메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1717-1726

Counterfactual causation: Avoiding the downsides of a powerful, widely applicable but potentially fallible technique

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLELE; EDITORIAL; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HUMAN; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; SAMPLE (STATISTICS); METHODOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

EID: 85017151850     PISSN: 03005771     EISSN: 14643685     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx028     Document Type: Editorial
Times cited : (518)

References (37)
  • 1
    • 0037322022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelian randomization0: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?
    • Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. 0Mendelian randomization0: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:1-22.
    • (2003) Int J Epidemiol , vol.32 , pp. 1-22
    • Davey Smith, G.1    Ebrahim, S.2
  • 2
    • 84906838227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies
    • Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet 2014;23:R89-98.
    • (2014) Hum Mol Genet , vol.23 , pp. R89-98
    • Davey Smith, G.1    Hemani, G.2
  • 3
    • 40849083720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology
    • Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JA, Timpson N, Davey Smith G. Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Stat Med 2008;27:1133-63.
    • (2008) Stat Med , vol.27 , pp. 1133-1163
    • Lawlor, D.A.1    Harbord, R.M.2    Sterne, J.A.3    Timpson, N.4    Davey Smith, G.5
  • 4
    • 85017150051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges
    • Lawlor DA. Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges. Int J Epidemiol 2016;45:908-15.
    • (2016) Int J Epidemiol , vol.45 , pp. 908-915
    • Lawlor, D.A.1
  • 5
    • 85038610761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelian randomization study of adiposity-related traits and risk of breast, ovarian, prostate, lung and colorectal cancer
    • Gao C, Patel CJ, Michailidou K et al. Mendelian randomization study of adiposity-related traits and risk of breast, ovarian, prostate, lung and colorectal cancer. Int J Epidemiol 2016;45:896-908.
    • (2016) Int J Epidemiol , vol.45 , pp. 896-908
    • Gao, C.1    Patel, C.J.2    Michailidou, K.3
  • 6
    • 84989171924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BMI as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes: Refining and Understanding Causal Estimates Using Mendelian Randomization
    • Corbin LJ, Richmond RC, Wade KH et al. BMI as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes: Refining and Understanding Causal Estimates Using Mendelian Randomization. Diabetes 2016;65:3002-07.
    • (2016) Diabetes , vol.65 , pp. 3002-3007
    • Corbin, L.J.1    Richmond, R.C.2    Wade, K.H.3
  • 7
    • 84975165473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telomere length and health outcomes: A two-sample genetic instrumental variables analysis
    • Hamad R, Walter S, Rehkopf DH. Telomere length and health outcomes: A two-sample genetic instrumental variables analysis. Exp Gerontol 2016;82:88-94.
    • (2016) Exp Gerontol , vol.82 , pp. 88-94
    • Hamad, R.1    Walter, S.2    Rehkopf, D.H.3
  • 8
    • 38349068317 scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Age at School Entry on Educational Attainment: An Application of Instrumental Variables with Moments from Two Samples
    • Angrist JD, Krueger AB. The Effect of Age at School Entry on Educational Attainment: An Application of Instrumental Variables with Moments from Two Samples. J Am Stat Assoc 1992;87:328-36.
    • (1992) J Am Stat Assoc , vol.87 , pp. 328-336
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Krueger, A.B.2
  • 9
    • 77955148591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-Sample Instrumental Variables Estimators
    • Inoue A, Solon G. Two-Sample Instrumental Variables Estimators. Rev Econ Stat 2010;92:557-61.
    • (2010) Rev Econ Stat , vol.92 , pp. 557-561
    • Inoue, A.1    Solon, G.2
  • 10
    • 84885840876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data
    • Burgess S, Butterworth A, Thompson SG. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet Epidemiol 2013;37:658-65.
    • (2013) Genet Epidemiol , vol.37 , pp. 658-665
    • Burgess, S.1    Butterworth, A.2    Thompson, S.G.3
  • 11
    • 84936755918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression
    • Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol 2015;44:512-25.
    • (2015) Int J Epidemiol , vol.44 , pp. 512-525
    • Bowden, J.1    Davey Smith, G.2    Burgess, S.3
  • 12
    • 0037163849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis
    • Klerk M, Verhoef P, Clarke R, Blom HJ, Kok FJ, Schouten EG. MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2002;28:2023-31.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.28 , pp. 2023-2031
    • Klerk, M.1    Verhoef, P.2    Clarke, R.3    Blom, H.J.4    Kok, F.J.5    Schouten, E.G.6
  • 13
    • 84884973036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient design for Mendelian randomization studies: subsample and 2-sample instrumental variable estimators
    • Pierce BL, Burgess S. Efficient design for Mendelian randomization studies: subsample and 2-sample instrumental variable estimators. Am J Epidemiol 2013;178:1177-84.
    • (2013) Am J Epidemiol , vol.178 , pp. 1177-1184
    • Pierce, B.L.1    Burgess, S.2
  • 14
    • 85017097102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why internal weights should be avoided (not only) in MR-Egger regression
    • Hartwig FP, Davies NM. Why internal weights should be avoided (not only) in MR-Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol 2016;45:1676-78.
    • (2016) Int J Epidemiol , vol.45 , pp. 1676-1678
    • Hartwig, F.P.1    Davies, N.M.2
  • 15
    • 85009858640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maelstrom Research guidelines for rigorous retrospective data harmonization
    • Jun 6. pii: dyw075. [Epub ahead of print.]
    • Fortier I, Raina P, Van den Heuvel ER et al. Maelstrom Research guidelines for rigorous retrospective data harmonization. Int J Epidemiol 2016, Jun 6. pii: dyw075. [Epub ahead of print.]
    • (2016) Int J Epidemiol
    • Fortier, I.1    Raina, P.2    Van den Heuvel, E.R.3
  • 16
    • 84923171580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology
    • Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature 2015;518:197-206.
    • (2015) Nature , vol.518 , pp. 197-206
    • Locke, A.E.1    Kahali, B.2    Berndt, S.I.3
  • 17
    • 84923169934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution
    • Shungin D, Winkler TW, Croteau-Chonka DC et al. New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution. Nature 2015;518:187-96.
    • (2015) Nature , vol.518 , pp. 187-196
    • Shungin, D.1    Winkler, T.W.2    Croteau-Chonka, D.C.3
  • 18
    • 79951990503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between C reactive protein and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomization analysis based on individual participant data
    • d548.
    • Wensley F, Gao P, Burgess S et al. Association between C reactive protein and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomization analysis based on individual participant data. BMJ 2011;342:d548.
    • (2011) BMJ , vol.342
    • Wensley, F.1    Gao, P.2    Burgess, S.3
  • 19
    • 41549109212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian meta-analysis of genetic association studies with different sets of markers
    • Verzilli C, Shah T, Casas JP et al. Bayesian meta-analysis of genetic association studies with different sets of markers. Am J Hum Genet 2008;82:859-72.
    • (2008) Am J Hum Genet , vol.82 , pp. 859-872
    • Verzilli, C.1    Shah, T.2    Casas, J.P.3
  • 20
    • 85010269390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selecting instruments for Mendelian randomization in the wake of genomewide association studies
    • Swerdlow DI, Kuchenbaecker KB, Shah S et al. Selecting instruments for Mendelian randomization in the wake of genomewide association studies. Int J Epidemiol 2016;45:1600-16.
    • (2016) Int J Epidemiol , vol.45 , pp. 1600-1616
    • Swerdlow, D.I.1    Kuchenbaecker, K.B.2    Shah, S.3
  • 21
    • 79952069515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in>80 000 subjects identifies multiple loci for C-reactive protein levels
    • Dehghan A, Dupuis J, Barbalic M et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in>80 000 subjects identifies multiple loci for C-reactive protein levels. Circulation 2011;123:731-38.
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.123 , pp. 731-738
    • Dehghan, A.1    Dupuis, J.2    Barbalic, M.3
  • 22
    • 84969760786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment
    • Okbay A, Beauchamp JP, Fontana MA et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature 2016;533:539-42.
    • (2016) Nature , vol.533 , pp. 539-542
    • Okbay, A.1    Beauchamp, J.P.2    Fontana, M.A.3
  • 23
    • 84902285272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical effect of naturally random allocation to lower systolic blood pressure beginning before the development of hypertension
    • Ference BA, Julius S, Mahajan N, Levy PD, Williams KA Sr, Flack JM. Clinical effect of naturally random allocation to lower systolic blood pressure beginning before the development of hypertension. Hypertension 2014;63:1182-88.
    • (2014) Hypertension , vol.63 , pp. 1182-1188
    • Ference, B.A.1    Julius, S.2    Mahajan, N.3    Levy, P.D.4    Williams, K.A.5    Flack, J.M.6
  • 24
    • 85054240713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelian Randomization: Methods for Using Genetic Variants in Causal Estimation
    • Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Burgess S, Thompson SG. Mendelian Randomization: Methods for Using Genetic Variants in Causal Estimation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2015.
    • (2015)
    • Burgess, S.1    Thompson, S.G.2
  • 25
    • 1942436221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations
    • Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations. Int J Epidemiol 2004;33: 30-42.
    • (2004) Int J Epidemiol , vol.33 , pp. 30-42
    • Davey Smith, G.1    Ebrahim, S.2
  • 26
    • 35348983887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs
    • Frazer KA, Ballinger DG, Cox DR et al. A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 2007;449:851-61.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.449 , pp. 851-861
    • Frazer, K.A.1    Ballinger, D.G.2    Cox, D.R.3
  • 27
    • 84943171338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global reference for human genetic variation
    • Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM et al. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 2015;526:68-74.
    • (2015) Nature , vol.526 , pp. 68-74
    • Auton, A.1    Brooks, L.D.2    Durbin, R.M.3
  • 28
    • 77953808087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotype imputation for genome-wide association studies
    • Marchini J, Howie B. Genotype imputation for genome-wide association studies. Nat Rev Genet 2010;11:499-511.
    • (2010) Nat Rev Genet , vol.11 , pp. 499-511
    • Marchini, J.1    Howie, B.2
  • 29
    • 84969960084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A significant causal association between C-reactive protein levels and schizophrenia
    • Inoshita M, Numata S, Tajima A et al. A significant causal association between C-reactive protein levels and schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2016;6:26105.
    • (2016) Sci Rep , vol.6 , pp. 26105
    • Inoshita, M.1    Numata, S.2    Tajima, A.3
  • 30
    • 84978032321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating the Causal Relationship of C-Reactive Protein with 32 Complex Somatic and Psychiatric Outcomes: A Large-Scale Cross-Consortium Mendelian Randomization Study
    • Prins BP, Abbasi A, Wong A et al. Investigating the Causal Relationship of C-Reactive Protein with 32 Complex Somatic and Psychiatric Outcomes: A Large-Scale Cross-Consortium Mendelian Randomization Study. PLoS Med 2016;13:e1001976.
    • (2016) PLoS Med , vol.13
    • Prins, B.P.1    Abbasi, A.2    Wong, A.3
  • 31
    • 84904804929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological insights from 108 schizophreniaassociated genetic loci
    • Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophreniaassociated genetic loci. Nature 2014;511:421-27.
    • (2014) Nature , vol.511 , pp. 421-427
  • 32
    • 84859238629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel loci for adiponectin levels and their influence on type 2 diabetes and metabolic traits: a multi-ethnic meta-analysis of 45,891 individuals
    • Dastani Z, Hivert MF, Timpson N et al. Novel loci for adiponectin levels and their influence on type 2 diabetes and metabolic traits: a multi-ethnic meta-analysis of 45,891 individuals. PLoS Genet 2012;8:e1002607.
    • (2012) PLoS Genet , vol.8
    • Dastani, Z.1    Hivert, M.F.2    Timpson, N.3
  • 33
    • 84962675367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: the design, analysis, and interpretation of Mendelian randomization studies
    • Haycock PC, Burgess S, Wade KH, Bowden J, Relton C, Davey Smith G. Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: the design, analysis, and interpretation of Mendelian randomization studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103:965-78.
    • (2016) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.103 , pp. 965-978
    • Haycock, P.C.1    Burgess, S.2    Wade, K.H.3    Bowden, J.4    Relton, C.5    Davey Smith, G.6
  • 34
    • 85017142324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MR-Base: a platform for systematic causal inference across the phenome using billions of genetic associations
    • Hemani G, Zheng J, Wade KH et al. MR-Base: a platform for systematic causal inference across the phenome using billions of genetic associations. bioRxiv 2016.
    • (2016) bioRxiv
    • Hemani, G.1    Zheng, J.2    Wade, K.H.3
  • 35
    • 84936862928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Sale: 'Your Name Here' in a Prestigious Science Journal
    • 17 December.
    • Seife C. For Sale: 'Your Name Here' in a Prestigious Science Journal. Scientific American 2014, 17 December.
    • (2014) Scientific American
    • Seife, C.1
  • 36
    • 84987732826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mass Production of Redundant, Misleading, and Conflicted Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
    • Ioannidis JP. The Mass Production of Redundant, Misleading, and Conflicted Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. Milbank Q2016;94:485-514.
    • (2016) Milbank Q , vol.94 , pp. 485-514
    • Ioannidis, J.P.1
  • 37
    • 84951821725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adding Mendelian randomization to a metaanalysis - a burgeoning opportunity
    • Niu W, Gu M. Adding Mendelian randomization to a metaanalysis - a burgeoning opportunity. Tumour Biol 2016;37: 1527-29.
    • (2016) Tumour Biol , vol.37 , pp. 1527-1529
    • Niu, W.1    Gu, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.