Donor Human Milk Update: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Priorities for Research and Practice

Journal of Pediatrics

Volumn 180, Issue , 2017, Pages 15-21

  Meier, Paula ^a   Patel, Aloka ^a   Esquerra Zwiers, Anita ^a  

^a RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

human milk costs; human milk feeding; mothers' own milk; NICU costs; very low birth weight infants

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BREAST MILK; CHILD GROWTH; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; DONOR HUMAN MILK; HUMAN; LACTATION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MORBIDITY; MOTHER OWN MILK; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA; SEPSIS; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT; VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; BREAST FEEDING; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; DONOR; MILK BANK; NEWBORN; PHYSIOLOGY; PREMATURITY; PROCEDURES;

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; BREAST FEEDING; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL; MILK BANKS; MILK, HUMAN; TISSUE DONORS;

EID: 85006822995     PISSN: 00223476     EISSN: 10976833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.027     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. 1 Moro, G.E., Arslanoglu, S., Bertino, E., Corvaglia, L., Montirosso, R., Picaud, J.C., et al. XII. Human milk in feeding premature infants: consensus statement. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 61 (2015), S16–9.
2. 2 Perrine, C., Scanlon, K., Prevalence of use of human milk in US advanced care neonatal units. Pediatrics 131 (2013), 1066–1071.
3. 3 Liu, X., The characteristics and operation of the first human milk bank. Paper presented at; the 3rd International Congress of the European Milk Bank Association, 2015 October 8-9; Lyon, France.
4. 4 Namazova-Baranova, L., The first human milk bank in Russia. What do Russians think about it? Preliminary results. Paper presented at; the 3rd International Congress of the European Milk Bank Association, 2015 October 8-9; Lyon, France.
5. 5 Corpeleijn, W.E., Kouwenhoven, S.M., Pappa, M.C., van Vilet, I., Scheerder, I., Mulzer, Y., et al. Intake of own mother's milk during the first days of life is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants during the first 60 days of life. Neonatology 102 (2012), 276–281.
6. 6 Patel, A., Johnson, T., Engstrom, J., Fogg, L., Jegier, B., Bigger, H., et al. Impact of early human milk on sepsis and health care costs in very low birthweight infants. J Perinatol 33 (2013), 514–519.
7. 7 Schanler, R.J., Lau, C., Hurst, N.M., Smith, E.O.B., Randomized trial of donor human milk versus preterm formula as substitutes for mothers' own milk in the feeding of extremely premature infants. Pediatrics 116 (2005), 400–406.
8. 8 Johnson, T.J., Patel, A.L., Bigger, H.R., Engstrom, J.L., Meier, P.P., Cost savings of human milk as a strategy to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Neonatology 107 (2015), 271–276.
9. 9 Vohr, B.R., Poindexter, B.B., Dusick, A.M., McKinley, L.T., Higgins, R.D., Langer, J.C., et al. Persistent beneficial effects of breast milk ingested in the neonatal intensive care unit on outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants at 30 months of age. Pediatrics 120 (2007), e953–9.
10. 10 Zhou, J., Shukla, V.V., John, D., Chen, C., Human milk feeding as a protective factor for retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 136 (2015), e1576–86.
11. 11 Spiegler, J., Preuss, M., Gebauer, C., Bendiks, M., Herting, E., Gopel, W., et al. Does breastmilk influence the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia?. J Pediatr 169 (2016), 76–80.
12. 12 Quigley, M., McGuire, W., Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4), 2014, 10.1002/14651858.CD002971.pub3 CD002971.
13. 13 Underwood, M., Scoble, J., Human milk and the premature infant: focus on the use of pasteurized donor human milk in the NICU. Rajendra, R., Preedy, V., Patel, V., (eds.) Diet and nutrition in critical care, 2015, Springer-Verlag, New York (NY), 795–806.
14. 14 Colaizy, T.T., Donor human milk for very low birth weights: patterns of usage, outcomes, and unanswered questions. Curr Opin Pediatr 27 (2015), 172–176.
15. 15 O'Connor, D.L., Ewaschuk, J.B., Unger, S., Human milk pasteurization: benefits and risks. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 18 (2015), 269–275.
16. 16 Peila, C., Coscia, A., Bertino, E., Cavaletto, M., Spertino, S., Icardi, S., et al. Effects of Holder pasteurization on the protein profile of human milk. Ital J Pediatr, 42, 2016, 36, 10.1186/s13052-016-0248-5.
17. 17 Manzoni, P., Clinical benefits of lactoferrin for infants and children. J Pediatr 173 (2016), S43–52.
18. 18 Sherman, M.P., Miller, M.M., Sherman, J., Niklas, V., Lactoferrin and necrotizing enterocolitis. Curr Opin Pediatr 26 (2014), 146–150.
19. 19 Sherman, M.P., Zaghouani, H., Niklas, V., Gut microbiota, the immune system, and diet influence the neonatal gut-brain axis. Pediatr Res 77 (2015), 127–135.
20. 20 Liao, Y., Jiang, R., Lonnerdal, B., Biochemical and molecular impacts of lactoferrin on small intestinal growth and development during early life. Biochem Cell Biol 90 (2012), 476–484.
21. 21 Ronayne de Ferrer, P.A., Baroni, A., Sambucetti, M.E., Lopez, N.E., Ceriani Cernadas, J.M., Lactoferrin levels in term and preterm milk. J Am Coll Nutr 19 (2000), 370–373.
22. 22 Rai, D., Adelman, A.S., Zhuang, W., Rai, G.P., Boettcher, J., Lonnerdal, B., Longitudinal changes in lactoferrin concentrations in human milk: a global systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54 (2014), 1539–1547.
23. 23 Rollo, D.E., Radmacher, P.G., Turcu, R.M., Myers, S.R., Adamkin, D.H., Stability of lactoferrin in stored human milk. J Perinatol 34 (2014), 284–286.
24. 24 Raoof, N.A., Adamkin, D.H., Radmacher, P.G., Telang, S., Comparison of lactoferrin activity in fresh and stored human milk. J Perinatol 36 (2016), 207–209.
25. 25 Bullen, J.J., Iron-binding proteins in milk and resistance to Escherichia coli infection in infants. Postgrad Med J 51 (1975), 67–70.
26. 26 Beck, K.L., Weber, D., Phinney, B.S., Smilowitz, J.T., Hinde, K., Lonnerdal, B., et al. Comparative proteomics of human and macaque milk reveals species-specific nutrition during postnatal development. J Proteome Res 14 (2015), 2143–2157.
27. 27 Hassiotou, F., Hartmann, P.E., At the dawn of a new discovery: the potential of breast milk stem cells. Adv Nutr 5 (2014), 770–778.
28. 28 Pereira, G.R., Baker, L., Egler, J., Corcoran, L., Chiavacci, R., Serum myoinositol concentrations in premature infants fed human milk, formula for infants, and parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 51 (1990), 589–593.
29. 29 Twigger, A.J., Hepworth, A.R., Lai, C.T., Chetwynd, E., Stuebe, A.M., Blancafort, P., et al. Gene expression in breastmilk cells is associated with maternal and infant characteristics. Sci Rep, 5, 2015, 12933, 10.1038/srep12933.
30. 30 Isaacs, E.B., Fischl, B.R., Quinn, B.T., Chong, W.K., Gadian, D.G., Lucas, A., Impact of breast milk on intelligence quotient, brain size, and white matter development. Pediatr Res 67 (2010), 357–362.
31. 31 Collado, M.C., Cernada, M., Neu, J., Perez-Martinez, G., Gormaz, M., Vento, M., Factors influencing gastrointestinal tract and microbiota immune interaction in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 77 (2015), 726–731.
32. 32 Collado, M.C., Santaella, M., Mira-Pascual, L., Martinez-Arias, E., Khodayar-Pardo, P., Ros, G., et al. Longitudinal study of cytokine expression, lipid profile and neuronal growth factors in human breast milk from term and preterm deliveries. Nutrients 7 (2015), 8577–8591.
33. 33 Kidwell, W.R., Salomon, D.S., Growth factors in human milk: sources and potential physiological roles. Atkinson, S.A., Lonnerdal, B., (eds.) Protein and non-protein nitrogen in human milk, 1989, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (FL), 77–91.
34. 34 Dvorak, B., Fituch, C.C., Williams, C.S., Hurst, N.M., Schanler, R.J., Concentrations of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha in preterm milk. Adv Exp Med Biol 554 (2004), 407–409.
35. 35 Dallas, D.C., Smink, C.J., Robinson, R.C., Tian, T., Guerrero, A., Parker, E.A., et al. Endogenous human milk peptide release is greater after preterm birth than term birth. J Nutr 145 (2015), 425–433.
36. 36 Meier, P.P., Patel, A.L., Bigger, H.R., Chen, Y., Johnson, T.J., Rossman, B., et al. Human milk feedings in the neonatal intensive care unit. Rajendram, R., Preedy, V.R., Patel, V.B., (eds.) Diet and nutrition in critical care, 2015, Springer-Verlag, New York (NY), 807–822.
37. 37 Peterson, J.A., Hamosh, M., Scallan, C.D., Ceriani, R.L., Henderson, T.R., Mehta, N.R., et al. Milk fat globule glycoproteins in human milk and in gastric aspirates of mother's milk-fed preterm infants. Pediatr Res 44 (1998), 499–506.
38. 38 Lonnerdal, B., Bioactive proteins in human milk: health, nutrition, and implications for infant formulas. J Pediatr 173 (2016), S4–9.
39. 39 Lonnerdal, B., Bioactive proteins in human milk: mechanisms of action. J Pediatr 156 (2010), S26–30.
40. 40 Goelz, R., Hihn, E., Hamprecht, K., Dietz, K., Jahn, G., Poets, C., et al. Effects of different CMV-heat- inactivation-methods on growth factors in human breast milk. Pediatr Res 65 (2009), 458–461.
41. 41 Rautava, S., Nanthakumar, N.N., Dubert-Ferrandon, A., Lu, L., Rautava, J., Walker, W.A., Breast milk- transforming growth factor-beta(2) specifically attenuates IL-1beta-induced inflammatory responses in the immature human intestine via an SMAD6- and ERK-dependent mechanism. Neonatology 99 (2011), 192–201.
42. 42 Vieira, A.A., Soares, F.V., Pimenta, H.P., Abranches, A.D., Moreira, M.E., Analysis of the influence of pasteurization, freezing/thawing, and offer processes on human milk's macronutrient concentrations. Early Hum Dev 87 (2011), 577–580.
43. 43 Keenan, T.W., Patton, S., The structure of milk: implications for sampling and storage: a. The milk lipid globule membrane. Jensen, R.G., (eds.) Handbook of milk composition, 1995, Academic Press, San Diego (CA), 5–50.
44. 44 Henderson, T.R., Fay, T.N., Hamosh, M., Effect of pasteurization on long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and enzyme activities of human milk. J Pediatr 132 (1998), 876–878.
45. 45 Ilcol, Y.O., Hizli, Z.B., Ozkan, T., Leptin concentration in breast milk and its relationship to duration of lactation and hormonal status. Int Breastfeed J, 1, 2006, 21, 10.1186/1746-4358-1-21.
46. 46 Newburg, D.S., Woo, J.G., Morrow, A.L., Characteristics and potential functions of human milk adiponectin. J Pediatr 156 (2010), S41–6.
47. 47 Martin, L.J., Woo, J.G., Geraghty, S.R., Altaye, M., Davidson, B.S., Banach, W., et al. Adiponectin is present in human milk and is associated with maternal factors. Am J Clin Nutr 83 (2006), 1106–1111.
48. 48 Yarandi, S.S., Hebbar, G., Sauer, C.G., Cole, C.R., Ziegler, T.R., Diverse roles of leptin in the gastrointestinal tract: modulation of motility, absorption, growth, and inflammation. Nutrition 27 (2011), 269–275.
49. 49 Ley, S.H., Hanley, A.J., Stone, D., O'Connor, D.L., Effects of pasteurization on adiponectin and insulin concentrations in donor human milk. Pediatr Res 70 (2011), 278–281.
50. 50 Savino, F., Liguori, S.A., Lupica, M.M., Adipokines in breast milk and preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 86 (2010), 77–80.
51. 51 Resto, M., O'Connor, D., Leef, K., Funanage, V., Spear, M., Locke, R., Leptin levels in preterm human breast milk and infant formula. Pediatrics, 108, 2001, E15.
52. 52 Khodayar-Pardo, P., Mira-Pascual, L., Collado, M.C., Martinez-Costa, C., Impact of lactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota. J Perinatol 34 (2014), 599–605.
53. 53 Underwood, M.A., Gaerlan, S., De Leoz, M.L., Dimapasoc, L., Kalanetra, K.M., Lemay, D.G., et al. Human milk oligosaccharides in premature infants: absorption, excretion, and influence on the intestinal microbiota. Pediatr Res 78 (2015), 670–677.
54. 54 Bode, L., Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology 22 (2012), 1147–1162.
55. 55 Marx, C., Bridge, R., Wolf, A.K., Rich, W., Kim, J.H., Bode, L., Human milk oligosaccharide composition differs between donor milk and mother's own milk in the NICU. J Hum Lact 30 (2014), 54–61.
56. 56 Vidal, K., Donnet-Hughes, A., CD14: a soluble pattern recognition receptor in milk. Adv Exp Med Biol 606 (2008), 195–216.
57. 57 Cossey, V., Jeurissen, A., Bossuyt, X., Schuermans, A., Effect of pasteurisation on the mannose- binding lectin activity and the concentration of soluble CD14 in human milk. J Hosp Infect 73 (2009), 96–97.
58. 58 Cristofalo, E.A., Schanler, R.J., Blanco, C.L., Sullivan, S., Trawoeger, R., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U., et al. Randomized trial of exclusive human milk versus preterm formula diets in extremely premature infants. J Pediatr 163 (2013), 1592–1595.
59. 59 Sullivan, S., Schanler, R.J., Kim, J.H., Patel, A.L., Trawoger, R., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U., et al. An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. J Pediatr 156 (2010), 562–567.
60. 60 Kantorowska, A., Wei, J.C., Cohen, R.S., Lawrence, R.A., Gould, J.B., Lee, H.C., Impact of donor milk availability on breast milk use and necrotizing enterocolitis rates. Pediatrics 137 (2016), 1–8.
61. 61 Taylor, S.N., Basile, L.A., Ebeling, M., Wagner, C.L., Intestinal permeability in preterm infants by feeding type: mother's milk versus formula. Breastfeed Med 4 (2009), 11–15.
62. 62 Penn, A., Digested formula but not digested fresh human milk causes death of intestinal cells in vitro: implications for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 72 (2012), 560–567.
63. 63 Chaud, E.C., Walker, W.A., Hypothesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause necrotizing enterocolitis. FASEB J 15 (2001), 1398–1403.
64. 64 Cilieborg, M.S., Boye, M., Molbak, L., Thymann, T., Sangild, P.T., Preterm birth and necrotizing enterocolitis alter gut colonization in pigs. Pediatr Res 69 (2011), 10–16.
65. 65 Meier, P.P., Engstrom, J.L., Patel, A.L., Jegier, B.J., Bruns, N., Improving the use of human milk during and after the NICU stay. Clin Perinatol 37 (2010), 217–245.
66. 66 Siggers, J., Sangild, P.T., Jensen, T.K., Siggers, R.H., Skovgaard, K., Stoy, A.C., et al. Transition from parenteral to enteral nutrition induces immediate diet-dependent gut histological and immunological responses in preterm neonates. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 301 (2011), G435–45.
67. 67 Unger, S.L., Gibbins, S., Kiss, A., O'Connor, D.L., Donor milk reduces necrotizing enterocolitis but does not improve neurodevelopment of very low birthweight (VLBW) infants at 18 months corrected age. Paper presented at; Pediatric Academic Society, 2016 April 30-May 3; Baltimore, MD.
68. 68 de Segura, A.G., Escuder, D., Montilla, A., Bustos, G., Pallas, C., Fernandez, L., et al. Heating-induced bacteriological and biochemical modifications in human donor milk after holder pasteurisation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54 (2012), 197–203.
69. 69 Friel, J., Diehl-Jones, B., Cockell, K., Chiu, A., Rabanni, R., Davies, S., et al. Evidence of oxidative stress in relation to feeding type during early life in premature infants. Pediatr Res 69 (2011), 160–164.
70. 70 Friel, J.K., Diehl-Jones, W.L., Suh, M., Tsopmo, A., Shirwadkar, V.P., Impact of iron and vitamin C- containing supplements on preterm human milk: in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 42 (2007), 1591–1598.
71. 71 Cester, E.A., Bloomfield, F.H., Taylor, J., Smith, S., Cormack, B.E., Do recommended protein intakes improve neurodevelopment in extremely preterm babies?. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 100 (2015), F243–7.
72. 72 Unger, S., Gibbins, S., Zupancic, J., O'Connor, D.L., DoMINO: donor milk for improved neurodevelopmental outcomes. BMC Pediatr, 14, 2014, 123.
73. 73 Deshpande, G., Rao, S., Patole, S., Bulsara, M., Updated meta-analysis of probiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. Pediatrics 125 (2010), 921–930.
74. 74 Marinelli, K.A., Lussier, M.M., Brownell, E., Herson, V.C., Hagadorn, J.I., The effect of a donor milk policy on the diet of very low birth weight infants. J Hum Lact 30 (2014), 310–316.
75. 75 Athalye-Jape, G., Deshpande, G., Rao, S., Patole, S., Benefits of probiotics on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 100 (2014), 1508–1519.
76. 76 Costeloe, K., Hardy, P., Juszczak, E., Wilks, M., Millar, M.R., Probiotics in preterm infants study collaborative group. Bifidobacterium breve BBG-001 in very preterm infants: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 387 (2016), 649–660.
77. 77 Embleton, N.D., Zalewski, S., Berrington, J.E., Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in preterm infants. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29 (2016), 256–261.
78. 78 Bigger, H.R., Fogg, L.J., Patel, A., Johnson, T., Engstrom, J.L., Meier, P.P., Quality indicators for human milk use in very low-birthweight infants: are we measuring what we should be measuring?. J Perinatol 34 (2014), 287–291.
79. 79 Williams, T., Nair, H., Simpson, J., Embleton, N., Use of donor human milk and maternal breastfeeding rates: a systematic review. J Hum Lact 32 (2016), 212–220.
80. 80 Esquerra-Zwiers, A., Wicks, J., Rogers, L., Engstrom, J.L., Meier, P.P., Patel, A.L., Impact of donor human milk in a high mother's own milk feeding neonatal intensive care unit. Poster presented at; 17th International Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation Conference;, 2014 October 24- 27; Kiawah Island, SC.
81. 81 Hoban, R., Bigger, H., Patel, A.L., Rossman, B., Fogg, L.F., Meier, P., Goals for human milk feeding in mothers of very low birth weight infants: how do goals change and are they achieved during the NICU hospitalization?. Breastfeed Med 10 (2015), 305–311.
82. 82 Coutsoudis, I., Petrites, A., Coutsoudis, A., Acceptability of donated breast milk in a resource limited South African setting. Int Breastfeed J, 6, 2011, 3.
83. 83 Murray, L., Anggrahini, S.M., Woda, R.R., Ayton, J.E., Beggs, S., Exclusive breastfeeding and the acceptability of donor breast milk for sick, hospitalized infants in Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia: a mixed-methods study. J Hum Lact 32 (2016), 438–445.
84. 84 Ighogboja, I.S., Olarewaju, R.S., Odumodu, C.U., Okuonghae, H.O., Mothers' attitudes towards donated breastmilk in Jos, Nigeria. J Hum Lact 11 (1995), 93–96.
85. 85 Brownell, E.A., Smith, K.C., Cornell, E.L., Esposito, P.A., Wiley, C.C., Wang, Z., et al. Five-year secular trends and predictors of nonconsent to receive donor milk in the neonatal intensive care unit. Breastfeed Med 11 (2016), 281–285.
86. 86 El-Khuffash, A., Unger, S., The concept of milk kinship in Islam: issues raised when offering preterm infants of Muslim families donor human milk. J Hum Lact 28 (2012), 125–127.
87. 87 Khalil, A., Buffin, R., Sanlaville, D., Picaud, J.C., Milk kinship is not an obstacle to using donor human milk to feed preterm infants in Muslim countries. Acta Paediatr 105 (2016), 462–467.
88. 88 Kassierer, M.Y., O'Connor, D.L., Rutherford, E., Rolnitzky, A., Unger, S., Implications for observant Jewish families in the provision of mother's own and donor milk for their very low birth weight infant. J Hum Lact 30 (2014), 402–404.
89. 89 Esquerra-Zwiers, A., Rossman, B., Meier, P., Engstrom, J., Janes, J., Patel, A., It's somebody else's milk”: unraveling the tension in mothers of preterm infantswho provide consent for pasteurized donor human milk. J Hum Lact 32 (2016), 95–102.
90. 90 Ganapathy, V., Hay, J.W., Kim, J.H., Costs of necrotizing enterocolitis and cost-effectiveness of exclusively human milk-based products in feeding extremely premature infants. Breastfeed Med 7 (2012), 29–37.
91. 91 Jegier, B.J., Johnson, T.J., Engstrom, J.L., Patel, A.L., Loera, F., Meier, P., The institutional cost of acquiring 100 ml of human milk for very low birth weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Hum Lact 29 (2013), 390–399.
92. 92 Meier, P.P., Patel, A.L., Bigger, H.R., Rossman, B., Engstrom, J.L., Supporting breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit: Rush Mother's Milk Club as a case study of evidence-based care. Pediatr Clin North Am 60 (2013), 209–226.
93. 93 Meier, P.P., Patel, A.L., Hoban, R., Engstrom, J.L., Which breast pump for which mother: an evidence- based approach to individualizing breast pump technology. J Perinatol 36 (2016), 493–499.
94. 94 Parker, L.A., Sullivan, S., Krueger, C., Mueller, M., Association of timing of initiation of breastmilk expression on milk volume and timing of lactogenesis stage II among mothers of very low-birth- weight infants. Breastfeed Med 10 (2015), 84–89.
95. 95 Lussier, M.M., Brownell, E.A., Proulx, T.A., Bielecki, D.M., Marinelli, K.A., Bellini, S.L., et al. Daily breastmilk volume in mothers of very low birth weight neonates: a repeated-measures randomized trial of hand expression versus electric breast pump expression. Breastfeed Med 10 (2015), 312–317.
96. 96 Meier, P.P., Engstrom, J.L., Rossman, B., Breastfeeding peer counselors as direct lactation care providers in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Hum Lact 29 (2013), 313–322.