The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions

The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-417

  Relman, David A ^a   Choffnes, Eileen R ^a   Mack, Alison ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85018193939     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.17226/12799     Document Type: Book

References (145)

1. Andreasen, V., C. Viboud, and L. Simonsen. 2008. Epidemiologic characterization of the 1918 influenza pandemic summer wave in Copenhagen: implications for pandemic control strategies. Journal of Infectious Diseases 197(2):270-278.
2. Australian Government, Department of Health and Aging. 2010. Australian influenza surveillance 2010-latest report, http://www.healthemergency.gov.au/internet/healthemergency/publishing. nsf/Content/ozflucurrent.htm (accessed January 14, 2010).
3. Bertozzi, S., A. Kelso, M. Tashiro, V. Savy, J. Farrar, M. Osterholm, S. Jameel, and C. P. Muller. 2009. Pandemic flu: from the front lines. Nature 461(7260):20-21.
4. Bridges, C. B., W. Lim, J. Hu-Primmer, L. Sims, K. Fukuda, K. H. Mak, T. Rowe, W. W. Thompson, L. Conn, X. Lu, N. J. Cox, and J. M. Katz. 2002. Risk of influenza A (H5N1) infection among poultry workers, Hong Kong, 1997-1998. Journal of Infectious Diseases 185(8):1005-1010.
5. Brownstein, J. S., C. C. Freifeld, and L. C. Madoff. 2009. Digital disease detection-harnessing the Web for public health surveillance. New England Journal of Medicine 360(21):2153-2155, 2157.
6. Buenos Aires Herald. 2009. Nationwide alert: Argentina declares health emergency, flu found in pigs, http://www.buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/6666 (accessed August 21, 2009).
7. Bustamante, J. 2009. Argentina confirms first H1N1 flu case, http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/ idUSN07423083 (accessed August 21, 2009).
8. Cauchemez, S., N. M. Ferguson, C. Wachtel, A. Tegnell, G. Saour, B. Duncan, and A. Nicoll. 2009. Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic. Lancet Infectious Diseases 9(8):473-481.
9. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009a. CDC guidance for state and local public health officials and school administrators for school (K-12) responses to influenza during the 2009-2010 school year, http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/schools/schoolguidance.htm (accessed November 3, 2009).
10. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009b. Novel H1N1 flu: facts and figures, http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/surveillanceqa.htm (accessed November 3, 2009).
11. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009c. Oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in two summer campers receiving prophylaxis-North Carolina, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(35):969-972.
12. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009d. Serum cross-reactive antibody response to a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus after vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(19):521-524.
13. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009e. Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children-Southern California, March- April 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(15):400-402.
14. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009f. Update: novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection-Mexico, March-May, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(21):585-589.
15. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009g. Updated interim recommendations for the use of antiviral medications in the treatment and prevention of influenza for the 2009-2010 season, http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations. htm (accessed November 3, 2009).
16. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009h. Antiviral treatment options, including intravenous peramivir, for treatment of influenza in hospitalized patients for the 2009-2010 season, http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/EUA/ Peramivir_recommendations.htm (accessed November 18, 2009).
17. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009i. 2009-2010 influenza season week 52 ending January 2, 2010, http://www. cdc.gov/flu/weekly/ (accessed January 14, 2010).
18. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2010. 2009-2010 influenza season week 8 ending February 27, 2010. FluView, http://www. cdc.gov/flu/weekly/weeklyarchives2009-2010/weekly08.htm (accessed March 15, 2010).
19. Childs, R. A., A. S. Palma, S. Wharton, T. Matrosovich, Y. Liu, W. Chai, M. A. Campanero-Rhodes, Y. Zhang, M. Eickmann, M. Kiso, A. Hay, M. Matrosovich, and T. Feizi. 2009. Receptor-binding specificity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus determined by carbohydrate microarray. Nature Biotechnology 27(9):797-799.
20. CIDRAP (Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy). 2009. Pandemic influenza, http:// www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/panflu/biofacts/panflu.html (accessed November 3, 2009).
21. Cox, N. 2009. Detection and characterization of and response to the emergence of 2009 H1N1 viruses. Presentation given at the September 15-16, 2009 public workshop "The domestic and international impacts of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: global challenges, global solutions," Forum on Microbial Threats, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
22. Daszak, P. 2009a. A call for "smart surveillance": a lesson learned from H1N1. EcoHealth 6(1):1-2.
23. Daszak, P. 2009b. Ecological factors to understanding influenza risk. Presentation given at the September 15-16, 2009 public workshop "The domestic and international impacts of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: global challenges, global solutions," Forum on Microbial Threats, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
24. Ely, B. 1999. Infectious salmon anaemia. Mill Hill Essays. National Institute for Medical Research, http://www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk/MillHillEssays/1999/isa.htm (accessed November 18, 2009).
25. Englund, J., D. Zerr, J. Heath, S. Pergam, J. Kuypers, J. Yager, M. Boeckh, D. Mattson, N. Whittington, E. Whimbey, J. Duchin, T. Uyeki, V. Deyde, M. Okomo-Adhiambo, T. Sheu, A. Trujillo, A. Klimov, L. Gubareva, and M. Kay. 2009. Oseltamivir-resistant novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in two immunosuppressed patients-Seattle, Washington, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(32):893-896.
26. Fedson, D. S. 2009. Confronting the next influenza pandemic with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents: why they are needed and how they might work. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 3(4):129-142.
27. Ferguson, N. M., D. A. Cummings, S. Cauchemez, C. Fraser, S. Riley, A. Meeyai, S. Iamsirithaworn, and D. S. Burke. 2005. Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia. Nature 437(7056):209-214.
28. Fineberg, H. V., and M. E. Wilson. 2009. Epidemic science in real time. Science 324(5930):987.
29. Fukuda, K. 2009. 2009 (H1N1) pandemic lessons for going forward. Presentation given at the September 15-16, 2009 public workshop "The domestic and international impacts of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: global challenges, global solutions," Forum on Microbial Threats, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
30. Garske, T., J. Legrand, C. A. Donnelly, H. Ward, S. Cauchemez, C. Fraser, N. M. Ferguson, and A. C. Ghani. 2009. Assessing the severity of the novel influenza A/H1N1 pandemic. British Medical Journal 339:b2840.
31. Gilbert, M., X. Xiao, D. U. Pfeiffer, M. Epprecht, S. Boles, C. Czarnecki, P. Chaitaweesub, W. Kalpravidh, P. Q. Minh, M. J. Otte, V. Martin, and J. Slingenbergh. 2008. Mapping H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza risk in Southeast Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(12):4769-4774.
32. Ginsberg, J., M. H. Mohebbi, R. S. Patel, L. Brammer, M. S. Smolinski, and L. Brilliant. 2009. Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data. Nature 457(7232):1012-1014.
33. Goldstein, E., J. C. Miller, J. O'Hagan, and M. Lipsitch. 2009. Predispensing of antivirals to highrisk individuals in an influenza pandemic. Version 4. PLoS Currents Influenza, http://knol. google.com/k/edward-goldstein/predispensing-of-antivirals-to-high/1uji2pldf66z5/1# (accessed November 3, 2009).
34. Greenberg, M. E., M. H. Lai, G. F. Hartel, C. H. Wichems, C. Gittleson, J. Bennet, G. Dawson, W. Hu, C. Leggio, D. Washington, and R. L. Basser. 2009. Response after one dose of a monovalent influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine-preliminary report. New England Journal of Medicine 361(25):2405-2413.
35. Gubler, D. J. 1998. Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4(3):442-450.
36. Han, K., X. Zhu, F. He, L. Liu, L. Zhang, H. Ma, X. Tang, T. Huang, G. Zeng, and B.-P. Zhu. 2009. Lack of airborne transmission during outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among tour group members, China, June 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15(10):1578-1581.
37. Hancock, K., V. Veguilla, X. Lu, W. Zhong, E. N. Butler, H. Sun, F. Liu, L. Dong, J. R. Devos, P. M. Gargiullo, T. L. Brammer, N. J. Cox, T. M. Tumpey, and J. M. Katz. 2009. Cross-reactive antibody responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. New England Journal of Medicine 361(20):1945-1952.
38. Hanshaoworakul, W., J. M. Simmerman, U. Narueponjirakul, W. Sanasuttipun, V. Shinde, S. Kaewchana, D. Areechokechai, J. Levy, and K. Ungchusak. 2009. Severe human influenza infections in Thailand: oseltamivir treatment and risk factors for fatal outcome. PLoS One 4(6):e6051.
39. Harvard School of Public Health. 2009. National survey finds six in ten Americans believe serious outbreak of influenza A (H1N1) likely in fall/winter, http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/ press-releases/2009-releases/national-survey-americans-influenza-a-h1n1-outbreak-fall-winter. html (accessed November 3, 2009).
40. Hayden, F. 2009. Developing new antiviral agents for influenza treatment: what does the future hold? Clinical Infectious Diseases 48(Suppl 1):S3-S13.
41. Henderson, D. A., B. Courtney, T. V. Inglesby, E. Toner, and J. B. Nuzzo. 2009. Public health and medical responses to the 1957-58 influenza pandemic. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism 7(3):265-273.
42. HHS (Department of Health and Human Services). 2007. Community strategy for pandemic influenza mitigation, http://www.flu.gov/professional/community/commitigation.html (accessed November 6, 2009).
43. Hufnagel, L., D. Brockmann, and T. Geisel. 2004. Forecast and control of epidemics in a globalized world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(42):15124-15129.
44. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2003. Microbial threats to health: emergence, detection, and response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
45. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2004. Learning from SARS. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
46. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2005. The threat of pandemic influenza. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
47. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2007a. Ethical and legal considerations in mitigating pandemic disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
48. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2007b. Global infectious disease surveillance and detection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
49. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2010. Infectious disease movement in a borderless world. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
50. Itoh, Y., K. Shinya, M. Kiso, T. Watanabe, Y. Sakoda, M. Hatta, Y. Muramoto, D. Tamura, Y. Sakai- Tagawa, T. Noda, S. Sakabe, M. Imai, Y. Hatta, S. Watanabe, C. Li, S. Yamada, K. Fujii, S. Murakami, H. Imai, S. Kakugawa, M. Ito, R. Takano, K. Iwatsuki- Horimoto, M. Shimojima, T. Horimoto, H. Goto, K. Takahashi, A. Makino, H. Ishigaki, M. Nakayama, M. Okamatsu, D. Warshauer, P. A. Shult, R. Saito, H. Suzuki, Y. Furuta, M. Yamashita, K. Mitamura, K. Nakano, M. Nakamura, R. Brockman-Schneider, H. Mitamura, M. Yamazaki, N. Sugaya, M. Suresh, M. Ozawa, G. Neumann, J. Gern, H. Kida, K. Ogasawara, and Y. Kawaoka. 2009. In vitro and in vivo characterization of new swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. Nature 460(7258):1021-1025.
51. Jain, S., L. Kamimoto, A. M. Bramley, A. M. Schmitz, S. R. Benoit, J. Louie, D. E. Sugerman, J. K. Druckenmiller, K. A. Ritger, R. Chugh, S. Jasuja, M. Deutscher, S. Chen, J. D. Walker, J. S. Duchin, S. Lett, S. Soliva, E. V. Wells, D. Swerdlow, T. M. Uyeki, A. E. Fiore, S. J. Olsen, A. M. Fry, C. B. Bridges, L. Finelli, and 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Hospitalizations Investigation Team. 2009. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April-June 2009. New England Journal of Medicine 361(20):1935-1944.
52. Jamieson, D. J., M. A. Honein, S. A. Rasmussen, J. L. Williams, D. L. Swerdlow, M. S. Biggerstaff, S. Lindstrom, J. K. Louie, C. M. Christ, S. R. Bohm, V. P. Fonseca, K. A. Ritger, D. J. Kuhles, P. Eggers, H. Bruce, H. A. Davidson, E. Lutterloh, M. L. Harris, C. Burke, N. Cocoros, L. Finelli, K. F. MacFarlane, B. Shu, and S. J. Olsen. 2009. H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA. Lancet 374(9688):451-458.
53. Jones, K. E., N. G. Patel, M. A. Levy, A. Storeygard, D. Balk, J. L. Gittleman, and P. Daszak. 2008. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451(7181):990-993.
54. Jones, L. D., and P. A. Nuttall. 1989. Non-viraemic transmission of Thogoto virus: influence of time and distance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83(5):712-714.
55. Kawaoka, Y. 2009. Influenza pandemic 2009. Presentation given at the September 15-16, 2009 public workshop "The domestic and international impacts of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: global challenges, global solutions," Forum on Microbial Threats, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
56. Khan, K., J. Arino, W. Hu, P. Raposo, J. Sears, F. Calderon, C. Heidebrecht, M. Macdonald, J. Liauw, A. Chan, and M. Gardam. 2009. Spread of a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus via global airline transportation. New England Journal of Medicine 361(2):212-214.
57. Kidd, I. M., J. Down, E. Nastouli, R. Shulman, P. R. Grant, D. C. Howell, and M. Singer. 2009. H1N1 pneumonitis treated with intravenous zanamivir. Lancet 374(9694):1036.
58. Kilpatrick, A. M., A. A. Chmura, D. W. Gibbons, R. C. Fleischer, P. P. Marra, and P. Daszak. 2006a. Predicting the global spread of H5N1 avian influenza. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(51):19368-19373.
59. Kilpatrick, A. M., L. D. Kramer, M. J. Jones, P. P. Marra, and P. Daszak. 2006b. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biology 4(4):e82.
60. Lee, N., C. S. Cockram, P. K. S. Chan, D. S. C. Hui, K. W. Choi, and J. J. Y. Sung. 2008. Antiviral treatment for patients hospitalized with severe influenza infection may affect clinical outcomes. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46(8):1323-1324.
61. Lipsitch, M. 2009. Epidemiology of pH1N1: narrowing the uncertainty. Presentation given at the September 15-16, 2009 public workshop "The domestic and international impacts of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: global challenges, global solutions," Forum on Microbial Threats, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
62. Lipsitch, M., S. Riley, S. Cauchemez, A. C. Ghani, and N. M. Ferguson. 2009. Managing and reducing uncertainty in an emerging influenza pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine 361(2):112-115.
63. Loeb, M., N. Dafoe, J. Mahony, M. John, A. Sarabia, V. Glavin, R.Webby, M. Smieja, D. J. D. Earn, S. Chong, A. Webb, S. D. Walter. 2009. Surgical mask vs N95 respirator for preventing influenza among health care workers: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 302(17):1865-1871.
64. Lopez, L., and S. Huang. 2009. Influenza weekly update, http://www.surv.esr.cri.nz/PDF_surveillance/ Virology/FluWeekRpt/2009/FluWeekRpt200934.pdf (accessed December 17, 2009).
65. Louie, J., K. Winter, K. Harriman, D. Vugia, C. Glaser, B. Matyas, D. Schnurr, H. Guevara, C. Y. Pan, E. Saguar, R. Berumen, E. Hunley, S. Messenger, C. Preas, D. Hatch, G. Chavez, P. Kriner, K. Lopez, D. Sunega, D. Rexin, S. Roach, J. Kempf, R. Gonzalez, L. Morgan, N. Barnes, L. Berman, S. Emery, B. Shu, K. H. Wu, J. Villanueva, S. Lindstrom, D. Sugarman, M. Patel, J. Jaeger, E. Meites, and N. Dharan. 2009a. Hospitalized patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection-California, April-May, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(19):536-541.
66. Louie, J., C. Jean, T.- H. Chen, S. Park, R. Ueki, T. Harper, E. Chmara, J. Myers, R. Stoppacher, C. Catanese, N. Farley, E. Leis, C. DiAngelo, A. M. Fry, L. Finelli, M. G. Carvalho, B. Beall, M. Moore, C. Whitney, and D. M. Blau. 2009b. Bacterial coinfections in lung tissue specimens from fatal cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1)-United States, May-August 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(early release):1-4.
67. Luke, T. C., E. M. Kilbane, J. L. Jackson, and S. L. Hoffman. 2006. Meta-analysis: convalescent blood products for Spanish influenza pneumonia: a future H5N1 treatment? Annals of Internal Medicine 145(8):599-609.
68. Mangtani, P., T. K. Mak, and D. Pfeifer. 2009. Pandemic H1N1 infection in pregnant women in the USA. Lancet 374(9688):429-430.
69. Markel, H., H. B. Lipman, J. A. Navarro, A. Sloan, J. R. Michalsen, A. M. Stern, and M. S. Cetron. 2007. Nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented by US cities during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic. Journal of the American Medical Association 298(6):644-654.
70. Mawudeku, A., M. Ruben, and B. Lemay. 2007. Global public health surveillance: the role of nontraditional surveillance tools. In Global infectious disease surveillance and detection: assessing the challenges, finding solutions, S. M. Lemon, M. A. Hamburg, P. F. Sparling, E. R. Choffnes, and A. Mack, rapporteurs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
71. McGeer, A., K. A. Green, A. Plevneshi, A. Shigayeva, N. Siddiqi, J. Raboud, and D. E. Low. 2007. Antiviral therapy and outcomes of influenza requiring hospitalization in Ontario, Canada. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45(12):1568-1575.
72. Mills, C. E., J. M. Robins, and M. Lipsitch. 2004. Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza. Nature 432(7019):904-906.
73. Morens, D. M., J. K. Taubenberger, and A. S. Fauci. 2009. The persistent legacy of the 1918 influenza virus. New England Journal of Medicine 361(3):225-229.
74. Morse, S. S. 2007. Global infectious disease surveillance and early warning systems: ProMED and ProMED-mail. In Global infectious disease surveillance and detection: assessing the challenges, finding solutions, S. M. Lemon, M. A. Hamburg, P. F. Sparling, E. R. Choffnes, and A. Mack, rapporteurs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
75. Munayco, C. V., J. Gomez, V. A. Laguna-Torres, J. Arrasco, T. J. Kochel, V. Fiestas, J. Garcia, J. Perez, I. Torres, F. Condori, H. Nishiura, and G. Chowell. 2009. Epidemiological and transmissibility analysis of influenza A(H1N1)v in a Southern Hemisphere setting: Peru. Eurosurveillance 14(32), http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V14N32/art19299.pdf (accessed November 3, 2009).
76. Munster, V. J., E. de Wit, J. M. van den Brand, S. Herfst, E. J. Schrauwen, T. M. Bestebroer, D. van de Vijver, C. A. Boucher, M. Koopmans, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, T. Kuiken, A. D. Osterhaus, and R. A. Fouchier. 2009. Pathogenesis and transmission of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus in ferrets. Science 325(5939):481-483.
77. Napolitano, L. M., P. K. Park, K. C. Sihler, T. Papadimos, C. Chenoweth, S. Cinti, C. Zalewski, R. Sharangpani, P. Somsel, E. Wells, A. M. Fry, A. E. Fiore, J. M. Villanueva, S. Lindstrom, and T. M. Uyeki. 2009. Intensive-care patients with severe novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection- Michigan, June 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(27):749-752.
78. Nelson, M. I., L. Simonsen, C. Viboud, M. A. Miller, and E. C. Holmes. 2007. Phylogenetic analysis reveals the global migration of seasonal influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathogens 3(9):1220-1228.
79. Nelson, M. I., C. Viboud, L. Simonsen, R. T. Bennett, S. B. Griesemer, K. St George, J. Taylor, D. J. Spiro, N. A. Sengamalay, E. Ghedin, J. K. Taubenberger, and E. C. Holmes. 2008. Multiple reassortment events in the evolutionary history of H1N1 influenza A virus since 1918. PLoS Pathogens 4(2):e1000012.
80. Neumann, G., T. Noda, and Y. Kawaoka. 2009. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. Nature 459(7249):931-939.
81. Neustadt, R. E., and H. V. Fineberg. 1978. The swine flu affair: decision-making on a slippery disease. Honolulu, HI: University Press of the Pacific.
82. Noble, G. R. 1982. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of influenza. In Basic and applied influenza research, edited by A. S. Beare. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Pp. 11-50.
83. Pandemic Plan. 2005. H5N1 history: emergence of the influenza A H5N1 subtype (1997-2005), http://reports.typepad.com/pandemic_plan/2005/12/h5n1_history.html (accessed November 4, 2009).
84. PBS (Public Broadcasting System). 2009. Introduction: Influenza 1918, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/ americanexperience/influenza/introduction (accessed January 11, 2010).
85. PBS (Public Broadcasting System). 2010. H1N1 vaccine reaching poorer nations as flu fears continue to wane, http://www.pbs. org/newshour/updates/north_america/jan-june10/flu_01-07.html (accessed January 27, 2010).
86. PCAST (President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology). 2009. Report to the President on U.S. preparations for 2009-H1N1 influenza. Washington, DC: Office of Science and Technology Policy.
87. Pourbohloul, B., A. Ahued, B. Davoudi, R. Meza, L. A. Meyers, D. M. Skowronski, I. Villasenor, F. Galvan, P. Cravioto, D. J. Earn, J. Dushoff, D. Fisman, W. J. Edmunds, N. Hupert, S. V. Scarpino, J. Trujillo, M. Lutzow, J. Morales, A. Contreras, C. Chavez, D. M. Patrick, and R. C. Brunham. 2009. Initial human transmission dynamics of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in North America. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 3(5):215-222.
88. Presanis, A. M., D. De Angelis, The New York City Swine Flu Investigation Team, A. Hagy, C. Reed, S. Riley, B. S. Cooper, L. Finelli, P. Biedrzycki, and M. Lipsitch. 2009. The severity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in the United States, from April to July 2009: a Bayesian analysis. PLoS Medicine 6(12):e1000207.
89. Presti, R. M., G. Zhao, W. L. Beatty, K. A. Mihindukulasuriya, A. P. A. Travassos da Rosa, V. L. Popov, R. B. Tesh, H. W. Virgin, and D. Wang. 2009. Quaranfil, Johnston Atoll, and Lake Chad viruses are novel members of the family orthomyxoviridae. Journal of Virology 83(22):11599-11606.
90. ProMED-mail. 2009a. Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (16): Argentina, Sequencing, http://www. promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:298185261489014::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_ PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1004,78457 (accessed August 21, 2009).
91. ProMED-mail. 2009b. Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (07): Argentina, swine, alert, http://www.promedmail. org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:57555::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_ PUB_MAIL_ID:1400,78398 (accessed August 21, 2009).
92. Raynard, R. S., A. G. Murray, and A. Gregory. 2001. Infectious salmon anaemia virus in wild fish from Scotland. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 46(2):93-100.
93. Ruiz-Palacios, G. M. 2009. Ground zero: the origins of a pandemic? Presentation given at the September 15-16, 2009 public workshop "The domestic and international impacts of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: global challenges, global solutions," Forum on Microbial Threats, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
94. Russell, C. A., T. C. Jones, I. G. Barr, N. J. Cox, R. J. Garten, V. Gregory, I. D. Gust, A. W. Hampson, A. J. Hay, A. C. Hurt, J. C. de Jong, A. Kelso, A. I. Klimov, T. Kageyama, N. Komadina, A. S. Lapedes, Y. P. Lin, A. Mosterin, M. Obuchi, T. Odagiri, A. D. Osterhaus, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, M. W. Shaw, E. Skepner, K. Stohr, M. Tashiro, R. A. Fouchier, and D. J. Smith. 2008. The global circulation of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Science 320(5874):340-346.
95. Salomon, R., and R. Webster. 2009. The influenza virus enigma. Cell 136(3):402-410.
96. San Francisco AIDS Foundation. 2009. Glossary of HIV/AIDS terms, http://www.sfaf.org/custom/ glossary.aspx?l=en&a=G (accessed December 15, 2009).
97. Schnirring, L. 2009. USDA confirms first pandemic H1N1 finding in US pigs, http://www.cidrap.umn. edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/oct1909pig-br.html (accessed November 3, 2009).
98. Sencer, D. J., and J. D. Millar. 2006. Reflections on the 1976 swine flu vaccination program. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12(1):29-33.
99. Severson, W. X., Chen, J. Maddry, Y.-K. Chu, C. Jonsson, A. McBrayer, R. Tapp, D. Smee, C. Maddox, S. Ananthan, J. Noah, L. Black, B. Moore, M. Sosa, L. White, and L. Rasmussen. 2009. Discovery of new inhibitors of the influenza H5N1 virus. Antiviral Research 82(2):A36-A37.
100. Shannon, S., J. Louie, A. Siniscalchi, E. Rico, D. Richter, R. Hernandez, R. Lynfield, L. McHugh, C. Waters, E. Lee, A. Stoute, K. Landers, U. Bandy, N. Pascoe, V. Vernon, T. Haupt, C. Moore, L. Schieve, G. Peacock, C. Boyle, M. Honein, M. Yeargin-Allsopp, E. Trevathan, L. Finelli, T. Uyeki, R. Dhara, A. Fowlkes, D. Christensen, and V. Jarquin. 2009. Surveillance for pediatric deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection-United States, April-August 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58(34):941-947.
101. Shinya, K., M. Ebina, S. Yamada, M. Ono, N. Kasai, and Y. Kawaoka. 2006. Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature 440(7083):435-436.
102. Shortridge, K. F. 2009. Southern Hemisphere, Northern Hemisphere: a global influenza world. Presentation given at the September 15-16, 2009 public workshop "The domestic and international impacts of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: global challenges, global solutions," Forum on Microbial Threats, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
103. Simonsen, L. D., R. Olson, C. Viboud, E. Heiman, R. J. Taylor, M. A. Miller, and T. A. Reichert. 2005. Pandemic influenza and mortality: past evidence and projections for the future. In The threat of pandemic influenza. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
104. Smith, D. J., A. S. Lapedes, J. C. de Jong, T. M. Bestebroer, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, A. D. Osterhaus, and R. A. Fouchier. 2004. Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus. Science 305(5682):371-376.
105. Smith, G. J. D., D. Vijaykrishna, J. Bahl, S. J. Lycett, M. Worobey, O. G. Pybus, S. K. Ma, C. L. Cheung, J. Raghwani, S. Bhatt, J. S. Malik Peiris, Y. Guan, and A. Rambaut. 2009. Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. Nature 459(7250):1122-1125.
106. Soundararajan, V., K. Tharakaraman, R. Raman, S. Raguram, Z. Shriver, V. Sasisekharan, and R. Sasisekharan. 2009. Extrapolating from sequence-the 2009 H1N1 "swine" influenza virus. Nature Biotechnology 27(6):510-513.
107. Stein, R. 2009 (August 10). Preparing for swine flu's return: new wave expected after virus flourished in Southern Hemisphere. The Washington Post: A1.
108. Stern, A. M., and H. Markel. 2004. International efforts to control infectious diseases, 1851 to the present. Journal of the American Medical Association 292(12):1474-1479.
109. Stern, A. M. 2009. What Mexico taught the world about pandemic influenza preparedness and community mitigation strategies. Journal of the American Medical Association 302(11):1221-1222.
110. Stern, A. M., M. S. Cetron, and H. Markel. 2009. Closing the schools: lessons from the 1918-19 U.S. influenza pandemic. Health Affairs 28(6):w1066-w1078.
111. Taubenberger, J. K., and D. M. Morens. 2006. 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12(1):15-22.
112. Thompson, W. W., D. K. Shay, E. Weintraub, L. Brammer, N. Cox, L. J. Anderson, and K. Fukuda. 2003. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 289(2):179-186.
113. Throsby, M., E. van den Brink, M. Jongeneelen, L. L. Poon, P. Alard, L. Cornelissen, A. Bakker, F. Cox, E. van Deventer, Y. Guan, J. Cinatl, J. ter Meulen, I. Lasters, R. Carsetti, M. Peiris, J. de Kruif, and J. Goudsmit. 2008. Heterosubtypic neutralizing monoclonal antibodies cross- protective against H5N1 and H1N1 recovered from human IgM+ memory B cells. PLoS One 3(12):e3942.
114. Treanor, J. J. 2010. Influenza virus. In Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th Edition, edited by G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin R. Chapter 165. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 2009. Founder effect, http://evolution.berkeley. edu/evosite/glossary/glossary_browse.shtml (accessed December 15, 2009).
115. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 2009. USDA confirms 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus present in Minnesota fair pig sample, http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_ 1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2009/10/0514.xml (accessed November 3, 2009).
116. van Doorn, R. 2009. Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (27): Viet Nam, patient data update, August 8, 2009, http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1202:2994427309200284::NO::F2400_ P1202_CHECK_DISPLAY,F2400_P1202_PUB_MAIL_ID:X,78714 (accessed November 3, 2009).
117. van Riel, D., V. J. Munster, E. de Wit, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, R. A. Fouchier, A. D. Osterhaus, and T. Kuiken. 2006. H5N1 virus attachment to lower respiratory tract. Science 312(5772):399.
118. Wallensten, A., I. Oliver, D. Lewis, and S. Harrison. 2009. Compliance and side effects of prophylactic oseltamivir treatment in a school in south west England. Eurosurveillance 14(30):1-4.
119. Webby, R. J., K. Rossow, G. Erickson, Y. Sims, and R. Webster. 2004. Multiple lineages of antigenically and genetically diverse influenza A virus co-circulate in the United States swine population. Virus Research 103(1-2):67-73.
120. Webster, R. 2009. Evolution of the novel H1N1 influenza virus of swine origin. Remarks to the Forum on Microbial Threats Discussion Meeting, June 16, 2009, Washington, DC.
121. White, D. B., M. H. Katz, J. M. Luce, and B. Lo. 2009. Who should receive life support during a public health emergency? Using ethical principles to improve allocation decisions. Annals of Internal Medicine 150(2):132-138.
122. White, L. F., J. Wallinga, L. Finelli, C. Reed, S. Riley, M. Lipsitch, and M. Pagano. 2009. Estimation of the reproductive number and the serial interval in early phase of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in the USA. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 3(6):267-276.
123. White House. 2009. Declaration of a national emergency with respect to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, http://www.whitehouse.gov/THE-PRESS-OFFICE/DECLARATION-A-NATIONALEMERGENCY- WITH-RESPECT-2009-H1N1-INFLUENZA-PANDEMIC-0 (accessed November 17, 2009).
124. WHO (World Health Organization). 2005a. International Health Regulations, http://www.who.int/ ihr/en/ (accessed November 3, 2009).
125. WHO (World Health Organization). 2005b. Avian influenza: assessing the pandemic threat, the pandemic threat. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
126. WHO (World Health Organization). 2009a. Avian influenza frequently asked questions, http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_ influenza/ avian_faqs/en/index.html#isthere (accessed November 3, 2009).
127. WHO (World Health Organization). 2009b. Changes in reporting requirements for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection, http:// www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/notes/h1n1_surveillance:20090710/en/index.html (accessed November 3, 2009).
128. WHO (World Health Organization). 2009c. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 update 69, http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_10_09/en/index. html (accessed November 3, 2009).
129. WHO (World Health Organization). 2009d. Situation updates-pandemic (H1N1) 2009, http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/ updates/en/index.html (accessed November 3, 2009).
130. WHO (World Health Organization). 2009e. Timeline (22 July 2009 onwards) pandemic (H1N1) 2009 laboratory confirmed cases and number of deaths as reported to WHO, http://gamapserver.who.int/h1n1/cases-deaths/ h1n1_casesdeaths.html (accessed January 6, 2010).
131. WHO (World Health Organization). 2009f. Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza: pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 13, http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/notes/h1n1_clinical_features_20091016/ en/print.html (accessed November 4, 2009).
132. WHO (World Health Organization). 2009g. Antiviral use and the risk of drug resistance, http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/ notes/h1n1_antiviral_use_20090925/en/index.html (accessed November 5, 2009).
133. WHO (World Health Organization). 2010a. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 update 91, http://www.who.int/csr/don/2010_03_12/en/ index.html (accessed March 15, 2010).
134. WHO (World Health Organization). 2010b. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 update 76, http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_11_27a/en/index. html (accessed January 7, 2010).
135. WHO/AFRO (Regional Office for Africa). 2010. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in the African region: update 65, http://www.afro.who.int/ddc/influenzaa/index.html (accessed January 22, 2010).
136. WHO Representative Office in Viet Nam. 2009. Overview of the current pandemic H1N1 2009 situation, http://www.wpro.who.int/vietnam/sites/dcc/h1n1/ (accessed January 7, 2010).
137. WHO/SEARO. 2010. Pandemic H1N1 2009, http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section10/Section2562_ 15050.htm (accessed January 22, 2010).
138. Wikipedia. 2007. Virus replication, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virus_Replication_large.svg (accessed November 18, 2009).
139. Wikipedia. 2009. Influenza, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza#Replication (accessed November 18, 2009).
140. Wilson, M. E. 2003. The traveller and emerging infections: sentinel, courier, transmitter. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94(Suppl):1S-11S.
141. Wilson, N., and M. G. Baker. 2009. The emerging influenza pandemic: estimating the case fatality ratio. Eurosurveillance 14(26).
142. Xing, Z., and C. J. Cardona. 2009. Preexisting immunity to pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15(11):1847-1849.
143. Yuk-hang, N., and L. Chung. 2009 (November 6). Virus passes from humans to pigs in City. South China Morning Post.
144. Zheng, B. J., K. W. Chan, Y. P. Lin, G. Y. Zhao, C. Chan, H. J. Zhang, H. L. Chen, S. S. Wong, S. K. Lau, P. C. Woo, K. H. Chan, D. Y. Jin, and K. Y. Yuen. 2009. Delayed antiviral plus immunomodulator treatment still reduces mortality in mice infected by high inoculum of influenza A/H5N1 virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(23):8091-8096.
145. Zimmer, S. M., and D. S. Burke. 2009. Historical perspective-emergence of influenza A (H1N1) viruses. New England Journal of Medicine 361(3):279-285.