메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue OCT, 2016, Pages

Chemical and stress resistances of clostridium difficile spores and vegetative cells

Author keywords

Anaerobe; Clostridium difficile; Clostridium difficile infection (CDI); Germination; Resistance; Spores; Sporulation

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CHLOROFORM; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE;

EID: 84997545303     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664302X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01698     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (86)

References (83)
  • 1
    • 77956539682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved eradication of Clostridium difficile spores from toilets of hospitalized patients using an accelerated hydrogen peroxide as the cleaning agent
    • Alfa, M. J., Lo, E., Wald, A., Dueck, C., DeGagne, P., and Harding, G. K. (2010). Improved eradication of Clostridium difficile spores from toilets of hospitalized patients using an accelerated hydrogen peroxide as the cleaning agent. BMC Infect. Dis 10:268. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-268.
    • (2010) BMC Infect. Dis , vol.10 , pp. 268
    • Alfa, M.J.1    Lo, E.2    Wald, A.3    Dueck, C.4    DeGagne, P.5    Harding, G.K.6
  • 2
    • 80051470106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread and persistence of Clostridium difficile spores during and after cleaning with sporicidal disinfectants
    • Ali, S., Moore, G., and Wilson, A. P. (2011). Spread and persistence of Clostridium difficile spores during and after cleaning with sporicidal disinfectants. J. Hosp. Infect. 79, 97-98. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.06.010.
    • (2011) J. Hosp. Infect , vol.79 , pp. 97-98
    • Ali, S.1    Moore, G.2    Wilson, A.P.3
  • 3
    • 0015181890 scopus 로고
    • The genetic control of spore formation in bacilli
    • Balassa, G. (1971). The genetic control of spore formation in bacilli. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol 56, 99-192.
    • (1971) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol , vol.56 , pp. 99-192
    • Balassa, G.1
  • 4
    • 0001637826 scopus 로고
    • Free available chlorine residuals for small nonpublic water supplies
    • Baumann, E. R., and Ludwig, D. D. (1962). Free available chlorine residuals for small nonpublic water supplies. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 54, 1379-1388.
    • (1962) J. Am. Water Works Assoc , vol.54 , pp. 1379-1388
    • Baumann, E.R.1    Ludwig, D.D.2
  • 5
    • 84961150650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reexamining the germination phenotypes of several Clostridium difficile strains suggests another role for the CspC germinant receptor
    • Bhattacharjee, D., Francis, M. B., Ding, X., McAllister, K. N., Shrestha, R., and Sorg, J. A. (2016). Reexamining the germination phenotypes of several Clostridium difficile strains suggests another role for the CspC germinant receptor. J. Bacteriol. 198, 777-786. doi: 10.1128/JB.00908-915.
    • (2016) J. Bacteriol , vol.198 , pp. 777-786
    • Bhattacharjee, D.1    Francis, M.B.2    Ding, X.3    McAllister, K.N.4    Shrestha, R.5    Sorg, J.A.6
  • 6
    • 0033941077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of PCR-ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile
    • Bidet, P., Lalande, V., Salauze, B., Burghoffer, B., Avesani, V., Delmee, M., et al. (2000). Comparison of PCR-ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 2484-2487.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.38 , pp. 2484-2487
    • Bidet, P.1    Lalande, V.2    Salauze, B.3    Burghoffer, B.4    Avesani, V.5    Delmee, M.6
  • 7
    • 79953289603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic manipulation of Clostridium difficile
    • Bouillaut, L., McBride, S. M., and Sorg, J. A. (2011). Genetic manipulation of Clostridium difficile. Curr Protoc Microbiol. Chap. 9, Unit9A.2. doi: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc09a02s20.
    • (2011) Curr Protoc Microbiol. Chap , vol.9
    • Bouillaut, L.1    McBride, S.M.2    Sorg, J.A.3
  • 8
    • 78650575216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diverse sporulation characteristics of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates are not associated with type
    • Burns, D. A., Heap, J. T., and Minton, N. P. (2010). The diverse sporulation characteristics of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates are not associated with type. Anaerobe 16, 618-622. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.10.001.
    • (2010) Anaerobe , vol.16 , pp. 618-622
    • Burns, D.A.1    Heap, J.T.2    Minton, N.P.3
  • 9
    • 80052859469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering the sporulation characteristics of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI/NAP1/027
    • Burns, D. A., Heeg, D., Cartman, S. T., and Minton, N. P. (2011). Reconsidering the sporulation characteristics of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI/NAP1/027. PLoS ONE 6:e24894. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024894.
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6
    • Burns, D.A.1    Heeg, D.2    Cartman, S.T.3    Minton, N.P.4
  • 10
    • 84922748691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in germination of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates correlates to disease severity
    • Carlson, P. E. Jr., Kaiser, A. M., McColm, S. A., Bauer, J. M., Young, V. B., Aronoff, D. M., et al. (2015). Variation in germination of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates correlates to disease severity. Anaerobe 33, 64-70. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.02.003.
    • (2015) Anaerobe , vol.33 , pp. 64-70
    • Carlson, P.E.1    Kaiser, A.M.2    McColm, S.A.3    Bauer, J.M.4    Young, V.B.5    Aronoff, D.M.6
  • 12
    • 84870870283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of Clostridium difficile biofilm formation, a role for Spo0A
    • Dawson, L. F., Valiente, E., Faulds-Pain, A., Donahue, E. H., and Wren, B. W. (2012). Characterisation of Clostridium difficile biofilm formation, a role for Spo0A. PLoS ONE 7:e50527. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050527.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7
    • Dawson, L.F.1    Valiente, E.2    Faulds-Pain, A.3    Donahue, E.H.4    Wren, B.W.5
  • 13
    • 77956533047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical evolution of the bacterial sporulation network
    • de Hoon, M. J., Eichenberger, P., and Vitkup, D. (2010). Hierarchical evolution of the bacterial sporulation network. Curr. Biol. 20, R735-R745. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.031.
    • (2010) Curr. Biol , vol.20 , pp. R735-R745
    • de Hoon, M.J.1    Eichenberger, P.2    Vitkup, D.3
  • 14
    • 84864821482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Clostridium difficile spo0A gene is a persistence and transmission factor
    • Deakin, L. J., Clare, S., Fagan, R. P., Dawson, L. F., Pickard, D. J., West, M. R., et al. (2012). The Clostridium difficile spo0A gene is a persistence and transmission factor. Infect. Immun. 80, 2704-2711. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00147-12.
    • (2012) Infect. Immun , vol.80 , pp. 2704-2711
    • Deakin, L.J.1    Clare, S.2    Fagan, R.P.3    Dawson, L.F.4    Pickard, D.J.5    West, M.R.6
  • 15
    • 0036207186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview: development in bacteria: spore formation in Bacillus subtilis
    • Driks, A. (2002). Overview: development in bacteria: spore formation in Bacillus subtilis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59, 389-391. doi: 10.1007/s00018-002-8430-x.
    • (2002) Cell. Mol. Life Sci , vol.59 , pp. 389-391
    • Driks, A.1
  • 16
    • 0037453066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamic spore
    • Driks, A. (2003). The dynamic spore. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 3007-3009. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0730807100.
    • (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.100 , pp. 3007-3009
    • Driks, A.1
  • 17
    • 84858116768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies for prevention of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Dubberke, E. (2012). Strategies for prevention of Clostridium difficile infection. J. Hosp. Med. 7(Suppl. 3), S14-S17. doi: 10.1002/jhm.1908.
    • (2012) J. Hosp. Med , vol.7 , pp. S14-S17
    • Dubberke, E.1
  • 18
    • 84863694101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden of Clostridium difficile on the healthcare system
    • Dubberke, E. R., and Olsen, M. A. (2012). Burden of Clostridium difficile on the healthcare system. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(Suppl. 2), S88-S92. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis335.
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , pp. S88-S92
    • Dubberke, E.R.1    Olsen, M.A.2
  • 19
    • 34447296689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of Clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus contamination of environmental surfaces after an intervention to improve cleaning methods
    • Eckstein, B. C., Adams, D. A., Eckstein, E. C., Rao, A., Sethi, A. K., Yadavalli, G. K., et al. (2007). Reduction of Clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus contamination of environmental surfaces after an intervention to improve cleaning methods. BMC Infect. Dis. 7:61. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-61.
    • (2007) BMC Infect. Dis , vol.7 , pp. 61
    • Eckstein, B.C.1    Adams, D.A.2    Eckstein, E.C.3    Rao, A.4    Sethi, A.K.5    Yadavalli, G.K.6
  • 20
    • 84864697175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative efficacy of commercially available alcohol-based hand rubs and World Health Organization-recommended hand rubs: formulation matters
    • Edmonds, S. L., Macinga, D. R., Mays-Suko, P., Duley, C., Rutter, J., Jarvis, W. R., et al. (2012). Comparative efficacy of commercially available alcohol-based hand rubs and World Health Organization-recommended hand rubs: formulation matters. Am. J. Infect. Control 40, 521-525. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.08.016.
    • (2012) Am. J. Infect. Control , vol.40 , pp. 521-525
    • Edmonds, S.L.1    Macinga, D.R.2    Mays-Suko, P.3    Duley, C.4    Rutter, J.5    Jarvis, W.R.6
  • 21
    • 84907091588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conserved oligopeptide permeases modulate sporulation initiation in Clostridium difficile
    • Edwards, A. N., Nawrocki, K. L., and McBride, S. M. (2014). Conserved oligopeptide permeases modulate sporulation initiation in Clostridium difficile. Infect. Immun. 82, 4276-4291. doi: 10.1128/IAI.02323-14.
    • (2014) Infect. Immun , vol.82 , pp. 4276-4291
    • Edwards, A.N.1    Nawrocki, K.L.2    McBride, S.M.3
  • 22
    • 84897966921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culturing and maintaining Clostridium difficile in an anaerobic environment
    • Edwards, A. N., Suarez, J. M., and McBride, S. M. (2013). Culturing and maintaining Clostridium difficile in an anaerobic environment. J. Vis. Exp. 79, e50787. doi: 10.3791/50787.
    • (2013) J. Vis. Exp , vol.79
    • Edwards, A.N.1    Suarez, J.M.2    McBride, S.M.3
  • 23
    • 84973370472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel regulator controls Clostridium difficile sporulation, motility and toxin production
    • Edwards, A. N., Tamayo, R., and McBride, S. M. (2016). A novel regulator controls Clostridium difficile sporulation, motility and toxin production. Mol. Microbiol. 100, 954-971. doi: 10.1111/mmi.13361.
    • (2016) Mol. Microbiol , vol.100 , pp. 954-971
    • Edwards, A.N.1    Tamayo, R.2    McBride, S.M.3
  • 24
    • 76749172275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Achievements and perspectives to overcome the poor solvent resistance in acetone and butanol-producing microorganisms
    • Ezeji, T., Milne, C., Price, N. D., and Blaschek, H. P. (2010). Achievements and perspectives to overcome the poor solvent resistance in acetone and butanol-producing microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 85, 1697-1712. doi: 10.1007/s00253-009-2390-0.
    • (2010) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol , vol.85 , pp. 1697-1712
    • Ezeji, T.1    Milne, C.2    Price, N.D.3    Blaschek, H.P.4
  • 25
    • 34347368903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of hospital cleaning agents and germicides against epidemic Clostridium difficile strains
    • Fawley, W. N., Underwood, S., Freeman, J., Baines, S. D., Saxton, K., Stephenson, K., et al. (2007). Efficacy of hospital cleaning agents and germicides against epidemic Clostridium difficile strains. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 28, 920-925. doi: 10.1086/519201.
    • (2007) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 920-925
    • Fawley, W.N.1    Underwood, S.2    Freeman, J.3    Baines, S.D.4    Saxton, K.5    Stephenson, K.6
  • 26
    • 84884601793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global analysis of the sporulation pathway of Clostridium difficile
    • Fimlaid, K. A., Bond, J. P., Schutz, K. C., Putnam, E. E., Leung, J. M., Lawley, T. D., et al. (2013). Global analysis of the sporulation pathway of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Genet. 9:e1003660. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003660.
    • (2013) PLoS Genet , vol.9
    • Fimlaid, K.A.1    Bond, J.P.2    Schutz, K.C.3    Putnam, E.E.4    Leung, J.M.5    Lawley, T.D.6
  • 27
    • 84946049791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a novel lipoprotein regulator of Clostridium difficile spore germination
    • Fimlaid, K. A., Jensen, O., Donnelly, M. L., Francis, M. B., Sorg, J. A., and Shen, A. (2015). Identification of a novel lipoprotein regulator of Clostridium difficile spore germination. PLoS Pathog. 11:e1005239. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005239.
    • (2015) PLoS Pathog , vol.11
    • Fimlaid, K.A.1    Jensen, O.2    Donnelly, M.L.3    Francis, M.B.4    Sorg, J.A.5    Shen, A.6
  • 28
    • 84878518519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bile acid recognition by the Clostridium difficile germinant receptor, CspC, is important for establishing infection
    • Francis, M. B., Allen, C. A., Shrestha, R., and Sorg, J. A. (2013). Bile acid recognition by the Clostridium difficile germinant receptor, CspC, is important for establishing infection. PLoS Pathog. 9:e1003356. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003356.
    • (2013) PLoS Pathog , vol.9
    • Francis, M.B.1    Allen, C.A.2    Shrestha, R.3    Sorg, J.A.4
  • 29
    • 84857472906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spores of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates display a diverse germination response to bile salts
    • Heeg, D., Burns, D. A., Cartman, S. T., and Minton, N. P. (2012). Spores of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates display a diverse germination response to bile salts. PLoS ONE 7:e32381. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032381.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7
    • Heeg, D.1    Burns, D.A.2    Cartman, S.T.3    Minton, N.P.4
  • 30
    • 34547640042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure, assembly, and function of the spore surface layers
    • Henriques, A. O., and Moran, C. P. Jr. (2007). Structure, assembly, and function of the spore surface layers. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 61, 555-588. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093224.
    • (2007) Annu. Rev. Microbiol , vol.61 , pp. 555-588
    • Henriques, A.O.1    Moran, C.P.2
  • 32
    • 42549173688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PerR acts as a switch for oxygen tolerance in the strict anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum
    • Hillmann, F., Fischer, R. J., Saint-Prix, F., Girbal, L., and Bahl, H. (2008). PerR acts as a switch for oxygen tolerance in the strict anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum. Mol. Microbiol. 68, 848-860. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06192.x.
    • (2008) Mol. Microbiol , vol.68 , pp. 848-860
    • Hillmann, F.1    Fischer, R.J.2    Saint-Prix, F.3    Girbal, L.4    Bahl, H.5
  • 33
    • 79961111087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PrsW is required for colonization, resistance to antimicrobial peptides, and expression of extracytoplasmic function sigma factors in Clostridium difficile
    • Ho, T. D., and Ellermeier, C. D. (2011). PrsW is required for colonization, resistance to antimicrobial peptides, and expression of extracytoplasmic function sigma factors in Clostridium difficile. Infect. Immun. 79, 3229-3238. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00019-11.
    • (2011) Infect. Immun , vol.79 , pp. 3229-3238
    • Ho, T.D.1    Ellermeier, C.D.2
  • 34
    • 84865470591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen tolerance in anaerobic pathogenic bacteria
    • Holy, O., and Chmelar, D. (2012). Oxygen tolerance in anaerobic pathogenic bacteria. Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 57, 443-446. doi: 10.1007/s12223-012-0149-y.
    • (2012) Folia Microbiol. (Praha) , vol.57 , pp. 443-446
    • Holy, O.1    Chmelar, D.2
  • 35
    • 84962240472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen peroxide vapor room disinfection and hand hygiene improvements reduce Clostridium difficile infection, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase
    • Horn, K., and Otter, J. A. (2015). Hydrogen peroxide vapor room disinfection and hand hygiene improvements reduce Clostridium difficile infection, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Am. J. Infect. Control 43, 1354-1356. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.029.
    • (2015) Am. J. Infect. Control , vol.43 , pp. 1354-1356
    • Horn, K.1    Otter, J.A.2
  • 36
    • 15544377092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of an erythromycin-sensitive derivative of Clostridium difficile strain 630 (630Δerm) and demonstration that the conjugative transposon Tn916ΔE enters the genome of this strain at multiple sites
    • Hussain, H. A., Roberts, A. P., and Mullany, P. (2005). Generation of an erythromycin-sensitive derivative of Clostridium difficile strain 630 (630Δerm) and demonstration that the conjugative transposon Tn916ΔE enters the genome of this strain at multiple sites. J. Med. Microbiol. 54, 137-141. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.45790-0.
    • (2005) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 137-141
    • Hussain, H.A.1    Roberts, A.P.2    Mullany, P.3
  • 37
    • 84957045548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virulence factors of Clostridium difficile and their role during infection
    • Janoir, C. (2016). Virulence factors of Clostridium difficile and their role during infection. Anaerobe 37, 13-24. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.10.009.
    • (2016) Anaerobe , vol.37 , pp. 13-24
    • Janoir, C.1
  • 38
    • 84922971911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics and establishment of Clostridium difficile infection in the murine gastrointestinal tract
    • Koenigsknecht, M. J., Theriot, C. M., Bergin, I. L., Schumacher, C. A., Schloss, P. D., and Young, V. B. (2015). Dynamics and establishment of Clostridium difficile infection in the murine gastrointestinal tract. Infect. Immun. 83, 934-941. doi: 10.1128/IAI.02768-14.
    • (2015) Infect. Immun , vol.83 , pp. 934-941
    • Koenigsknecht, M.J.1    Theriot, C.M.2    Bergin, I.L.3    Schumacher, C.A.4    Schloss, P.D.5    Young, V.B.6
  • 39
    • 84922822670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kwon, J. H., Olsen, M. A., and Dubberke, E. R. (2015). The morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with Clostridium difficile infection. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 29, 123-134. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2014.11.003.
    • (2015) Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am , vol.29 , pp. 123-134
    • Kwon, J.H.1    Olsen, M.A.2    Dubberke, E.R.3
  • 40
    • 0018193196 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis
    • Larson, H. E., Price, A. B., Honour, P., and Borriello, S. P. (1978). Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis. Lancet 1, 1063-1066. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90912-1.
    • (1978) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1063-1066
    • Larson, H.E.1    Price, A.B.2    Honour, P.3    Borriello, S.P.4
  • 41
    • 77958554415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of purified Clostridium difficile spores to facilitate evaluation of health care disinfection regimens
    • Lawley, T. D., Clare, S., Deakin, L. J., Goulding, D., Yen, J. L., Raisen, C., et al. (2010). Use of purified Clostridium difficile spores to facilitate evaluation of health care disinfection regimens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 6895-6900. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00718-10.
    • (2010) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.76 , pp. 6895-6900
    • Lawley, T.D.1    Clare, S.2    Deakin, L.J.3    Goulding, D.4    Yen, J.L.5    Raisen, C.6
  • 42
    • 68949097598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteomic and genomic characterization of highly infectious Clostridium difficile 630 spores
    • Lawley, T. D., Croucher, N. J., Yu, L., Clare, S., Sebaihia, M., Goulding, D., et al. (2009). Proteomic and genomic characterization of highly infectious Clostridium difficile 630 spores. J. Bacteriol. 191, 5377-5386. doi: 10.1128/JB.00597-09.
    • (2009) J. Bacteriol , vol.191 , pp. 5377-5386
    • Lawley, T.D.1    Croucher, N.J.2    Yu, L.3    Clare, S.4    Sebaihia, M.5    Goulding, D.6
  • 43
    • 84865286553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial spore structures and their protective role in biocide resistance
    • Leggett, M. J., McDonnell, G., Denyer, S. P., Setlow, P., and Maillard, J. Y. (2012). Bacterial spore structures and their protective role in biocide resistance. J. Appl. Microbiol. 113, 485-498. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05336.x.
    • (2012) J. Appl. Microbiol , vol.113 , pp. 485-498
    • Leggett, M.J.1    McDonnell, G.2    Denyer, S.P.3    Setlow, P.4    Maillard, J.Y.5
  • 44
    • 84863676446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology
    • Lessa, F. C., Gould, C. V., and McDonald, L. C. (2012). Current status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(Suppl. 2), S65-S70. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis319.
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , pp. S65-S70
    • Lessa, F.C.1    Gould, C.V.2    McDonald, L.C.3
  • 46
    • 84891929627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spo0A differentially regulates toxin production in evolutionarily diverse strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Mackin, K. E., Carter, G. P., Howarth, P., Rood, J. I., and Lyras, D. (2013). Spo0A differentially regulates toxin production in evolutionarily diverse strains of Clostridium difficile. PLoS ONE 8:e79666. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079666.
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8
    • Mackin, K.E.1    Carter, G.P.2    Howarth, P.3    Rood, J.I.4    Lyras, D.5
  • 47
    • 77952979219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of cleaning products for C. difficile: environmental strategies to reduce the spread of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in geriatric rehabilitation
    • Macleod-Glover, N., and Sadowski, C. (2010). Efficacy of cleaning products for C. difficile: environmental strategies to reduce the spread of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in geriatric rehabilitation. Can. Fam. Physician 56, 417-423.
    • (2010) Can. Fam. Physician , vol.56 , pp. 417-423
    • Macleod-Glover, N.1    Sadowski, C.2
  • 48
    • 1642373693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sporulation phenotype of a Bacillus subtilis mutant expressing an unprocessable but active sigmaE transcription factor
    • McBride, S., and Haldenwang, W. G. (2004). Sporulation phenotype of a Bacillus subtilis mutant expressing an unprocessable but active sigmaE transcription factor. J. Bacteriol. 186, 1999-2005. doi: 10.1128/JB.186.7.1999-2005.2004.
    • (2004) J. Bacteriol , vol.186 , pp. 1999-2005
    • McBride, S.1    Haldenwang, W.G.2
  • 50
    • 0015809217 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical genetics of bacterial sporulation. IV. Sequential development of resistances to chemical and physical agents during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis
    • Milhaud, P., and Balassa, G. (1973). Biochemical genetics of bacterial sporulation. IV. Sequential development of resistances to chemical and physical agents during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 125, 241-250. doi: 10.1007/BF00270746.
    • (1973) Mol. Gen. Genet , vol.125 , pp. 241-250
    • Milhaud, P.1    Balassa, G.2
  • 51
    • 0013916701 scopus 로고
    • The heat resistance of bacterial spores at various water activities
    • Murrell, W. G., and Scott, W. J. (1966). The heat resistance of bacterial spores at various water activities. J. Gen. Microbiol. 43, 411-425. doi: 10.1099/00221287-43-3-411.
    • (1966) J. Gen. Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 411-425
    • Murrell, W.G.1    Scott, W.J.2
  • 52
    • 84980485899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CodY-dependent regulation of sporulation in Clostridium difficile
    • Nawrocki, K. L., Edwards, A. N., Daou, N., Bouillaut, L., and McBride, S. M. (2015). CodY-dependent regulation of sporulation in Clostridium difficile. J. Bacteriol. 198, 2113-2130. doi: 10.1128/JB.00220-16.
    • (2015) J. Bacteriol , vol.198 , pp. 2113-2130
    • Nawrocki, K.L.1    Edwards, A.N.2    Daou, N.3    Bouillaut, L.4    McBride, S.M.5
  • 53
    • 84941353211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unlocking the sporicidal potential of ethanol: induced sporicidal activity of ethanol against Clostridium difficile and Bacillus Spores under altered physical and chemical conditions
    • Nerandzic, M. M., Sunkesula, V. C. C. T. S., Setlow, P., and Donskey, C. J. (2015). Unlocking the sporicidal potential of ethanol: induced sporicidal activity of ethanol against Clostridium difficile and Bacillus Spores under altered physical and chemical conditions. PLoS ONE 10:e0132805. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132805.
    • (2015) PLoS ONE , vol.10
    • Nerandzic, M.M.1    Sunkesula, V.C.C.T.S.2    Setlow, P.3    Donskey, C.J.4
  • 54
    • 78049397413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of sporicidal activities of selected environmental surface disinfectants: carrier tests with the spores of Clostridium difficile and its surrogates
    • Omidbakhsh, N. (2010). Evaluation of sporicidal activities of selected environmental surface disinfectants: carrier tests with the spores of Clostridium difficile and its surrogates. Am. J. Infect. Control 38, 718-722. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2010.02.009.
    • (2010) Am. J. Infect. Control , vol.38 , pp. 718-722
    • Omidbakhsh, N.1
  • 55
    • 70350018031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile
    • Oughton, M. T., Loo, V. G., Dendukuri, N., Fenn, S., and Libman, M. D. (2009). Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 30, 939-944. doi: 10.1086/605322.
    • (2009) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.30 , pp. 939-944
    • Oughton, M.T.1    Loo, V.G.2    Dendukuri, N.3    Fenn, S.4    Libman, M.D.5
  • 56
    • 30544443489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative genomic view of clostridial sporulation and physiology
    • Paredes, C. J., Alsaker, K. V., and Papoutsakis, E. T. (2005). A comparative genomic view of clostridial sporulation and physiology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3, 969-978. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1288.
    • (2005) Nat. Rev. Microbiol , vol.3 , pp. 969-978
    • Paredes, C.J.1    Alsaker, K.V.2    Papoutsakis, E.T.3
  • 57
    • 79956361126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germination response of spores of the pathogenic bacterium Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile to cultured human epithelial cells
    • Paredes-Sabja, D., and Sarker, M. R. (2011). Germination response of spores of the pathogenic bacterium Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile to cultured human epithelial cells. Anaerobe 17, 78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.02.001.
    • (2011) Anaerobe , vol.17 , pp. 78-84
    • Paredes-Sabja, D.1    Sarker, M.R.2
  • 58
    • 84903612457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile spore biology: sporulation, germination, and spore structural proteins
    • Paredes-Sabja, D., Shen, A., and Sorg, J. A. (2014). Clostridium difficile spore biology: sporulation, germination, and spore structural proteins. Trends Microbiol. 22, 406-416. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.04.003.
    • (2014) Trends Microbiol , vol.22 , pp. 406-416
    • Paredes-Sabja, D.1    Shen, A.2    Sorg, J.A.3
  • 59
    • 23044492188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of selected oxidizing microbicides against the spores of Clostridium difficile: relevance to environmental control
    • Perez, J., Springthorpe, V. S., and Sattar, S. A. (2005). Activity of selected oxidizing microbicides against the spores of Clostridium difficile: relevance to environmental control. Am. J. Infect. Control 33, 320-325. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.240.
    • (2005) Am. J. Infect. Control , vol.33 , pp. 320-325
    • Perez, J.1    Springthorpe, V.S.2    Sattar, S.A.3
  • 61
    • 84987899466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revising the ultrastructure variability of the exosporium layer of Clostridium difficile spores from sporulating cultures and biofilms
    • Pizarro-Guajardo, M., Calderon-Romero, P., and Paredes-Sabja, D. (2016b). Revising the ultrastructure variability of the exosporium layer of Clostridium difficile spores from sporulating cultures and biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 82, 5892-5898. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01463-16.
    • (2016) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.82 , pp. 5892-5898
    • Pizarro-Guajardo, M.1    Calderon-Romero, P.2    Paredes-Sabja, D.3
  • 64
    • 79955633772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moist-heat resistance, spore aging, and superdormancy in Clostridium difficile
    • Rodriguez-Palacios, A., and Lejeune, J. T. (2011). Moist-heat resistance, spore aging, and superdormancy in Clostridium difficile. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, 3085-3091. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01589-1510.
    • (2011) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.77 , pp. 3085-3091
    • Rodriguez-Palacios, A.1    Lejeune, J.T.2
  • 65
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • Rupnik, M., Wilcox, M. H., and Gerding, D. N. (2009). Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 526-536. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2164.
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 66
    • 0025179736 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents
    • Russell, A. D. (1990). Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3, 99-119. doi: 10.1128/CMR.3.2.99.
    • (1990) Clin. Microbiol. Rev , vol.3 , pp. 99-119
    • Russell, A.D.1
  • 67
    • 0038755703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient spore synthesis in Bacillus subtilis depends on the CcdA protein
    • Schiott, T., and Hederstedt, L. (2000). Efficient spore synthesis in Bacillus subtilis depends on the CcdA protein. J. Bacteriol. 182, 2845-2854. doi: 10.1128/JB.182.10.2845-2854.2000.
    • (2000) J. Bacteriol , vol.182 , pp. 2845-2854
    • Schiott, T.1    Hederstedt, L.2
  • 68
    • 33744733251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spores of Bacillus subtilis: their resistance to and killing by radiation, heat and chemicals
    • Setlow, P. (2006). Spores of Bacillus subtilis: their resistance to and killing by radiation, heat and chemicals. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101, 514-525. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02736.x.
    • (2006) J. Appl. Microbiol , vol.101 , pp. 514-525
    • Setlow, P.1
  • 69
    • 84953910824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spore resistance properties
    • Setlow, P. (2014). Spore resistance properties. Microbiol. Spectr. 2. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec. TBS-0003-2012.
    • (2014) Microbiol. Spectr , pp. 2
    • Setlow, P.1
  • 70
    • 84857790535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: mediators of inflammation
    • Shen, A. (2012). Clostridium difficile toxins: mediators of inflammation. J. Innate Immun. 4, 149-158. doi: 10.1159/000332946.
    • (2012) J. Innate Immun , vol.4 , pp. 149-158
    • Shen, A.1
  • 71
    • 79954992063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does the oxidative burst of macrophages kill bacteria?
    • Slauch, J. M. (2011). How does the oxidative burst of macrophages kill bacteria? Still an open question. Mol. Microbiol. 80, 580-583. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07612.x.
    • (2011) Still an open question. Mol. Microbiol , vol.80 , pp. 580-583
    • Slauch, J.M.1
  • 73
    • 41549142775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for Clostridium difficile spores
    • Sorg, J. A., and Sonenshein, A. L. (2008). Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for Clostridium difficile spores. J. Bacteriol. 190, 2505-2512. doi: 10.1128/JB.01765-07.
    • (2008) J. Bacteriol , vol.190 , pp. 2505-2512
    • Sorg, J.A.1    Sonenshein, A.L.2
  • 74
    • 76249088522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium
    • Stabler, R. A., He, M., Dawson, L., Martin, M., Valiente, E., Corton, C., et al. (2009). Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium. Genome Biol. 10, R102. doi: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-9-r102.
    • (2009) Genome Biol , vol.10
    • Stabler, R.A.1    He, M.2    Dawson, L.3    Martin, M.4    Valiente, E.5    Corton, C.6
  • 75
    • 84933679724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of airborne hydrogen peroxide on spores of Clostridium difficile
    • Steindl, G., Fiedler, A., Huhulescu, S., Wewalka, G., and Allerberger, F. (2015). Effect of airborne hydrogen peroxide on spores of Clostridium difficile. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 127, 421-426. doi: 10.1007/s00508-014-0682-6.
    • (2015) Wien. Klin. Wochenschr , vol.127 , pp. 421-426
    • Steindl, G.1    Fiedler, A.2    Huhulescu, S.3    Wewalka, G.4    Allerberger, F.5
  • 76
    • 84964280002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-induced alterations of the gut microbiota alter secondary bile acid production and allow for Clostridium difficile spore germination and outgrowth in the large intestine
    • Theriot, C. M., Bowman, A. A., and Young, V. B. (2016). Antibiotic-induced alterations of the gut microbiota alter secondary bile acid production and allow for Clostridium difficile spore germination and outgrowth in the large intestine. mSphere 1, e45-15. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00045-15.
    • (2016) mSphere , vol.1
    • Theriot, C.M.1    Bowman, A.A.2    Young, V.B.3
  • 77
    • 84945295917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between the gastrointestinal microbiome and Clostridium difficile
    • Theriot, C. M., and Young, V. B. (2015). Interactions between the gastrointestinal microbiome and Clostridium difficile. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 69, 445-461. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104115.
    • (2015) Annu. Rev. Microbiol , vol.69 , pp. 445-461
    • Theriot, C.M.1    Young, V.B.2
  • 78
    • 0023506940 scopus 로고
    • Incompatibility group P plasmids: genetics, evolution, and use in genetic manipulation
    • Thomas, C. M., and Smith, C. A. (1987). Incompatibility group P plasmids: genetics, evolution, and use in genetic manipulation. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 41, 77-101. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.000453.
    • (1987) Annu. Rev. Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 77-101
    • Thomas, C.M.1    Smith, C.A.2
  • 79
    • 79952399941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of sigmaE and sigmaG in Clostridium acetobutylicum illuminates their roles in clostridial-cell-form biogenesis, granulose synthesis, solventogenesis, and spore morphogenesis
    • Tracy, B. P., Jones, S. W., and Papoutsakis, E. T. (2011). Inactivation of sigmaE and sigmaG in Clostridium acetobutylicum illuminates their roles in clostridial-cell-form biogenesis, granulose synthesis, solventogenesis, and spore morphogenesis. J. Bacteriol. 193, 1414-1426. doi: 10.1128/JB.01380-10.
    • (2011) J. Bacteriol , vol.193 , pp. 1414-1426
    • Tracy, B.P.1    Jones, S.W.2    Papoutsakis, E.T.3
  • 80
    • 79960427673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of decontaminants and disinfectants against Clostridium difficile
    • Vohra, P., and Poxton, I. R. (2011). Efficacy of decontaminants and disinfectants against Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Microbiol 60(Pt 8), 1218-1224. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.030288-30280.
    • (2011) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1218-1224
    • Vohra, P.1    Poxton, I.R.2
  • 81
    • 17444366186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease
    • Voth, D. E., and Ballard, J. D. (2005). Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18, 247-263. doi: 10.1128/CMR.18.2.247-263.2005.
    • (2005) Clin. Microbiol. Rev , vol.18 , pp. 247-263
    • Voth, D.E.1    Ballard, J.D.2
  • 82
    • 0041519141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effect of detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning on environmental contamination and incidence of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Wilcox, M. H., Fawley, W. N., Wigglesworth, N., Parnell, P., Verity, P., and Freeman, J. (2003). Comparison of the effect of detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning on environmental contamination and incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. J. Hosp. Infect. 54, 109-114. doi: 10.1016/S0195-6701(02)00400-0.
    • (2003) J. Hosp. Infect , vol.54 , pp. 109-114
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Wigglesworth, N.3    Parnell, P.4    Verity, P.5    Freeman, J.6
  • 83
    • 0020084325 scopus 로고
    • Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile
    • Wilson, K. H., Kennedy, M. J., and Fekety, F. R. (1982). Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15, 443-446.
    • (1982) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.15 , pp. 443-446
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Kennedy, M.J.2    Fekety, F.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.