Incidence and Costs of Clostridium difficile Infections in Canada

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2015, Pages

  Levy, Adrian R ^a,b   Szabo, Shelagh M ^a   Lozano Ortega, Greta ^a   Lloyd Smith, Elisa ^c   Leung, Victor ^c,d   Lawrence, Robin ^e   Romney, Marc G ^c,d  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b ICON PLC   (United Kingdom)

^c ST PAUL S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^e Cubist Pharmaceuticals   (Canada)

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile; economic burden; epidemiology; hospital acquired infections; model

Indexed keywords

EID: 84961832585     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23288957     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/OFID/OFV076     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Gravel D, Miller M, Simor A, et al. Health care-associated Clostridium difficile infection in adults admitted to acute care hospitals in Canada: a Canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program study. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:568–76.
2. McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996–2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:409–15.
3. Redelings MD, Sorvillo F, Mascola L. Increase in Clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, United States, 1999–2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:1417–9.
4. Cartman ST, Heap JT, Kuehne SA, et al. The emergence of ‘hypervirulence’ in Clostridium difficile. Int J Med Microbiol 2010; 300:387–95.
5. Collins DA, Hawkey PM, Riley TV. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in Asia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013; 2:21.
6. McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2433–41.
7. Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005; 366:1079–84.
8. He M, Miyajima F, Roberts P, et al. Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile. Nat Genet 2013; 45:109–13.
9. Chitnis AS, Holzbauer SM, Belflower RM, et al. Epidemiology of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection, 2009 through 2011. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173:1359–67.
10. Mangen MJ, Plass D, Havelaar AH, et al. The pathogen- and incidence-based DALY approach: an appropriate [corrected] methodology for estimating the burden of infectious diseases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79740.
11. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:431–55.
12. Lambert PJ, Dyck M, Thompson LH, Hammond GW. Population-based surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection in Manitoba, Canada, by using interim surveillance definitions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:945–51.
13. Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:422–31.
14. Statistics Canada. Labour Statistics CANSIM Tables 282-0069 and 282-0073. 2014; Available at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sumsom/l01/cst01/labr69a-eng.htm. Accessed 2 July 2015.
15. Manitoba Health. Manitoba Monthly surveillance unit report. Public Health Disease Surveillance System, 2012. Available at: http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/surveillance/scd/jan12.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2013.
16. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Inpatient hospitalizations: volume, length of stay, and standardized rates. CIHI, 2012. Available at: http://www.cihi.ca/CIHI-ext-portal/internet/EN/Quick_Stats/quick+stats/quick_stats_main?xTopic=HospitalCare&pageNumber =2&resultCount=10&filterTypeBy=-undefined&filterTopicBy=5& autorefresh=1. Accessed 2 July 2015.
17. Provincial Infection Control Network of British Columbia (PICNet). Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) surveillance report, April 1, 2010-March 31, 2011. British Columbia Provincial Health Services Authority, 2011; Available at: http://www.picnet.ca/uploads/files/CDI_Surveillance_Report_FY2010_11%20final.pdf. Accessed 9 January 2012.
18. Provincial Infection Control Network of British Columbia (PICNet). Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) surveillance report. Quarter 1 and quarter 2, 2011/2012. British Columbia Provincial Health Services Authority, 2012; Available at: http://www.picnet.ca/uploads/files/surveillance/CDI%20Surveillance%20Report%20semiannual%202011-2012%20Q1-2.pdf. Accessed 26 April 2012.
19. Canadian Nocosomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP). Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in acute-care hospitals participating in CNISP: November 1, 2004 to April 30, 2005. Public Health Agency of Canada, 2007; Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/nois-sinp/pdf/c-difficile_cnisp-pcsin-eng.pdf. Accessed 9 January 2012.
20. Simor AE. Clostridium difficile infection: Canadian Epidemiology, 2012. Clostridium difficile infection Prevention and Control Workshop, 2012 (May 28–29, 2012) Available at: http://www.oahpp.ca/resources/documents/presentations/2012may28-29/2.0%20-%20Epi%20Data/ CdiffCanEpi2012.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2013.
21. Optimer Pharmaceuticals Inc. Baseline disease severity stratified by age group in mITT population. Optimer Pharmaceuticals Inc, 2012.
22. Khanna S, Pardi DS, Aronson SL, et al. The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study. Am J Gastroentereol 2012; 107:89–95.
23. Burman D. Findings from the hospital Clostridium difficile infection control survey. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, 2012. Available at: http://www.oahpp.ca/resources/documents/presentations/2012may28-29/4.0%20-%20Shift%20and%20Share%20Session/1.0% 20-%20CDI%20Hospital%20and%20Health%20Unit%20Survey% 20Findings/Hospital%20CDI%20survey%20Findings_DBurman_FINAL% 2022May12.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2013.
24. Vearncombe M. Laboratory testing for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in the era of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, 2012. Available at: http://www.oahpp.ca/resources/documents/presentations/2012may28-29/3.0%20-%20Laboratory% 20Testing/CDI%20Laboratory%20Testing%20CDI%20Workshop% 20May%202012.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2013.
25. IMS Brogan. Provincial vancomycin claims data, 2010 to 2011. 2012.
26. Dubberke ER, Wertheimer AI. Review of current literature on the economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:57–66.
27. Forster AJ, Taljaard M, Oake N, et al. The effect of hospital-acquired infection with Clostridium difficile on length of stay in hospital. CMAJ 2012; 184:37–42.
28. Davison AC, Hinkley D. Bootstrap methods and their applications. Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics (No. 1), Cambridge, UK 2006; 191–251.
29. Dumyati G, Stevens V, Hannett GE, et al. Community-associated Clostridium difficile infections, Monroe County, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:392–400.
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: preventing Clostridium difficile infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61:157–62.
31. Pepin J, Routhier S, Gagnon S, Brazeau I. Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:758–64.
32. Zoutman DE, Ford BD. A comparison of infection control program resources, activities, and antibiotic resistant organism rates in Canadian acute care hospitals in 1999 and 2005: pre- and post-severe acute respiratory syndrome. Can J Infect Control 2009; 24:109–15.
33. Lessa FC, Mu Y, Bamberg WM, et al. Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:825–34.
34. O’Brien JA, Lahue BJ, Caro JJ, Davidson DM. The emerging infectious challenge of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:1219–27.
35. Croxson B, Allen P, Roberts JA, et al. The funding and organization of infection control in NHS hospital trusts: a study of infection control professionals’ views. Health Serv Manage Res 2003; 16: 71–84.
36. Graves N. Economics and preventing hospital-acquired infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:561–6.
37. Honda H, Dubberke ER. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2014; 30:54–62.
38. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea can be associated with stomach acid drugs known as proton pump inhibitors PPIs). 2013; http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm290510.htm. Accessed 7 October 2013.
39. Valiquette L, Cossette B, Garant MP, et al. Impact of a reduction in the use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated disease caused by the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45(Suppl 2):S112–21.
40. Cornely OA, Crook DW, Esposito R, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12:281–9.
41. Claxton KP, Sculpher MJ. Using value of information analysis to prioritise health research: some lessons from recent UK experience. Pharmacoeconomics 2006; 24:1055–68.
42. Badger VO, Ledeboer NA, Graham MB, Edmiston CE Jr. Clostridium difficile: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention of a recalcitrant healthcare-associated pathogen. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 36:645–62.
43. MOHLTC. Ontario Health Insurance (OHIP) Schedule of Benefits and Fees. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, 2012. Available at: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/providers/program/ohip/sob/sob_mn.html. Accessed 7 October 2013.
44. British Columbia Medical Association. Guide to fees. British Columbia Medical Association, 2010. Accessed 7 October 2013.
45. Government of Canada. Working in Canada. Government of Canada, 2012. Available at: http://www.workingincanada.gc.ca/home-eng.do?lang=eng.
46. Perras C, Tsakonas E, Ndegwa S, et al. Vancomycin or metronidazole for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: Clinical and economic analyses. Technology report; no. 136 ed. Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, 2011.