Brokering democracy in Africa: The rise of clientelist democracy in Senegal

Brokering Democracy in Africa: The Rise of Clientelist Democracy in Senegal

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-280

  Beck, Linda J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MAINE AT FARMINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85013568651     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230611122     Document Type: Book

References (314)

1. Abdullah, Zain. 2004. "Islam, Africa and the Black Encounter: Boundary Shifting among West African Muslims in Harlem," Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Political and Social Science, New School University.
2. Achebe, Chinua. 1966. Man of the People. New York: John Day Company.
3. Adams, Adrian. 1977. Long voyage des gens du fleuve. Paris: François Maspéro.
4. Adams, Adrian. 1981. "The Senegal River Valley." In Rural Development in Tropical Africa, ed. J. Heyer, P. Roberts, and G. Williams. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 325-353.
5. Adams, Adrian. 1985. La terre et les gens du fleuve: jalons, balises. Paris: L’Harmattan.
6. Adams, Adrian. 2000. Quel avenir pour la vallée? Dakar: International Institute for Environment and Development.
7. Adams, Adrian and Jaabe So. 1996. A Claim to Land by the River: A Houshold in Senegal, 1720-1994. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. Amnesty International. 1990a. "Mauritania: Human Rights Violations in the Senegal River Valley." London: Amnesty International, October 1.
9. Amnesty International. 1990b. "Torture in Senegal: The Case of the Casamance." London: May 23.
10. Amnesty International. 1991. "Senegal: An Escalation in Human Rights Violations in Casamance Region." London: Amnesty International, January.
11. Amnesty International. 1996. "Senegal: Widespread Use of Torture Persists with Impunity, while Human Rights Abuses also Continue in the Casamance." London: Amnesty International, February 28.
12. Amnesty International. 1998. "Senegal: Climate of Terror in Casamance." London: Amnesty International, February 17.
13. Amnesty International. 1999. "Senegal. Casamance Civilians Shelled by the MFDC." London: Amnesty International, June 30.
14. Amselle, Jean-Loup. 1990. Logiques métisses: anthropologie de l’identité en Afrique et ailleurs. Paris: Payot.
15. Associates in Rural Development (ARD). 2001. "Decentralisation et gestion des resources naturelles." Dakar: Associates in Rural Development.
16. Association Culturelle Aguène-Diambogne (ACAD). 1999. "Carte d’Identité de l’ACAD." Fatick, Senegal: ACAD.
17. Auyero, Javier. 2001. Poor People’s Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita. Durham: Duke University Press.
18. Ayee, Joseph (ed.). 2001. Deepening Democracy in Ghana: The Politics of the 2000 Election. Accra: Freedom Publications Limited.
19. Ba, Cheikh. 1986. Les Peul du Sénégal. Etude géographique. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines.
20. Babou, Cheikh Anta. 2002. "Brotherhood Solidarity, Education and Migration: The Role of the Dahiras among the Murid Muslim Community in New York." African Affairs, 101, 151-170.
21. Barbier-Wiesser, François-George (ed.). 1994. Comprendre la Casamance: chronique d’une intégration contrastée. Paris: Karthala.
22. Barry, Boubacar. 1985. Le royaume du Waalo: Le Sénégal avant la conquête. Paris: Karthala.
23. Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
24. Bathily, Abdoulaye. 1989. "Senegal’s Structural Adjustment Programme and Its Economic and Social Effects." In The IMF, the World Bank, and the African Debt, ed. B. Onimode. London: Zed, 125-139.
25. Baum, Robert M. 1999. Shrines of the Slave Trade: Diola Religion and Society in Precolonial Senegambia. New York: Oxford University Press.
26. Bayart, Jean-François. 1993. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. New York: Longman.
27. Beck, Linda J. 1996. "Senegalese Patronage Politics and Decentralization: The Origins of the Casamance Secessionist Movement." Madison, WI: MacArthur Consortium Research Series on International Peace and Cooperation, No. 5.
28. Beck, Linda J. 1997. "Patrimonial Democrats: Incremental Reform and the Obstacles to Consolidating Democracy in Senegal." Canadian Journal of African Studies, 31: 1, 1-31.
29. Beck, Linda J. 1999. "Senegal’s Enlargened Presidential Majority: Deepening Democracy or a Detour?" In State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa, ed. R. Joseph. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 197-216.
30. Beck, Linda J. 2001. "Reining in the Marabouts? Decentralization and Political Accountability." African Affairs, 100, 601-621.
31. Beck, Linda J. 2002. "Patronage Politics: A Fond Farewell?" Sénégal du "socialisme" à l’ajustement structurel: Quelles politiques pour le XXIe siècle? edited by M.C. Diop, M. Diouf, P. Ndiaye and L.S. Mbow. Paris: Karthala. 529-548.
32. Beck, Linda J. 2003. "Democratization and the ‘Hidden Public’: The Participation of Senegalese Women in Patronage Politics," Comparative Politics, 35: 1, 147-169.
33. Beck, Linda J. Forthcoming. "Who are the Sénégalais d’Amérique?" Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies.
34. Beck, Linda J. 2007. "Senegal: Political Violence and Instability Wrack the Wade Government." Africa Contemporary Record 2003-2004. New York: Africana Publishing Company.
35. Behrman, Lucy Creevy. 1970. Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
36. Belotteau, Jacques. 1989. "Sénégal-Mauritanie: les graves événements du printemps 1989." Afrique Contemporaine, 152: 4, 41-42.
37. Berman, Bruce. 1998. "Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism." African Affairs, 97, 305-341.
38. Bermeo, Nancy. 1990. "Rethinking Regime Change," Comparative Politics. 22: 359-377.
39. Biya, T.K. 1998. "Acteurs et Médiations dans la Résolution et la Prévention des Conflits en Afrique de l’ouest." USAID: Project Conflict Prevention in West Africa, October.
40. Bloch, Peter C. 1988. "An Egalitarian Development Project in a Stratified Society: Who Ends up with the Land?" Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
41. Bloch, Peter C. 1993. "An Egalitarian Development Project in a Stratified Society: Who Ends up with the Land." In Land in Afircan Agrarian Systems, ed. T.J. Bassett and D. Crummey. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 222-243.
42. Boone, Catherine. 1992. Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930-1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Boone, Catherine. 2003. Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Boutbien, A. 1988-1989. "Les Relations Sénégalo-Arabes 1981-1989," Mémoire du DEA, Université de Bordeaux.
45. Bouteiller, J.L., P. Cantrelle, J. Causse, C. Laurent, and Th. N’Doye. 1962. La moyenne vallée du Sénégal. Paris: Ministère de la Coopération.
46. Bratton, Michael and Nicholas van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Bréhat, Jean and Rachid Bouchareb. 2004. Little Senegal. Paris: Blaq Out.
48. Callaghy, Thomas. 1997. "Political Passions and Economic Interests: Economic Reform and Political Structure in Africa." In Hemmed In, ed. T. Callaghy and J. Ravenhill. New York: Columbia University Press, 463-519.
49. Carothers, Thomas. 1998. "The Rule of Law Revival." Foreign Affairs, 77: 2, 95-106.
50. Carothers, Thomas. 2002. "The End of the Transition Paradigm." Journal of Democracy, 13: 1, 5-21.
51. Carter, Donald Martin. 1997. States of Grace: Senegalese in Italy and the New European Immigration. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
52. Casswell, N. 1984. "Autopsie de l’ONCAD: La politique arachidière du Sénégal, 1966-1980." Politique Africaine, 14, 39-73.
53. Chambaudoin, Maurice. 1993. "Casamance: Ce que veut réellement l’Abbé Diamancoune." Africa International, 265, 44-47.
54. Chandra, Kanchan. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Headcounts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Chateau, R. 1986. Essai sur l’histoire de l’aménagement et de la mise en valeur de la vallée du Sénégal. Saint-Louis: SAED.
56. Chehabi, H.E. and Juan J. Linz. 1998. Sultanistic Regimes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
57. Chubb, Judith. 1982. Patronage, Power and Poverty in Southern Italy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
58. Cisse, Katy. 1990. "Senegal: Les élections générales de février 1988 ou les limites d’une démocratie en construction." Memoire du DEA, Institut d’études politique de Bordeau, CEAN.
59. Cisse, Nouha, Mamadou Moussa Ba, and Martin Mane. 2000. "La crise casamançaise: Les initiatives et propositions de sortie de crise." Ziguinchor: Report for AJAC/APRAN.
60. City of New York. 1999. The Newest New Yorkers 1995-1996. New York: Department of City Planning.
61. Clark, Andrew. F. and Lucie Colvin Phillips. 1994. Historical Dictionary of Senegal. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
62. Collier, David and Steven Levitsky. 1997. "Democracy ‘with Adjectives’: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research." World Politics, 49: 3, 430-451.
63. Colvin, Lucie G. 1983. "Marabouts, Agriculture, and the Environment in Senegal." University Research Foundation Report Prepared for USAID. Dakar: November.
64. Conklin, Alice. 1997. A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Ideas of Empire in French West Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
65. Copans, Jean. 1980. Les marabouts de l’arachide: la confrérie mouride et les paysans du Sénégal. Paris: Le Sycomore.
66. Cottingham, Clement. 1970. "Political Consolidation and Centre-Local Relations in Senegal." Canadian Journal of African Studies, 4, 101-120.
67. Coulibaly, Abdou Latif. 1999. Le Sénégal à l’épreuve de la démocratie. Paris: L’Harmattan.
68. Coulibaly, Abdou Latif. 2003. Wade, un opposant au pouvoir: L’Alternance piégé? Dakar: Les Editions Sentinelles.
69. Coulon, Christian. 1975. "Pouvoir oligarchique et mutations sociales etpolitiques au Fouta-Toro." In J.L. Balans, C. Coulon, J. M. Gastellu (eds.) Autonomie locale et intégration nationale au Sénégal. Paris: Editions A. Pédone, 23-80.
70. Coulon, Christian. 1978. "Elections, factions et idéologies au Sénégal." In Aux urnes Afriques: Elections et pouvoirs en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions A. Pédone.
71. Coulon, Christian. 1979. "Les Marabouts sénégalais et l’Etat." Revue française de politiques africaines, 158, 15-42.
72. Coulon, Christian. 1981. Le Marabout et Le Prince: Islam et Pouvoir au Sénégal. Paris: Editions A. Pédone.
73. Coulon, Christian. 1983. "Les réformistes, les marabouts et l’Etat au Sénégal." In Les Musulmans et le Pouvoir en Afrique noire: religion et contre-culture, ed. Christian Coulon. Paris: Karthala, 120-142.
74. Coulon, Christian. 1988. "Senegal: The Development and Fragility of a Semidemocracy." In Democracy in Developing Countries: Africa, ed. L. Diamond, J. Linz, and S. Lipset. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 141-178.
75. Coursier, Alain. 1989. Faidherbe, 1818-1889: Du Sénégal à l’armée du Nord. Paris: Tallandier.
76. Crenson, Mattew and Benjamin Ginsberg. 2002. Downsizing Democracy: How America Sidelined its Citizens and Privatized the Public. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
77. Crousse, Bernard, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy Seck (eds.). 1991. La vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Evaluations et perspectives d’une décennie d’aménagements (1980-1990). Paris: Karthala.
78. Crowder, Michael. 1967. Senegal: A Study of French Assimilation Policy. London: Methuen.
79. Crowder, Michael and Donal Cruise O’Brien. 1987. "Politics of Decolonisation in French West Africa, 1945-1960." In History of West Africa, ed. J. Ajayi and M. Crowder. Essex: Longman, Vol. 2, 736-773.
80. Dahl, Robert. 1971. Polyarchy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
81. Darbon, Dominique. 1984. "La culturalisme bas-casamançais." Politique Africaine, 14, 125-128.
82. Darbon, Dominique. 1985. "La voix de la Casamance… une parole Diola." Politique Africaine, 18, 127-138.
83. Darbon, Dominique. 1988. L’administration et le paysan en Casamance. Paris: Editions A. Pédone.
84. de Benoist, Joseph Roger. 1991. "Pour une solution définitive du conflit en Casamance." Afrique Contemporaine, 160, 27-38.
85. de Jong, Ferdinand. 2002. "Politicians of the Scared Grove: Citizenship and Ethnicity in Southern Senegal." Africa, 72: 2, 203-220.
86. de Jong, Klaas. 1979. "Peasant Fishermen and Capitalists: Development in Senegal," Review of African Political Economy, 15/16, 105-123.
87. Delville, Philippe Lavigne. 1991a. "Migration et structuration associative: Enjeux dans la moyenne vallée." In La vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Evaluations et perspectives d’une décennie d’aménagements (1980-1990), ed. B. Crousse, P. Mathieu, and S. Seck. Paris: Karthala, 117-139.
88. Delville, Philippe Lavigne. 1991b. La rizière et la valise: Irrigation, migration et stratégies paysannes dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Paris: Syros Alternatives.
89. Diagne, Pathe. 1967. "L’Almania du Fouta-Toro." In Pouvoir politique traditionnel en Afrique occidental, Essais sur les institutions politiques précoloniales, ed. Pathe Diagne. Paris: Présence Africaine, 181-213.
90. Diamacoune Senghor, Augustin. 1995. "Casamance-Pays du Refus: Réponse à Monsieur Jacques Charpy." Unpublished document.
91. Diamond, Larry. 2002. "Elections without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes." Journal of Democracy, 13: 2, 21-35.
92. Diamond, Larry and Leonardo Morlino. 2005. Assessing the Quality of Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
93. Diamond, Larry, J. Linz, and S. Lipset (eds.). 1988. Democracy in Developing Countries: Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
94. Diaw, Aminata and Mamadou Diouf. 1992. "Ethnies et nation au miroir des discours identitaires: le cas sénégalais." Paper Presented at CODESIRA Seminar on Ethnic Conflicts in Africa, Nairobi, November 16-18.
95. Diemer, Geert and Ellen van der Laan. 1987. L’Irrigation au Sahel. Paris: Karthala.
96. Dilley, Roy. 2004. Islamic and Caste Knowledge Practices among Haalpulaaren in Senegal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
97. Diop, Ababacar. 1997. Dans la peau d’un sans-papiers. Paris: Seuil.
98. Diop, Abdoulaye-Bara. 1965. Société toucouleur et migration. Dakar: IFAN.
99. Diop, Abdoulaye-Bara. 1981. La société wolof: Tradition et Changement: Les Systèmes d’inégalité et de domination. Paris: Karthala.
100. Diop, Alioune Badara. 2002. "Logiques sociales et démocratie électorale au Sénégal. Essai de reconstruction et d’interpretation d’une trajectoire de crise: L’exemple du Fouta-Tooro (1983-2001)." Bordeaux: Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV.
101. Diop, Momar Coumba. 1982. "Le phénomène associatif mouride en ville: Expression du dynamisme confrérique." Psychopathologie Africaine, 18: 3, 293-318.
102. Diop, Momar Coumba and Mamadou Diouf. 1990. Le Sénégal sous Abdou Diouf. Paris: Karthala.
103. Diop, Momar Coumba, Mamadou Diouf, and Aminata Diaw. 2002. "Le baobab a été déraciné: L’alternance au Sénégal." Politique Africaine, 78, 157-179.
104. Diouf, Makhtar. 1994. Sénégal: Ethnies et la Nation. Dakar: UNRISD.
105. Diouf, Mamadou. 1990. Le Kajoor au XIXe siècle: pouvoir ceddo et conquête coloniale. Paris: Karthala.
106. Diouf, Mamadou. 1992. "Le clientélisme, la ‘technocratie’ et après?" In Sénégal: Trajectoires d’un Etat, ed. M.C. Diop. Dakar: Karthala, 233-278.
107. Diouf, Mamadou. 1994. "L’échec du modèle démocratique du Sénégal, 1981-1993." Afrika Spectrum, 29, 47-64.
108. Diouf, Mamadou. 2000. "The Senegalese Murid Trade Diaspora and the Making of a Vernacular Cosmopolitanism," Political Culture, 12: 3, 679-702.
109. Diouf, Mamadou. 2001. Histoire du Sénégal: le modèle islamo-wolof et ses périphéries. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose.
110. Diouf-Kamara, Sylviane. 1997. "Senegalese in New York: A Model Minority?" Black Renaissance, 1: 2, 92-115.
111. Dumont, Louis. 1966. Homo Hierarchicus: Essai sur le système des castes. Paris: Gallimand.
112. Dumont, René and Marie-France Mottin. 1982. Le défi sénégalais: Reconstruire les terriors, liberer les paysans. Dakar: ENDA.
113. Ebin, Victoria. 1990. "Commerçants et missionnaires: une confrérie musulmane sénégalaise à New York." Hommes & Migrations, 1132, 25-31.
114. Ebin, Victoria. 1993. "Les Commerçants Mourides à Marseille et à New York." In Grands Commerçants d’Afrique de l’Ouest, ed. E. Grégoire and P. Labazée. Paris: Karthala, 101-123.
115. Ebin, Victoria. 1996. "Making Room versus Creating Space: The Construction of Spatial Categories by Itinerant Mouride Traders." In Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe, ed. B.D. Metcalf. Berkeley: University of California Press.
116. Eichelsheim, John Lucas. 1991. "Formation d’Etat et particularisme en Afrique: les relations des Diola au sud du Sénégal avec le pouvoir central à Dakar." Afrika Focus 7: 3.
117. Eisenstadt, S.N. and R. Lemarchand (eds.). 1981. Political Clientelism, Patronage, and Development. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
118. Eisenstadt, S.N. and Luis Roniger. 1981. "The Study of Patron-Client Relations and Recent Developments in Sociological Theory." In Political Clientelism, Patronage, and Development, ed. S.N. Eisenstadt and R. Lemarchand. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 271-295.
119. Ekeh, Peter P. 1975. "Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement." Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17: 1, 91-112.
120. Elkins, Catherine. 1997. "Grasping the Sword: People, Property and Politics in the Senegal River Valley," Doctoral Dissertation, Political Science Department, Duke University.
121. Epstein, A.L. 1978. Ethos and Identity: Three Studies in Ethnicity. London: Tavistock Publications.
122. European Union and United Nations Development Programme Fund. 2001. "Groupe de coordination des partenaires au développement dans les regions de la Casamance: Projets/programmes en préparation/futures." Dakar: EU and UNDP, January.
123. Evans, Martin. 2003a. "Casamance, Senegal: War Economy or Business as Usual?" Doctoral Dissertation, Geography Department, Kings College London.
124. Evans, Martin. 2003b. "Ni paix ni guerre: The Political Economy of Low-Level Conflict in the Casamance," Background Research for HPG Report 13, February.
125. Fatton, Robert. 1987. The Making of a Liberal Democracy: Senegal’s Passive Revolution, 1975-1985. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
126. Faye, Ousseynou. 1994. "La crise casmançaise et les relations du Sénégal avec la Gambie et la Guinée-Bissau." In Le Sénégal et ses voisins, ed. M.C. Diop. Dakar: Sociétés-Espaces-Temps.
127. Foltz, William J. 1965. From French West Africa to the Mali Federation. New Haven: Yale University Press.
128. Foltz, William J. and K. Deutsch (eds.). 1966. Nation-Building. New York: Atherton Press.
129. Foucher, Vincent. 2002. "Cheated Pilgrims: Migration, Education and the Birth of Casamançais Nationalism (Senegal)." London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
130. Foucher, Vincent. 2003. "Le ‘retour au religieux’ et la recherché de la paix en Casamance." Studia Africana, 14, 40-44.
131. Foucher, Vincent. 2004. "Pas d’Alternance en Casamance? Le nouveau pouvoir sénégalais face à la revendication séparatiste casamançaise." Unpublished paper.
132. Fox, Jonathan. 1994. "The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico." World Politics, 46: 2, 154-184.
133. Gasser, Geneviève. 2002. "Manger ou s’en aller: que veulent les opposants armés casamançais?" Le Sénégal contemporain, ed. M.C. Diop. Paris, Karthala: 459-498.
134. Gellar, Sheldon. 1995. Senegal: An African Nation between Islam and the West. Boulder: Westview Press.
135. Gellar, Sheldon. 2005. Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
136. Girard, Jean. 1969. Gènese du pouvoir charismatique en Basse Casamance. Dakar: Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire.
137. Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notes. Ed. and trans. W. Hoare and G.N. Smith. New York: International Publishers.
138. Gueye, Massata. 1994. "Politiques de développement et dégradation des ressources naturelles au Sénégal." Dakar: CRDI.
139. Gunes-Ayata, Ayse. 1994. "Clientelism: Premodern, Modern, Postmodern," in Democracy, Clientelism and Civil Society, edited by L. Roniger and A. Gunes-Ayata. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 19-28.
140. Gunther, Richard, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros and Hans-Jurgen Puhle. 1996. "O’Donnell’s ‘Illusions’: A Rejoinder" Journal of Democracy 7: 4, 151-159.
141. Hanson, John. 1996. Migration, Jihad and Muslim Authority in West Africa: The Futanke Colonies in Karta. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
142. Harrison, Christopher. 1988. France and Islam in West Africa 1860-1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
143. Herbst, Jeffrey. 2001. "Political Liberalization in Africa after Ten Years." Comparative Politics, 33: 3, 357-375.
144. Hesseling, Gerti. 1986. "Le droit foncier dans une situation semi-urbane. Le cas de Ziguinchor." In Espaces disputés en Afrique Noire, ed. B. Crousse, E. Le Bris, and E. Le Roy. Paris: Karthala, 113-132.
145. Hesseling, Gerti. 1992. Pratiques foncières à l’ombre du droit: l’application du droit foncier urbain à Ziguinchor, Sénégal. Leiden: African Studies Center.
146. Hesseling, Gerti. 1994. "La terre, à qui est-elle? Les pratiques foncières en Basse-Casamance." In Comprendre la Casamance: chronique d’une intégration contrastée, ed. F.G. Barbier-Wiesser. Paris: Karthala, 243-261.
147. Ignatiev, Noel. 1995. How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge.
148. Jackson, Robert H. and Carl G. Rosberg. 1982. Personal Rule in Black Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
149. Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2002. India’s Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. New York: Columbia University Press.
150. Johnson, G. Wesley. 1971. The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes, 1900-1920. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
151. Joseph, Richard. 1987. Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
152. Jourde, Cédric. 2004. "Rivalités inter-(intra) ethniques et luttes symboliques dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal avant l’indépendance." In Les Trajectoires d’un État-frontière: espace, évolution politique et transformations sociales en Mauritanie, ed. Z.O.A. Salem. Dakar: CODESRIA.
153. Kane, Abdoulaye. 2001. "Les Caméléons de la Finance Populaire au Sénégal et dans la Diaspora: Dynamique des Tontines et des Caisses Villageoises entre Thilogne, Dakar et Paris," Doctoral Dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
154. Kane, Mouhamed Moustapha. 1987. "A History of Fuuta Tooro, 1890s-1920s: Senegal under Colonial Rule," Doctoral Dissertation, History Department, Michigan State University.
155. Kane, Mouhamed Moustapha and David Robinson. 1984. The Islamic Regime of the Fuuta Tooro. East Lansing, MI: African Studies Center, Michigan State University.
156. Kane, Ousmane and Leonardo A. Villalon. 1995. "Islam and Democracy in Senegal: The Crisis of Legitimacy and the Emergence of a Muslim Opposition Movement." Paper for the International Studies Association Conference, Chicago, February 22-25.
157. Kante, Babacar. 1994. "Senegal’s Empty Elections." Journal of Democracy, 5: 1, 96-108.
158. Karl, Terry Lynn. 1986. "Imposing Consent? Electoralism vs. Democratization in El Salvador." In Elections and Democratization in Latin America, ed. P. Drake and E. Silva. San Diego: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies, University of California-San Diego, 9-36.
159. Karl, Terry Lynn. 1995. "Hybrid Regimes of Central America." Journal of Democracy, 6: 3, 72-86.
160. Kitschelt, Herbert. 2000. "Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities." Comparative Political Studies, 33: 6/7, 845-879.
161. Kitschelt, Herbert and Steven I. Wilkinson. 2007. Patrons, Clientes and Policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
162. Klein, Martin A. 1968. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
163. Klein, Martin A. 1972. "Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia." Journal of African History, 13: 3, 419-441.
164. Kyburz, Olivier. 1994. "Les hierarchies socials et leurs fondements idéologiques chez les Haalpulaaren," Paris: Université de Paris X, doctoral dissertation.
165. Lambert, Michael. 1998. "Violence and the War of Words: Ethnicity v. Nationalism in the Casamance." Africa, 68: 4, 585-602.
166. Landé, Carl H. 1983. "Political Clientelism in Political Studies: Retrospect and Prospect." International Political Science Review, 4: 4, 435-454.
167. Lemarchand, René. 1977. "Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-Building." In S.W. Schmidt, James C. Scott, Carl Lande, Laura Guasti (eds.) Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 100-122.
168. Lemarchand, René. 1988. "The State, the Parallel Economy, and the Changing Structure of Patronage." In Precarious Balance: State & Society in Africa, ed. D. Rothchild and N. Chazan. Boulder: Westview Press, 149-170.
169. Lemarchand, René and Keith Legg. 1972. "Political Clientelism and Development: A Preliminary Analysis," Comparative Politics 4: 149-178.
170. Le Roy, Etienne. 1991. "Urbanisation et agro-industries." In La vallée du fleuve Sénégal ed. B. Crousse, P. Mathieu, and S. Seck. Paris: Karthala, 170-196.
171. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way. 2002. "Elections without Democracy: The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism." Journal of Democracy, 13: 2, 51-65.
172. Lewis, J. 1987. "Aid, Structural Adjustment and Senegalese Agriculture." In Political Economy of Risk and Choice in Senegal, ed. M. Gersovitz and J. Waterbury. London: Frank Cass.
173. Linares, O.F. 1987. "Deferring to Trade in Slaves: The Joola of Casamance in Historical Perspective." History in Africa, 14, 113-139.
174. Linz, Juan. 2000. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
175. Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
176. Linz, Juan and Arturo Valenzuela. 1994. The Failure of Presidential Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
177. Ly, Abdoulaye. 1992. Les regroupement politiques au Sénégal. Dakar: CODESIRA.
178. Magistro, John V. 1993. "Crossing Over: Ethnicity and Transboundary Conflict in the Senegal River Valley," Cahiers d’études africaines, 33: 2, 201-232.
179. Magnusson, Bruce. 2005. "Democratic Legitimacy in Benin." In The Fate of Africa’s Democratic Experiments, ed. Leonardo Villalòn and Peter Von Doepp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 75-95.
180. Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
181. Mark, Peter. 1985. A Cultural, Economic and Religious History of the Basse Casamance Since 1500. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.
182. Marty, Paul. 1917. Etudes sur l’Islam au Sénégal. Paris: Leroux.
183. Marut, Jean-Claude. 1994. "Les évolutions en Casamance," Afrique politique.
184. Marut, Jean-Claude. 1995. "Solution militaire en Casamance." Politique Africaine, 58, 163-169.
185. Marut, Jean-Claude. 1996. "La rébellion casamançaise peut-elle finir?" Afrique Contemporaine, Special Edition, 75-83.
186. Marut, Jean-Claude. 1999. "La questionne de Casamance (Sénégal). Une analyse géopolitique. Paris: Université Paris 8.
187. Marut, Jean-Claude. 2003. "Le retour au religieux dans le Kasa (Casamance): Guerre des dieux ou troisième voie?" Studia Africana, 14, 30-36.
188. Mathieu, Paul. 1991. "Irrigation, transformation économique et enjeux fonciers." In La vallée du fleuve, ed. B. Crousse, P. Mathieu, and S. Seck. Paris: Karthala, 197-214.
189. Mbodj, Mohammed. 1991. "The Politics of Independence." In The Political Economy of Senegal under Structural Adjustment, ed. C.L. Delgado and S. Jammeh. New York: Praeger, 119-126.
190. McLaughlin, Fiona, 1996. "Haalpulaar Identity as a Response to Wolofization." African Languages and Cultures, 8: 2.
191. Médard, Jean-François. 1991. "L’Etat néo-patrimonial en Afrique noire." In Etats d’Afrique Noire: Formations, mécanismes et crises, ed. J.F. Médard. Paris: Karthala, 323-353.
192. Migdal, Joseph. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
193. Migdal, Joseph and Baruch Kimmerling. 1994. Palestinians: The Making of a People. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
194. Minvielle, J-P. 1985. Paysans migrants du Fouta Toro. Dakar: ORSTOM.
195. Monteil, Vincent. 1964. L’Islam noir. Paris: Edition du Seuil.
196. Monteil, Vincent. 1966. Esquisse Sénégalaises. Dakar: Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire.
197. Morganthau, Ruth S. 1964. Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
198. Munck, Geraldo. 1994. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, 26: 3, 354-375.
199. Nair, Sami. 1994. Contre les lois Pasqua. Paris: Seuil.
200. Niasse, Madiodio. 1991. "Les perimetres irrigués villageois vieillissent mal: Les paysans se desengagent-ils en meme temps que la SAED?" In La vallée du fleuve Sénégal, ed. B. Crouse, P. Mathieu, and S. Seck. Paris: Karthala, 97-115.
201. Nzouankeu, J.M. 1984. Les partis politiques sénégalais. Dakar: Editions Clairafrique.
202. O’Bannon, Brett R. 2004. "Confronting the Development Dilemma: Decentralized Cooperation, Governance and Local Responses to Neoliberal Reform in Rural Senegal," Doctoral Dissertation, Political Science Department, Indiana University.
203. O’Brien, Donal Cruise. 1967a. "Towards an Islamic Policy in French West Africa, 1854-1914." Journal of African History, 8: 2, 303-316.
204. O’Brien, Donal Cruise. 1967b. "Political Opposition in Senegal: 1960-67," Government and Opposition, 2: 4, 557-566.
205. O’Brien, Donal Cruise. 1971. The Mourides of Senegal. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
206. O’Brien, Donal Cruise. 1975. Saints and Politicians: Essays in the Organization of the Senegalese Peasant Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
207. O’Brien, Donal Cruise. 1979. "Ruling Class and Peasantry in Senegal." In The Political Economy of Underdevelopment, ed. R. Cruise O’Brien. London: Sage Publications, 209-227.
208. O’Brien, Donal Cruise. 1980. "Langue et nationalité au Sénégal: L’enjeu politique de la wolofisation," Année Africaine 1979, 319-335.
209. O’Brien, Donal Cruise. 1983. "Les élections sénégalaises du 27 février 1983," Politique Africaine, September 7-12.
210. O’Brien, Donal Cruise. 1988. "Charisma Comes to Town: Mouride Urbanization, 1945-1986." In Charisma and Brotherhood in African Islam, ed. D. Cruise O’Brien and C. Coulon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 135-156.
211. O’Brien, Donal Cruise. 1998. "The Shadow-Politics of Wolofisation." Journal of Modern African Studies, 36: 1, 25-46.
212. O’Brien, Donal Cruise, Momar-Coumba Diop, and Mamadou Diouf. 2002. La Construction de l’Etat au Sénégal. Paris: Karthala.
213. O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1973. Bureaucratic Authoritarianism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
214. O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1994. "Delegative Democracy." Journal of Democracy, 5: 1, 55-69.
215. O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1996. "Illusions about Consolidation." Journal of Democracy, 7: 2, 34-1.
216. O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1999. "Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies." Journal of Democracy, 9: 3, 112-126.
217. O’Donnell, Guillermo. 2001. "Democracy, Law and Comparative Politics." Studies in Comparative International Development, 36: 1, 7-36.
218. O’Donnell, Guillermo and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
219. O’Donnell, Guilermo, Jorge Vargas Cullell, and Osvaldo Jazzetta. 2004. The Quality of Democracy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
220. Office of Policy and Planning. 2003. "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: 1990 to 2000." Washington, DC: US Citizen and Immigration Services.
221. O’Laughlin, Bridget. 2000. "Class and the Customary," African Affairs, 99: 394, 5-43.
222. Ottoway, Marina. 2003. Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
223. Park, Thomas K. 1993. "Arid Lands and the Political Economy of Flood Recession in Fuuta Tooro." In Risk and Tenure in Arid Lands: The Political Ecology of Development in the Senegal River Basin, ed. T. Park. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1-30.
224. Parker, R. 1991. "The Senegal-Mauritania Conflict of 1989: A Fragile Equilibrium." Journal of Modern African Studies, 29: 1, 155-171.
225. Pasotti, Eleonora. 2003. "From Clients to Citizens: Public Opinion Mobilization in Naples," Doctoral Dissertation, Political Science Department, Columbia University.
226. Pélissier, Paul. 1966. Les paysans du Sénégal: Les civilisations agraires du Cayor à la Casamance. Saint-Yrieix: Imprimerie Fabrègue.
227. Pempel, T. (ed.). 1998. Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy. Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press.
228. Piattoni, Simona (ed.). 2001. Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation: The European Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
229. Powel, John Duncan. 1970. "Peasant Society and Clientelist Politics," American Political Science Review. 64, 411-425.
230. Przeworski, Adam, Michael Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.
231. Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
232. Ravault, F. 1964. "Kanel-L’exode rural dans la vallée du Sénégal," in Cahiers d’Outre-Mer, XVII: 58-80.
233. Republic of Senegal. 1989. Livre Blanc sur le differend entre le Sénégal et la Mauritanie en Avril-Mai 1989. Dakar: July.
234. Republic of Senegal. 1990. Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat de 1988. Dakar: Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Planning.
235. Republic of Senegal. 1991. Les Faits en Casamance: le droit contre la violence. Dakar: January.
236. Ribot, Jesse. 2004. Waiting for Democracy: The Politics of Choice in Natural Resource Decentralizatrion. Washington, DC: World Research Institute.
237. Riccio, Bruno. 2002. "Senegal Is Our Home: The Anchored Nature of Senegalese Transnational Networks." In New Approaches to Migration?, ed. N. Al-Ali and K. Koser. London: Routledge, 68-84.
238. Robinson, David. 1975. Chiefs and Clerics: Abdul Bokar Kan and Futa Toro, 1853-1891. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
239. Robinson, David. 1988. "French `Islamic’ Policy and Practice in Late Nineteenth-Century Senegal." Journal of African History, 29: 3, 415-435.
240. Robinson, David. 1991. "Beyond Resistance and Collaboration: Amadu Bamba and the Murids of Senegal." Journal of Religion in Africa, 21: 2, 149-171.
241. Robinson, David. 2000. Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Mauritania, 1880-1920. Oxford: James Currey.
242. Robinson, Pearl. 1994. "Democratization: Understanding the Relationship between Regime Change and the Culture of Politics." African Studies Review, 37: 1, 39-67.
243. Roche, Christian. "Portraits de chefs casamancais," Revue francaise d’histoire d’outre-mer. 213: 451-467.
244. Roche, Christian. 1985. Histoire de la Casamance: Conquête et résistance 1850-1920. Paris: Karthala.
245. Roniger, Luis. 1990. Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil. New York: Praeger.
246. Roth, Guenther. 1968. "Personal Rulership, Patrimonialism, and Empire-Building in the New States." In State and Society, ed. R. Bendix. Berkeley: University of California Press.
247. Rudolph, Lloyd I. and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph. 1967. The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India. Chicago: University of Chicago.
248. Sabine, George. 1952. "The Two Democratic Traditions." The Philosophical Review, 61: 4, 451-474.
249. Salem-Murdock, Muneera, Madiodio Niasse, et al. 1994. Les Barrages de la Controverse: Le cas de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Paris: L’Harmattan.
250. Sandbrook, Richard and Jay Oelbaum. 1997. "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions through Democratisation? Reflections on Ghana." The Journal of Modern African Studies, 35: 4, 603-646.
251. Santoir, C. 1990. "Le conflit mauritano-sénégalais: la genese." Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, 26: 4, 553-576.
252. Schaffer, Fredric C. 1998. Democracy in Translation: Understanding Politics in an Unfamiliar Culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
253. Schatzberg, Michael. 2001. Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
254. Schedler, Andreas. 1998. "What Is Democratic Consolidation?" Journal of Democracy, 9: 2, 91-107.
255. Schedler, Andreas. 2005. "From Electoral Authoritarianism to Democratic Consolidation." In Mexico’s Democracy at Work, ed. R. Crandall et al. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 11-46.
256. Schmidt di Friedberg, Octavia. 1993. "L’immigration africaine en Italie: Le cas sénégalais." Etudes Internationales, March 24.
257. Schmidt, S.W., James C. Scott, Carl Lande, Laura Guasti (eds.). 1977. Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
258. Schmitz, Jean. 1986. "Agriculture de décrue, unités territoriales et irrigation dans la vallée du Sénégal." Cahiers de la Recherche-Développement, 12, 65-77.
259. Schmitz, Jean. 1990. "Histoire savanate et formes spatio-généalogique de la mémoire (Haalpulaar de la Vallée du Sénégal)." Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, 26: 4, 505-531.
260. Schmitz, Jean. 1993. "Anthropologie des conflits fonciers et hydropolitique du fleuve Sénégal (1975-1991)." Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, 29: 4, 591-623.
261. Schmitz, Jean. 1994. "Cités noires: les républiques villageoises du Fuuta Tooro (Vallée du fleuve Sénégal)." Cahiers d’études africaines, 34: 1-3, 419-461.
262. Schmitz, Jean. 2000. "‘L’élection divise’: La politique au village dans la vallé du Sénégal." Afrique Contemporaine, 194: 2, 34-46.
263. Schumacher, Edward J. 1975. Politics, Bureaucracy and Rural Development in Senegal. Berkeley: University of California Press.
264. Scott, James C. 1969. "Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change." American Political Science Review, 63, 1142-1158.
265. Seck, Boubacar. 1991-1992. "L’Ethique Mouride et ses implications socioeconomiques." Mémoire de Maitrise, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar.
266. Seck, Sidy M. 1991-1992. "Sur la dynamique de l’irrigation dans la vallée du fleuve." In La vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Evaluations et perspectives d’un décennie d’aménagements (1980-1990), ed. B. Crouse, P Mathieu, and S. Seck. Paris: Karthala, 17-43.
267. Searing, James F. 2002. "God Alone Is King": Islam and Emancipation in Senegal. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
268. Shulman, Alix. 1972. Red Emma Speaks. New York: Schocken Books.
269. Soh, Siré-Abbas, 1913. Chroniques du Fouta Sénégalais. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
270. Solinger, Dorothy. 2001. "Ending One-Party Dominance: Korea, Taiwan, Mexico." Journal of Democracy, 12: 1, 30-42.
271. Stepan, Alfred and Cynthia Skach. 1993. "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism vs. Presidentialism." World Politics, 46: 1, 1-22.
272. Stephen, Lynn. 1997. "Pro-Zapatista and Pro-Pri: Resolving the Contradictions of Zapatismo in Rural Oaxaca." Latin American Research Review, 32: 2, 41-70.
273. Stoller, Paul. 1996. "Spaces, Places and Fields: The Politics of West African Trading in New York City’s Informal Economy." American Anthropologist, 98: 4, 776-788.
274. Stoller, Paul. 2002. Money Has No Smell: The Africanization of New York City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
275. Sy, Cheikh Tidiane. 1969. La confrérie sénégalaise de Mourides. Dakar: Présence Africaine.
276. Sy, Cheikh Tidiane. 1988. Crise du Développement Rural et Désengagement de l’Etat au Sénégal. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines.
277. Sylla, S. 1983-1985. "Les leçons des élections sénégalaises du 27 février 1983." Annales Africaines, 253-253.
278. Tarrow, Sidney. 1967. Peasant Communism in Southern Italy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
279. Thomas, Louis-Vincent. 1958-1959. Les Diola: Essai d’analyse fonctionelle sur une population de Basse-Casamance. Dakar: Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire.
280. Thomas, Louis-Vincent. 1968. "Diola ‘Kings,’ Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow." Unpublished paper presented at the University of Ife, December.
281. Thompson, J. Phillip. 2005. Double Trouble: Black Mayors, Black Communities and the Call for a Deep Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
282. Toliver-Diallo, Wilmetta J. 1999. "Aline Sitoe Diatta: Addressing Historical Silences through Senegalese Culture," Doctoral Dissertation, History Department, Stanford University.
283. Touré, El Hadj Seydou Nourou. 1984-1985. "Société, pouvoir et régime foncier au Fuuta Tooro (Sénégal) dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle." Bulletin de l’IFAN, 46: 1-2 (series B), 115-136.
284. Trincaz, P.-X. 1984. Colonisation et régionalisme: Ziguinchor en Casamance. Paris: Editions de l’Orstom.
285. Tripp, Aili. 2000. Women and Politics in Uganda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
286. United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 1999. "Casamance Recovery Program Strategy: Special Objective." Dakar: USAID.
287. Valenzuela, J. Samuel. 1992. "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions." In Issues in Democratic Consolidation, ed. S. Mainwaring et al. South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press, 57-104.
288. Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis 1979-1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
289. Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2003. "Presidentialism and Clientelism in Africa’s Emerging Party Systems," The Journal of Modern African Studies 41(2) 297-321.
290. Vengroff, Richard. 1987. "Decentralization and the Implementation of Rural Development in Senegal: The Role of the Rural Councils," Public Adminstration and Development, 7: 273-288.
291. Vengroff, Richard and Alan Johnston. 1989. Decentralization and the Implementation of Rural Development in Senegal: A View from Below. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press.
292. Vengroff, Richard and Lucy Creevey. 1997. "Senegal: Evolution of a Semi-Democracy," in J. Clark and D. Gardinier (eds) Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder, CO.: Westview Press, 204-222.
293. Vengroff, Richard and Michael Magala. 2001. "Democratic Reform, Transition and Consolidation: Evidence from Senegal’s 2000 Presidential Elections." Journal of Modern African Studies, 39: 1, 129-162.
294. Villalòn, Leonardo A. 1994. "Democratizing a (Quasi)Democracy: The Senegalese Elections of 1993." African Affairs, 93, 163-193.
295. Villalòn, Leonardo A. 1995. Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
296. Villalòn, Leonardo A. 1999. "Generational Changes, Political Stagnation and the Evolving Dynamic of Religion and Politics in Senegal." Africa Today, 46: 3-4, 129-141.
297. Villalòn, Leonardo A. 2004. "Islamism in West Africa: Senegal." African Studies Review, 47: 2, 61-71.
298. Wade, Abdoulaye. 1967-1970. "La doctrine Economique du Mouridisme." Faculté de droit et science économique annales africaines, Dakar, 175-206.
299. Wane, Mamadou. 1980. "Réflexion sur le droit de la terre toucouleur." Bulletin IFAN, 42: 1, series B, 86-128.
300. Wane, Yaya. 1969. Les Toucouleur du Fouta Tooro (Sénégal). Stratification sociale et structure familiale. Dakar: IFAN.
301. Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, ed. G. Roth and C. Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press.
302. Weber, Max. 1978. The Sociology of Religion. Boston: Beacon Press.
303. Weiner, Myron. 1978. Sons of the Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
304. Weingrod, Axel. 1968. "Patrons, Patronage, and Political Parties." In Friends, Followers and Factions, ed. S.W. Schmidt et al. Berkeley: University of California Press, 323-336.
305. Widner, Jennifer A. (editor). 1994. Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
306. Wiseman, John A. (editor). 1995. Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Routledge.
307. Wolf, Eric. 1965. "Aspects of Group Relations in a Complex Society: Mexico." In Contemporary Cultures and Societies in Latin America, ed. D. Heath and R. Adams. New York: Random House.
308. Woodhouse, Philip and Ibrahima Ndiaye. 1990. "Structural Adjustment and Irrigated Food Farming in Africa: The ‘Disengagement’ of the State in the Senegal River Valley." Report for the Social Science Research Council’s Project on African Agriculture.
309. Wunch, James S. and Dele Owolu (eds.) 1990. The Failure of the Centralized State. Boulder: Westview Press.
310. Young, M. Crawford. 1991. "Self-Determination Revisited: Has Decolonization Closed the Question?" In Conflict in the Horn of Africa, ed. G. Nzongola-Ntalaja. Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 41-66.
311. Young, M. Crawford and Babacar Kante. 1991. "Governance, Democracy and the 1988 Senegalese Elections." In Governance and Politics in Africa, ed. M. Bratton and G. Hyden. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 57-74.
312. Zucarelli, François. 1970. Un parti Politique Africain: L’Union Progressiste Sénégalaise. Paris: Librarie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence.
313. Zucarelli, François. 1973. "De la chefferie traditionnelle au canton: évolution du canton colonial au Sénégal, 1855-1960." Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines, 13: 50, 213-238.
314. Zucarelli, François. 1988. La vie politique sénégalaise. Paris: Publications du CHEAM, Vols. I and II.