Photoregulated Cross-Linking of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle (SPION) Loaded Hybrid Nanovectors with Synergistic Drug Release and Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging Enhancement

Macromolecules

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 1113-1125

  Zhu, Kangning ^a   Deng, Zhengyu ^a   Liu, Guhuan ^a   Hu, Jinming ^a   Liu, Shiyong ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOCK COPOLYMERS; DIAGNOSIS; EMULSIFICATION; ETHYLENE; FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; HYDROPHOBICITY; IRON OXIDES; IRRADIATION; METAL NANOPARTICLES; NANOMAGNETICS; NANOPARTICLES; POLYETHYLENE OXIDES; SUPERPARAMAGNETISM;

AMPHIPHILIC BLOCK COPOLYMERS; AMPHIPHILIC DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE; HYDROPHOBIC TO HYDROPHILIC TRANSITIONS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CONTRAST AGENTS; OIL-IN-WATER (O/W) EMULSION; REVERSIBLE ADDITION-FRAGMENTATION CHAIN TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES;

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;

EID: 85012919397     PISSN: 00249297     EISSN: 15205835     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02162     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Edelman, R. R.; Warach, S. Magnetic resonance imaging N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 328, 708-716 10.1056/NEJM199303113281008
2. Khemtong, C.; Kessinger, C. W.; Gao, J. Polymeric nanomedicine for cancer MR imaging and drug delivery Chem. Commun. 2009, 3497-3510 10.1039/b821865j
3. Terreno, E.; Castelli, D. D.; Viale, A.; Aime, S. Challenges for molecular magnetic resonance imaging Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 3019-3042 10.1021/cr100025t
4. Glunde, K.; Artemov, D.; Penet, M. F.; Jacobs, M. A.; Bhujwalla, Z. M. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in metabolic and molecular imaging and diagnosis of cancer Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 3043-3059 10.1021/cr9004007
5. Caravan, P.; Ellison, J. J.; McMurry, T. J.; Lauffer, R. B. Gadolinium(III) Chelates as MRI Contrast Agents: Structure, Dynamics, and Applications Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2293-2352 10.1021/cr980440x
6. Raymond, K. N.; Pierre, V. C. Next generation, high relaxivity gadolinium MRI agents Bioconjugate Chem. 2005, 16, 3-8 10.1021/bc049817y
7. Caravan, P. Strategies for increasing the sensitivity of gadolinium based MRI contrast agents Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006, 35, 512-523 10.1039/b510982p
8. Li, Y.; Beija, M.; Laurent, S.; van der Elst, L.; Muller, R. N.; Duong, H. T. T.; Lowe, A. B.; Davis, T. P.; Boyer, C. Macromolecular Ligands for Gadolinium MRI Contrast Agents Macromolecules 2012, 45, 4196-4204 10.1021/ma300521c
9. Laurent, S.; Forge, D.; Port, M.; Roch, A.; Robic, C.; Vander Elst, L.; Muller, R. N. Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 2064-2110 10.1021/cr068445e
10. Jun, Y. W.; Lee, J. H.; Cheon, J. Chemical design of nanoparticle probes for high-performance magnetic resonance imaging Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 5122-5135 10.1002/anie.200701674
11. Veiseh, O.; Gunn, J. W.; Zhang, M. Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2010, 62, 284-304 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.002
12. Mikhaylov, G.; Mikac, U.; Magaeva, A. A.; Itin, V. I.; Naiden, E. P.; Psakhye, I.; Babes, L.; Reinheckel, T.; Peters, C.; Zeiser, R.; Bogyo, M.; Turk, V.; Psakhye, S. G.; Turk, B.; Vasiljeva, O. Ferri-liposomes as an MRI-visible drug-delivery system for targeting tumours and their microenvironment Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6, 594-602 10.1038/nnano.2011.112
13. Ho, D.; Sun, X.; Sun, S. Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications Acc. Chem. Res. 2011, 44, 875-882 10.1021/ar200090c
14. Ulbrich, K.; Hola, K.; Subr, V.; Bakandritsos, A.; Tucek, J.; Zboril, R. Targeted Drug Delivery with Polymers and Magnetic Nanoparticles: Covalent and Noncovalent Approaches, Release Control, and Clinical Studies Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 5338-5431 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00589
15. Basuki, J. S.; Esser, L.; Zetterlund, P. B.; Whittaker, M. R.; Boyer, C.; Davis, T. P. Grafting of P(OEGA) Onto Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Cu(0) Mediated Polymerization: Comparing Grafting “from” and “to” Approaches in the Search for the Optimal Material, Design of Nanoparticle MRI Contrast Agents Macromolecules 2013, 46, 6038-6047 10.1021/ma401250f
16. Basuki, J. S.; Duong, H. T. T.; Macmillan, A.; Whan, R.; Boyer, C.; Davis, T. P. Polymer-Grafted, Nonfouling, Magnetic Nanoparticles Designed to Selectively Store and Release Molecules via Ionic Interactions Macromolecules 2013, 46, 7043-7054 10.1021/ma401171d
17. Basuki, J. S.; Duong, H. T. T.; Macmillan, A.; Erlich, R. B.; Esser, L.; Akerfeldt, M. C.; Whan, R. M.; Kavallaris, M.; Boyer, C.; Davis, T. P. Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy to Monitor Theranostic Nanoparticle Uptake and Intracellular Doxorubicin Release ACS Nano 2013, 7, 10175-10189 10.1021/nn404407g
18. Huang, H. Y.; Hu, S. H.; Hung, S. Y.; Chiang, C. S.; Liu, H. L.; Chiu, T. L.; Lai, H. Y.; Chen, Y. Y.; Chen, S. Y. SPIO nanoparticle-stabilized PAA-F127 thermosensitive nanobubbles with MR/US dual-modality imaging and HIFU-triggered drug release for magnetically guided in vivo tumor therapy J. Controlled Release 2013, 172, 118-127 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.07.029
19. Hu, S.-H.; Hsieh, T.-Y.; Chiang, C.-S.; Chen, P.-J.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Chiu, T.-L.; Chen, S.-Y. Surfactant-Free, Lipo-Polymersomes Stabilized by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles/Polymer Interlayer for Synergistically Targeted and Magnetically Guided Gene Delivery Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2014, 3, 273-282 10.1002/adhm.201300122
20. Marie, H.; Lemaire, L.; Franconi, F.; Lajnef, S.; Frapart, Y.-M.; Nicolas, V.; Frébourg, G.; Trichet, M.; Ménager, C.; Lesieur, S. Superparamagnetic Liposomes for MRI Monitoring and External Magnetic Field-Induced Selective Targeting of Malignant Brain Tumors Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 1258-1269 10.1002/adfm.201402289
21. Thiesen, B.; Jordan, A. Clinical applications of magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia Int. J. Hyperthermia 2008, 24, 467-474 10.1080/02656730802104757
22. Lee, J. H.; Chen, K. J.; Noh, S. H.; Garcia, M. A.; Wang, H.; Lin, W. Y.; Jeong, H.; Kong, B. J.; Stout, D. B.; Cheon, J.; Tseng, H. R. On-demand drug release system for in vivo cancer treatment through self-assembled magnetic nanoparticles Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 4384-4388 10.1002/anie.201207721
23. Chovnik, O.; Balgley, R.; Goldman, J. R.; Klajn, R. Dynamically self-assembling carriers enable guiding of diamagnetic particles by weak magnets J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 19564-19567 10.1021/ja309633v
24. Ai, H.; Flask, C.; Weinberg, B.; Shuai, X. T.; Pagel, M. D.; Farrell, D.; Duerk, J.; Gao, J. Magnetite-Loaded Polymeric Micelles as Ultrasensitive Magnetic-Resonance Probes Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1949-1952 10.1002/adma.200401904
25. Lecommandoux, S.; Sandre, O.; Chécot, F.; Rodriguez-Hernandez, J.; Perzynski, R. Magnetic Nanocomposite Micelles and Vesicles Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 712-718 10.1002/adma.200400599
26. Nasongkla, N.; Bey, E.; Ren, J.; Ai, H.; Khemtong, C.; Guthi, J. S.; Chin, S. F.; Sherry, A. D.; Boothman, D. A.; Gao, J. Multifunctional polymeric micelles as cancer-targeted, MRI-ultrasensitive drug delivery systems Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 2427-2430 10.1021/nl061412u
27. Kim, J.; Lee, J. E.; Lee, S. H.; Yu, J. H.; Lee, J. H.; Park, T. G.; Hyeon, T. Designed Fabrication of a Multifunctional Polymer Nanomedical Platform for Simultaneous Cancer-Targeted Imaging and Magnetically Guided Drug Delivery Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 478-483 10.1002/adma.200701726
28. Lu, J.; Ma, S.; Sun, J.; Xia, C.; Liu, C.; Wang, Z.; Zhao, X.; Gao, F.; Gong, Q.; Song, B.; Shuai, X.; Ai, H.; Gu, Z. Manganese ferrite nanoparticle micellar nanocomposites as MRI contrast agent for liver imaging Biomaterials 2009, 30, 2919-2928 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.02.001
29. Cheng, D.; Hong, G.; Wang, W.; Yuan, R.; Ai, H.; Shen, J.; Liang, B.; Gao, J.; Shuai, X. Nonclustered magnetite nanoparticle encapsulated biodegradable polymeric micelles with enhanced properties for in vivo tumor imaging J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 4796 10.1039/c0jm03783d
30. Hickey, R. J.; Haynes, A. S.; Kikkawa, J. M.; Park, S. J. Controlling the self-assembly structure of magnetic nanoparticles and amphiphilic block-copolymers: from micelles to vesicles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 1517-1525 10.1021/ja1090113
31. Sun, Q.; Cheng, D.; Yu, X.; Zhang, Z.; Dai, J.; Li, H.; Liang, B.; Shuai, X. A pH-sensitive polymeric nanovesicle based on biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl aspartate) as a MRI-visible drug delivery system J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 15316 10.1039/c1jm12404h
32. Hu, J.; Qian, Y.; Wang, X.; Liu, T.; Liu, S. Drug-loaded and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle surface-embedded amphiphilic block copolymer micelles for integrated chemotherapeutic drug delivery and MR imaging Langmuir 2012, 28, 2073-2082 10.1021/la203992q
33. Huang, H.-Y.; Hu, S.-H.; Chian, C.-S.; Chen, S.-Y.; Lai, H.-Y.; Chen, Y.-Y. Self-assembling PVA-F127 thermosensitive nanocarriers with highly sensitive magnetically-triggered drug release for epilepsy therapy in vivo J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 8566 10.1039/c2jm00032f
34. Yoon, H. Y.; Saravanakumar, G.; Heo, R.; Choi, S. H.; Song, I. C.; Han, M. H.; Kim, K.; Park, J. H.; Choi, K.; Kwon, I. C.; Park, K. Hydrotropic magnetic micelles for combined magnetic resonance imaging and cancer therapy J. Controlled Release 2012, 160, 692-698 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.012
35. Li, Y.; Ma, J.; Zhu, H.; Gao, X.; Dong, H.; Shi, D. Green synthetic, multifunctional hybrid micelles with shell embedded magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 7227-7235 10.1021/am401573b
36. Chen, J.; Shi, M.; Liu, P.; Ko, A.; Zhong, W.; Liao, W.; Xing, M. M. Reducible polyamidoamine-magnetic iron oxide self-assembled nanoparticles for doxorubicin delivery Biomaterials 2014, 35, 1240-1248 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.057
37. Tian, Y.; Jiang, X.; Chen, X.; Shao, Z.; Yang, W. Doxorubicin-loaded magnetic silk fibroin nanoparticles for targeted therapy of multidrug-resistant cancer Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7393-7398 10.1002/adma.201403562
38. Chiang, C. S.; Tseng, Y. H.; Liao, B. J.; Chen, S. Y. Magnetically Targeted Nanocapsules for PAA-Cisplatin-Conjugated Cores in PVA/SPIO Shells via Surfactant-Free Emulsion for Reduced Nephrotoxicity and Enhanced Lung Cancer Therapy Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2015, 4, 1066-1075 10.1002/adhm.201400794
39. Perez, J. M.; Josephson, L.; O’Loughlin, T.; Hogemann, D.; Weissleder, R. Magnetic relaxation switches capable of sensing molecular interactions Nat. Biotechnol. 2002, 20, 816-820 10.1038/nbt720
40. Nakamura, E.; Makino, K.; Okano, T.; Yamamoto, T.; Yokoyama, M. A polymeric micelle MRI contrast agent with changeable relaxivity J. Controlled Release 2006, 114, 325-333 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.05.030
41. Atanasijevic, T.; Shusteff, M.; Fam, P.; Jasanoff, A. Calcium-sensitive MRI contrast agents based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and calmodulin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103, 14707-14712 10.1073/pnas.0606749103
42. Tu, C.; Louie, A. Y. Photochromically-controlled, reversibly-activated MRI and optical contrast agent Chem. Commun. 2007, 1331-1333 10.1039/b616991k
43. Osborne, E. A.; Jarrett, B. R.; Tu, C.; Louie, A. Y. Modulation of T2 relaxation time by light-induced, reversible aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5934-5935 10.1021/ja100254m
44. Okada, S.; Mizukami, S.; Kikuchi, K. Application of a stimuli-responsive polymer to the development of novel MRI probes ChemBioChem 2010, 11, 785-787 10.1002/cbic.200900649
45. Liang, G.; Ronald, J.; Chen, Y.; Ye, D.; Pandit, P.; Ma, M. L.; Rutt, B.; Rao, J. Controlled self-assembling of gadolinium nanoparticles as smart molecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6283-6286 10.1002/anie.201007018
46. Li, Y.; Qian, Y.; Liu, T.; Zhang, G.; Liu, S. Light-triggered concomitant enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging contrast performance and drug release rate of functionalized amphiphilic diblock copolymer micelles Biomacromolecules 2012, 13, 3877-3886 10.1021/bm301425j
47. Smolensky, E. D.; Peterson, K. L.; Weitz, E. A.; Lewandowski, C.; Pierre, V. C. Magnetoluminescent light switches--dual modality in DNA detection J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 8966-8972 10.1021/ja402107x
48. Viger, M. L.; Sankaranarayanan, J.; de Gracia Lux, C.; Chan, M.; Almutairi, A. Collective activation of MRI agents via encapsulation and disease-triggered release J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 7847-7850 10.1021/ja403167p
49. Davies, G. L.; Kramberger, I.; Davis, J. J. Environmentally responsive MRI contrast agents Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 9704-9721 10.1039/c3cc44268c
50. Kim, K. S.; Park, W.; Hu, J.; Bae, Y. H.; Na, K. A cancer-recognizable MRI contrast agents using pH-responsive polymeric micelle Biomaterials 2014, 35, 337-343 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.004
51. Hu, X.; Liu, G.; Li, Y.; Wang, X.; Liu, S. Cell-penetrating hyperbranched polyprodrug amphiphiles for synergistic reductive milieu-triggered drug release and enhanced magnetic resonance signals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 362-368 10.1021/ja5105848
52. von Maltzahn, G.; Harris, T. J.; Park, J. H.; Min, D. H.; Schmidt, A. J.; Sailor, M. J.; Bhatia, S. N. Nanoparticle self-assembly gated by logical proteolytic triggers J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 6064-6065 10.1021/ja070461l
53. Schellenberger, E.; Rudloff, F.; Warmuth, C.; Taupitz, M.; Hamm, B.; Schnorr, J. Protease-specific nanosensors for magnetic resonance imaging Bioconjugate Chem. 2008, 19, 2440-2445 10.1021/bc800330k
54. Gao, G. H.; Im, G. H.; Kim, M. S.; Lee, J. W.; Yang, J.; Jeon, H.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, D. S. Magnetite-nanoparticle-encapsulated pH-responsive polymeric micelle as an MRI probe for detecting acidic pathologic areas Small 2010, 6, 1201-1204 10.1002/smll.200902317
55. Gao, G. H.; Lee, J. W.; Nguyen, M. K.; Im, G. H.; Yang, J.; Heo, H.; Jeon, P.; Park, T. G.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, D. S. pH-responsive polymeric micelle based on PEG-poly(beta-amino ester)/(amido amine) as intelligent vehicle for magnetic resonance imaging in detection of cerebral ischemic area J. Controlled Release 2011, 155, 11-17 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.09.012
56. Chan, M.; Schopf, E.; Sankaranarayanan, J.; Almutairi, A. Iron oxide nanoparticle-based magnetic resonance method to monitor release kinetics from polymeric particles with high resolution Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 7779-7784 10.1021/ac301344d
57. Kim, B. S.; Qiu, J. M.; Wang, J. P.; Taton, T. A. Magnetomicelles: composite nanostructures from magnetic nanoparticles and cross-linked amphiphilic block copolymers Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1987-1991 10.1021/nl0513939
58. Chiang, W. H.; Ho, V. T.; Chen, H. H.; Huang, W. C.; Huang, Y. F.; Lin, S. C.; Chern, C. S.; Chiu, H. C. Superparamagnetic hollow hybrid nanogels as a potential guidable vehicle system of stimuli-mediated MR imaging and multiple cancer therapeutics Langmuir 2013, 29, 6434-6443 10.1021/la4001957
59. Chiang, W.-H.; Huang, W.-C.; Chang, C.-W.; Shen, M.-Y.; Shih, Z.-F.; Huang, Y.-F.; Lin, S.-C.; Chiu, H.-C. Functionalized polymersomes with outlayered polyelectrolyte gels for potential tumor-targeted delivery of multimodal therapies and MR imaging J. Controlled Release 2013, 168, 280-288 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.029
60. Dan, M.; Scott, D. F.; Hardy, P. A.; Wydra, R. J.; Hilt, J. Z.; Yokel, R. A.; Bae, Y. Block copolymer cross-linked nanoassemblies improve particle stability and biocompatibility of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles Pharm. Res. 2013, 30, 552-561 10.1007/s11095-012-0900-8
61. Hu, J.; Liu, T.; Zhang, G.; Jin, F.; Liu, S. Synergistically enhance magnetic resonance/fluorescence imaging performance of responsive polymeric nanoparticles under mildly acidic biological milieu Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2013, 34, 749-758 10.1002/marc.201200613
62. Na, H. B.; Song, I. C.; Hyeon, T. Inorganic Nanoparticles for MRI Contrast Agents Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2133-2148 10.1002/adma.200802366
63. Wang, X.; Liu, G.; Hu, J.; Zhang, G.; Liu, S. Concurrent block copolymer polymersome stabilization and bilayer permeabilization by stimuli-regulated “traceless” crosslinking Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 3138-3142 10.1002/anie.201310589
64. Deng, Z.; Qian, Y.; Yu, Y.; Liu, G.; Hu, J.; Zhang, G.; Liu, S. Engineering Intracellular Delivery Nanocarriers and Nanoreactors from Oxidation-Responsive Polymersomes via Synchronized Bilayer Cross-Linking and Permeabilizing Inside Live Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 10452-10466 10.1021/jacs.6b04115
65. Hu, J.; Li, C.; Liu, S. Hg2+-reactive double hydrophilic block copolymer assemblies as novel multifunctional fluorescent probes with improved performance Langmuir 2010, 26, 724-729 10.1021/la9024102
66. Ridelman, Y.; Singh, G.; Popovitz-Biro, R.; Wolf, S. G.; Das, S.; Klajn, R. Metallic nanobowls by galvanic replacement reaction on heterodimeric nanoparticles Small 2012, 8, 654-660 10.1002/smll.201101882
67. Lin, Y.-S.; Haynes, C. L. Synthesis and Characterization of Biocompatible and Size-Tunable Multifunctional Porous Silica Nanoparticles Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 3979-3986 10.1021/cm901259n
68. Li, Y.; Liu, G.; Wang, X.; Hu, J.; Liu, S. Enzyme-Responsive Polymeric Vesicles for Bacterial-Strain-Selective Delivery of Antimicrobial Agents Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 1760-1764 10.1002/anie.201509401
69. Singh, A.; Patel, T.; Hertel, J.; Bernardo, M.; Kausz, A.; Brenner, L. Safety of ferumoxytol in patients with anemia and CKD Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2008, 52, 907-915 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.08.001
70. Bonnemain, B. Superparamagnetic Agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physicochemical Characteristics and Clinical Applications A Review J. Drug Target. 1998, 6, 167-174 10.3109/10611869808997890
71. Ge, J.; Hu, Y.; Biasini, M.; Beyermann, W. P.; Yin, Y. Superparamagnetic magnetite colloidal nanocrystal clusters Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4342-4345 10.1002/anie.200700197
72. Xu, F.; Cheng, C.; Xu, F.; Zhang, C.; Xu, H.; Xie, X.; Yin, D.; Gu, H. Superparamagnetic magnetite nanocrystal clusters: a sensitive tool for MR cellular imaging Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 405102 10.1088/0957-4484/20/40/405102
73. Xu, F.; Cheng, C.; Chen, D. X.; Gu, H. Magnetite nanocrystal clusters with ultra-high sensitivity in magnetic resonance imaging ChemPhysChem 2012, 13, 336-341 10.1002/cphc.201100548
74. Liu, X. L.; Wang, Y. T.; Ng, C. T.; Wang, R.; Jing, G. Y.; Yi, J. B.; Yang, J.; Bay, B. H.; Yung, L.-Y. L.; Fan, D. D.; Ding, J.; Fan, H. M. Coating Engineering of MnFe2O4Nanoparticles with SuperhighT2Relaxivity and Efficient Cellular Uptake for Highly Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 1, 1300069 10.1002/admi.201300069
75. Paquet, C.; de Haan, H. W.; Leek, D. M.; Lin, H. Y.; Xiang, B.; Tian, G.; Kell, A.; Simard, B. Clusters of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in a hydrogel: a particle architecture generating a synergistic enhancement of the T2 relaxation ACS Nano 2011, 5, 3104-3112 10.1021/nn2002272
76. Lu, J.; Owen, S. C.; Shoichet, M. S. Stability of Self-Assembled Polymeric Micelles in Serum Macromolecules 2011, 44, 6002-6008 10.1021/ma200675w
77. Hu, X.; Hu, J.; Tian, J.; Ge, Z.; Zhang, G.; Luo, K.; Liu, S. Polyprodrug amphiphiles: hierarchical assemblies for shape-regulated cellular internalization, trafficking, and drug delivery J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 17617-17629 10.1021/ja409686x