474

Algebraic models and their use in systems biology

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85018214593     PISSN: 16197127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40193-0_21     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (10)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 0037686112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The topology of the regulatory interactions predicts the expression pattern of the segment polarity genes in Drosophila melanogaster
    • R. Albert, H.G. Othmer, The topology of the regulatory interactions predicts the expression pattern of the segment polarity genes in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Theor. Biol. 223, 1-18 (2003)
    • (2003) J. Theor. Biol , vol.223 , pp. 1-18
    • Albert, R.1    Othmer, H.G.2
  • 3
    • 1642586056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixed points and maximal independent sets in AND-OR networks
    • J. Aracena, J. Demongeot, E. Goles, Fixed points and maximal independent sets in AND-OR networks. Discret. Appl. Math. 138(3), 277-288 (2004)
    • (2004) Discret. Appl. Math , vol.138 , Issue.3 , pp. 277-288
    • Aracena, J.1    Demongeot, J.2    Goles, E.3
  • 4
    • 54249124501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning biological networks: From modules to dynamics
    • R. Bonneau, Learning biological networks: from modules to dynamics. Nat. Chem. Biol. 4(11), 658-664 (2008)
    • (2008) Nat. Chem. Biol , vol.4 , Issue.11 , pp. 658-664
    • Bonneau, R.1
  • 8
    • 0033655775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutual information relevance networks: Functional genomic clustering using pairwise entropy measurements
    • A. Butte, I. Kohane, Mutual information relevance networks: functional genomic clustering using pairwise entropy measurements. Pac. Symp. Biocomput. 5, 415-426 (2000)
    • (2000) Pac. Symp. Biocomput , vol.5 , pp. 415-426
    • Butte, A.1    Kohane, I.2
  • 11
    • 33746618913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods of robustness analysis for Boolean models of gene control networks
    • M. Chaves, E. Sontag, R. Albert, Methods of robustness analysis for Boolean models of gene control networks. IET Syst. Biol. 153, 154-167 (2006)
    • (2006) IET Syst. Biol , vol.153 , pp. 154-167
    • Chaves, M.1    Sontag, E.2    Albert, R.3
  • 15
    • 45849093636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boolean network model predicts cell cycle sequence of fission yeast
    • M.I. Davidich, S. Bornholdt, Boolean network model predicts cell cycle sequence of fission yeast. PLoS One 3(2), e1672 (2008)
    • (2008) Plos One , vol.3 , Issue.2
    • Davidich, M.I.1    Bornholdt, S.2
  • 16
    • 0036683181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking the genes: Inferring quantitative gene networks from microarray data
    • A. de la Fuente, P. Brazhnik, P. Mendes, Linking the genes: inferring quantitative gene networks from microarray data. Trends Genet. 18(8), 395-398 (2002)
    • (2002) Trends Genet , vol.18 , Issue.8 , pp. 395-398
    • De La Fuente, A.1    Brazhnik, P.2    Mendes, P.3
  • 17
    • 12344321571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of meaningful associations in genomic data using partial correlation coefficients
    • A. de la Fuente, N. Bing, I. Hoeschele, P. Mendes, Discovery of meaningful associations in genomic data using partial correlation coefficients. Bioinformatics 20(18), 3565-3574 (2004)
    • (2004) Bioinformatics , vol.20 , Issue.18 , pp. 3565-3574
    • De La Fuente, A.1    Bing, N.2    Hoeschele, I.3    Mendes, P.4
  • 20
    • 33846400424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale mapping and validation of Escherichia coli transcriptional regulation from a compendium of expression profiles
    • J. Faith, B. Hayete, J. Thaden, I. Mogno, J. Wierzbowski, G. Cottarel, S. Kasif, J. Collins, T. Gardner, Large-scale mapping and validation of Escherichia coli transcriptional regulation from a compendium of expression profiles. PLoS Biol. 5(1), e8 (2007)
    • (2007) Plos Biol , vol.5 , Issue.1
    • Faith, J.1    Hayete, B.2    Thaden, J.3    Mogno, I.4    Wierzbowski, J.5    Cottarel, G.6    Kasif, S.7    Collins, J.8    Gardner, T.9
  • 22
    • 0038048325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferring genetic networks and identifying compound mode of action via expression profiling
    • T. Gardner, D. di Bernardo, D. Lorenz, J. Collins, Inferring genetic networks and identifying compound mode of action via expression profiling. Science 301(5629), 102-105 (2003)
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , Issue.5629 , pp. 102-105
    • Gardner, T.1    Di Bernardo, D.2    Lorenz, D.3    Collins, J.4
  • 23
    • 66349086263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling stochasticity and robustness in gene regulatory networks
    • A. Garg, K. Mohanram, A. Di Cara, G. De Micheli, I. Xenarios, Modeling stochasticity and robustness in gene regulatory networks. Bioinformatics 25(12), i101-i109 (2009)
    • (2009) Bioinformatics , vol.25 , Issue.12 , pp. i101-i109
    • Garg, A.1    Mohanram, K.2    Di Cara, A.3    De Micheli, G.4    Xenarios, I.5
  • 24
    • 33645429016 scopus 로고
    • Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions
    • D.T. Gillespie, Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J. Phys. Chem. 81(25), 2340-2361 (1977)
    • (1977) J. Phys. Chem , vol.81 , Issue.25 , pp. 2340-2361
    • Gillespie, D.T.1
  • 25
    • 34249950625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic simulation of chemical kinetics
    • D. Gillespie, Stochastic simulation of chemical kinetics. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 58, 35-55 (2007)
    • (2007) Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem , vol.58 , pp. 35-55
    • Gillespie, D.1
  • 27
    • 84869882656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TIGRESS: Trustful inference of gene regulation using stability selection
    • A. Haury, F. Mordelet, P. Vera-Licona, J. Vert, TIGRESS: trustful inference of gene regulation using stability selection. BMC Syst. Biol. 6, 145 (2012)
    • (2012) BMC Syst. Biol , vol.6 , pp. 145
    • Haury, A.1    Mordelet, F.2    Vera-Licona, P.3    Vert, J.4
  • 28
    • 84945389441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferring biologically relevant models: Nested canalyzing functions
    • F. Hinkelmann, A.S. Jarrah, Inferring biologically relevant models: nested canalyzing functions. ISRN Biomath. 2012, 7 (2012)
    • (2012) ISRN Biomath , vol.7 , Issue.2012
    • Hinkelmann, F.1    Jarrah, A.S.2
  • 31
    • 84866692849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A checkpoints capturing timing-robust Boolean model of the budding yeast cell cycle regulatory network
    • PMID: 23017186
    • C. Hong, M. Lee, D. Kim, D. Kim, K.-H. Cho, I. Shin, A checkpoints capturing timing-robust Boolean model of the budding yeast cell cycle regulatory network. BMC Syst. Biol. 6(1), 129 (2012). PMID: 23017186
    • (2012) BMC Syst. Biol , vol.6-129 , Issue.1
    • Hong, C.1    Lee, M.2    Kim, D.3    Kim, D.4    Cho, K.-H.5    Shin, I.6
  • 32
    • 34548036973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nested canalyzing, unate cascade, and polynomial functions
    • A. Jarrah, B. Raposa, R. Laubenbacher, Nested canalyzing, unate cascade, and polynomial functions. Physica D 233, 167-174 (2007)
    • (2007) Physica D , vol.233 , pp. 167-174
    • Jarrah, A.1    Raposa, B.2    Laubenbacher, R.3
  • 34
    • 77955176727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of conjunctive and disjunctive Boolean network models
    • A. Jarrah, R. Laubenbacher, A. Veliz-Cuba, The dynamics of conjunctive and disjunctive Boolean network models. Bull. Math. Biol. 72, 1425-1447 (2010)
    • (2010) Bull. Math. Biol , vol.72 , pp. 1425-1447
    • Jarrah, A.1    Laubenbacher, R.2    Veliz-Cuba, A.3
  • 35
    • 0015993618 scopus 로고
    • The large-scale structure and dynamics of gene control circuits: An ensemble approach
    • S.A. Kauffman, The large-scale structure and dynamics of gene control circuits: an ensemble approach. J. Theor. Biol. 44, 167 (1973)
    • (1973) J. Theor. Biol , vol.44 , pp. 167
    • Kauffman, S.A.1
  • 36
    • 0345598902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random Boolean network models and the yeast transcriptional network
    • S. Kauffman, C. Peterson, B. Samuelsson, C. Troein, Random Boolean network models and the yeast transcriptional network. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100(25), 14796-14799 (2003)
    • (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci , vol.100 , Issue.25 , pp. 14796-14799
    • Kauffman, S.1    Peterson, C.2    Samuelsson, B.3    Troein, C.4
  • 37
    • 10344259662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic networks with canalyzing Boolean rules are always stable
    • S. Kauffman, C. Peterson, B. Samuelsson, C. Troein, Genetic networks with canalyzing Boolean rules are always stable. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101(49), 17102-17107 (2004)
    • (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci , vol.101 , Issue.49 , pp. 17102-17107
    • Kauffman, S.1    Peterson, C.2    Samuelsson, B.3    Troein, C.4
  • 38
    • 84878524482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bounds on the average sensitivity of nested canalizing functions
    • J.G. Klotz, R. Heckel, S. Schober, Bounds on the average sensitivity of nested canalizing functions. PLoS ONE 8(5), e64371 (2013)
    • (2013) Plos ONE , vol.8 , Issue.5
    • Klotz, J.G.1    Heckel, R.2    Schober, S.3
  • 39
    • 73149097219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regularized estimation of large-scale gene association networks using graphical Gaussian models
    • N. Kramer, J. Schafer, A. Boulesteix, Regularized estimation of large-scale gene association networks using graphical Gaussian models. BMC Bioinform. 10, 384 (2009)
    • (2009) BMC Bioinform , vol.10 , pp. 384
    • Kramer, N.1    Schafer, J.2    Boulesteix, A.3
  • 41
    • 3042799574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A computational algebra approach to the reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks
    • R. Laubenbacher, B. Stigler, A computational algebra approach to the reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks. J. Theor. Biol. 229, 523-537 (2004)
    • (2004) J. Theor. Biol , vol.229 , pp. 523-537
    • Laubenbacher, R.1    Stigler, B.2
  • 42
    • 68549104407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive intervention in probabilistic Boolean networks
    • R. Layek, A. Datta, R. Pal, E.R. Dougherty, Adaptive intervention in probabilistic Boolean networks. Bioinformatics 25(16), 2042-2048 (2009)
    • (2009) Bioinformatics , vol.25 , Issue.16 , pp. 2042-2048
    • Layek, R.1    Datta, A.2    Pal, R.3    Dougherty, E.R.4
  • 44
    • 84865318887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic Boolean networks: An efficient approach to modeling gene regulatory networks
    • J. Liang, J. Han, Stochastic Boolean networks: an efficient approach to modeling gene regulatory networks. BMC Syst. Biol. 6(1), 113 (2012)
    • (2012) BMC Syst. Biol , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 113
    • Liang, J.1    Han, J.2
  • 46
    • 78149461178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DREAM3: Network inference using dynamic context likelihood of relatedness and the Inferelator
    • A. Madar, A. Greenfield, E. Vanden-Eijnden, R. Bonneau, DREAM3: network inference using dynamic context likelihood of relatedness and the Inferelator. PLoS ONE 5(3), e9803 (2010)
    • (2010) Plos ONE , vol.5 , Issue.3
    • Madar, A.1    Greenfield, A.2    Vanden-Eijnden, E.3    Bonneau, R.4
  • 47
    • 80052168200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory patterns in molecular interaction networks
    • (0)
    • D. Murrugarra, R. Laubenbacher, Regulatory patterns in molecular interaction networks. J. Theor. Biol. 288(0), 66-72 (2011)
    • (2011) J. Theor. Biol , vol.288 , pp. 66-72
    • Murrugarra, D.1    Laubenbacher, R.2
  • 50
    • 77952851181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BoolNet-an R package for generation, reconstruction and analysis of Boolean networks
    • C. Müssel, M. Hopfensitz, H.A. Kestler, BoolNet-an R package for generation, reconstruction and analysis of Boolean networks. Bioinformatics 26(10), 1378-1380 (2010)
    • (2010) Bioinformatics , vol.26 , Issue.10 , pp. 1378-1380
    • Müssel, C.1    Hopfensitz, M.2    Kestler, H.A.3
  • 52
    • 70349337270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reduction of logical regulatory graphs preserving essential dynamical properties
    • by P. Degano, R. GorrieriVolume 5688 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
    • A. Naldi, E. Remy, D. Thieffry, C. Chaouiya, A reduction of logical regulatory graphs preserving essential dynamical properties, in Computational Methods in Systems Biology, ed. by P. Degano, R. Gorrieri. Volume 5688 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2009), pp. 266-280
    • (2009) Computational Methods in Systems Biology , pp. 266-280
    • Naldi, A.1    Remy, E.2    Thieffry, D.3    Chaouiya, C.4
  • 53
    • 77952791626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of genetic network dynamics with unate structure
    • R. Porreca, E. Cinquemani, J. Lygeros, G. Ferrari-Trecate, Identification of genetic network dynamics with unate structure. Bioinformatics 26(9), 1239-1245 (2010)
    • (2010) Bioinformatics , vol.26 , Issue.9 , pp. 1239-1245
    • Porreca, R.1    Cinquemani, E.2    Lygeros, J.3    Ferrari-Trecate, G.4
  • 54
    • 0036400724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of Boolean networks controlled by biologically meaningful functions
    • L. Raeymaekers, Dynamics of Boolean networks controlled by biologically meaningful functions. J. Theor. Biol. 218(3), 331-341 (2002)
    • (2002) J. Theor. Biol , vol.218 , Issue.3 , pp. 331-341
    • Raeymaekers, L.1
  • 55
    • 72449206548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic and delayed stochastic models of gene expression and regulation
    • A.S. Ribeiro, Stochastic and delayed stochastic models of gene expression and regulation. Math. Biosci. 223(1), 1-11 (2010)
    • (2010) Math. Biosci , vol.223 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Ribeiro, A.S.1
  • 56
    • 34447548696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noisy attractors and ergodic sets in models of gene regulatory networks
    • A.S. Ribeiro, S.A. Kauffman, Noisy attractors and ergodic sets in models of gene regulatory networks. J. Theor. Biol. 247(4), 743-755 (2007)
    • (2007) J. Theor. Biol , vol.247 , Issue.4 , pp. 743-755
    • Ribeiro, A.S.1    Kauffman, S.A.2
  • 57
    • 33845369407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general modeling strategy for gene regulatory networks with stochastic dynamics
    • A. Ribeiro, R. Zhu, S.A. Kauffman, A general modeling strategy for gene regulatory networks with stochastic dynamics. J. Comput. Biol. 13(9), 1630-1639 (2006)
    • (2006) J. Comput. Biol , vol.13 , Issue.9 , pp. 1630-1639
    • Ribeiro, A.1    Zhu, R.2    Kauffman, S.A.3
  • 58
    • 77951956151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snoopy-a unifying Petri net framework to investigate biomolecular networks
    • C. Rohr, W. Marwan, M. Heiner, Snoopy-a unifying Petri net framework to investigate biomolecular networks. Bioinformatics 26(7), 974-975 (2010)
    • (2010) Bioinformatics , vol.26 , Issue.7 , pp. 974-975
    • Rohr, C.1    Marwan, W.2    Heiner, M.3
  • 59
    • 77955496931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attractor analysis of asynchronous Boolean models of signal transduction networks
    • A. Saadatpour, I. Albert, R. Albert, Attractor analysis of asynchronous Boolean models of signal transduction networks. J. Theor. Biol. 266(4), 641-656 (2010)
    • (2010) J. Theor. Biol , vol.266 , Issue.4 , pp. 641-656
    • Saadatpour, A.1    Albert, I.2    Albert, R.3
  • 60
    • 33845417184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of Petri net based analysis techniques to signal transduction pathways
    • A. Sackmann, M. Heiner, I. Koch, Application of Petri net based analysis techniques to signal transduction pathways. BMC Bioinform. 7(1), 482 (2006)
    • (2006) BMC Bioinform , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 482
    • Sackmann, A.1    Heiner, M.2    Koch, I.3
  • 62
    • 0036184629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic Boolean networks: A rulebased uncertainty model for gene regulatory networks
    • I. Shmulevich, E.R. Dougherty, S. Kim, W. Zhang, Probabilistic Boolean networks: a rulebased uncertainty model for gene regulatory networks. Bioinformatics 18(2), 261-274 (2002)
    • (2002) Bioinformatics , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 261-274
    • Shmulevich, I.1    Dougherty, E.R.2    Kim, S.3    Zhang, W.4
  • 65
    • 0031637395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualitative analysis of gene networks
    • D. Thieffry, R. Thomas, Qualitative analysis of gene networks. Pac. Symp. Biocomput. 3, 77-88 (1998)
    • (1998) Pac. Symp. Biocomput , vol.3 , pp. 77-88
    • Thieffry, D.1    Thomas, R.2
  • 66
    • 0025948178 scopus 로고
    • Regulatory networks seen as asynchronous automata: A logical description
    • R. Thomas, Regulatory networks seen as asynchronous automata: a logical description. J. Theor. Biol. 153, 1-23 (1991)
    • (1991) J. Theor. Biol , vol.153 , pp. 1-23
    • Thomas, R.1
  • 67
    • 30744478219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noise in a small genetic circuit that undergoes bifurcation
    • T. Toulouse, P. Ao, I. Shmulevich, S. Kauffman, Noise in a small genetic circuit that undergoes bifurcation. Complexity 11(1), 45-51 (2005)
    • (2005) Complexity , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-51
    • Toulouse, T.1    Ao, P.2    Shmulevich, I.3    Kauffman, S.4
  • 68
    • 80052739325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of Boolean network models
    • A. Veliz-Cuba, Reduction of Boolean network models. J. Theor. Biol. 289, 167-172 (2011)
    • (2011) J. Theor. Biol , vol.289 , pp. 167-172
    • Veliz-Cuba, A.1
  • 69
    • 84861636302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An algebraic approach to reverse engineering finite dynamical systems arising from biology
    • A. Veliz-Cuba, An algebraic approach to reverse engineering finite dynamical systems arising from biology. SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 11(1), 31-48 (2012)
    • (2012) SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-48
    • Veliz-Cuba, A.1
  • 70
    • 84877054575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the computation of fixed points in Boolean networks
    • accepted
    • A. Veliz-Cuba, R. Laubenbacher, On the computation of fixed points in Boolean networks. J. Appl. Math. Comput. accepted (2011)
    • (2011) J. Appl. Math. Comput
    • Veliz-Cuba, A.1    Laubenbacher, R.2
  • 71
    • 79957652849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boolean models can explain bistability in the lac operon
    • A. Veliz-Cuba, B. Stigler, Boolean models can explain bistability in the lac operon. J. Comput. Biol. 18(6), 783-794 (2011)
    • (2011) J. Comput. Biol , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 783-794
    • Veliz-Cuba, A.1    Stigler, B.2
  • 72
    • 77954191450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polynomial algebra of discrete models in systems biology
    • A. Veliz-Cuba, A.S. Jarrah, R. Laubenbacher, Polynomial algebra of discrete models in systems biology. Bioinformatics 26(13), 1637-1643 (2010)
    • (2010) Bioinformatics , vol.26 , Issue.13 , pp. 1637-1643
    • Veliz-Cuba, A.1    Jarrah, A.S.2    Laubenbacher, R.3
  • 73
    • 84870659231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relationship of steady states of continuous and discrete models arising from biology
    • accepted
    • A. Veliz-Cuba, J. Arthur, L. Hochstetler, V. Klomps, E. Korpi, On the relationship of steady states of continuous and discrete models arising from biology. Bull. Math. Biol. accepted (2012)
    • (2012) Bull. Math. Biol
    • Veliz-Cuba, A.1    Arthur, J.2    Hochstetler, L.3    Klomps, V.4    Korpi, E.5
  • 76
    • 51149203927 scopus 로고
    • Canalisation of development and the inheritance of acquired characters
    • C.H. Waddington, Canalisation of development and the inheritance of acquired characters. Nature 150, 563-564 (1942)
    • (1942) Nature , vol.150 , pp. 563-564
    • Waddington, C.H.1
  • 77
    • 77952474901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inference of gene regulatory networks using S-system: A unified approach
    • H. Wang, L. Qian, E. Dougherty, Inference of gene regulatory networks using S-system: a unified approach. IET Syst. Biol. 4(2), 145-156 (2010)
    • (2010) IET Syst. Biol , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-156
    • Wang, H.1    Qian, L.2    Dougherty, E.3
  • 79
    • 36248985686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robustness and state-space structure of Boolean gene regulatory models
    • K. Willadsen, J. Wiles, Robustness and state-space structure of Boolean gene regulatory models. J. Theor. Biol. 249(4), 749-765 (2007)
    • (2007) J. Theor. Biol , vol.249 , Issue.4 , pp. 749-765
    • Willadsen, K.1    Wiles, J.2
  • 80
    • 77952663448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TimeDelay-ARACNE: Reverse engineering of gene networks from time-course data by an information theoretic approach
    • P. Zoppoli, S. Morganella, M. Ceccarelli, TimeDelay-ARACNE: reverse engineering of gene networks from time-course data by an information theoretic approach. BMC Bioinform. 11(1), 154 (2010)
    • (2010) BMC Bioinform , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 154
    • Zoppoli, P.1    Morganella, S.2    Ceccarelli, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.