Progression of coronary artery calcification at the crossroads: Sign of progression or stabilization of coronary atherosclerosis?

Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 250-258

  Rodriguez Granillo, Gaston A ^a,b   Carrascosa, Patricia ^a   Bruining, Nico ^c  

^a Department of Computed Tomography   (Argentina)

^b Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas   (Argentina)

^c ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Atherothrombosis; Imaging; Longitudinal studies; Prognostic value; Statin

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; SIMVASTATIN;

ALGORITHM; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MEGADOSE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION;

EID: 84994756618     PISSN: 22233652     EISSN: 22233660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2016.03.03     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Blaha M, Budoff MJ, Shaw LJ, et al. Absence of coronary artery calcification and all-cause mortality. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:692-700.
2. Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. New Engl J Med 2008;358:1336-45.
3. Sarwar A, Shaw LJ, Shapiro MD, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of absence of coronary artery calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:675-88.
4. Budoff MJ, Hokanson JE, Nasir K, et al. Progression of coronary artery calcium predicts all-cause mortality. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:1229-36.
5. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. New Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-57.
6. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: The ASTEROID trial. JAMA 2006;295:1556-65.
7. Rodriguez-Granillo GA, Agostoni P, Garcia-Garcia HM, et al. Meta-Analysis of the studies assessing temporal changes in coronary plaque volume using intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:5-10.
8. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, et al. Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. New Engl J Med 1998;339:1972-8.
9. McCullough PA, Chinnaiyan KM. Annual progression of coronary calcification in trials of preventive therapies: A systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:2064-70.
10. Houslay ES, Cowell SJ, Prescott RJ, et al. Progressive coronary calcification despite intensive lipid-lowering treatment: A randomised controlled trial. Heart 2006;92:1207-12.
11. Puri R, Nicholls SJ, Shao M, et al. Impact of statins on serial coronary calcification during atheroma progression and regression. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:1273-82.
12. Henein MY, Owen A. Statins moderate coronary stenoses but not coronary calcification: results from meta-Analyses. Int J Cardiol 2011;153:31-5.
13. Lehmann N, Paul A, Moebus S, et al. Effects of lifestyle modification on coronary artery calcium progression and prognostic factors in coronary patients-3-year results of the randomized SAFE-LIFE trial. Atherosclerosis 2011;219:630-6.
14. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, et al. Lessons from sudden coronary death: A comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1262-75.
15. Mintz GS, Pichard AD, Popma JJ, et al. Determinants and correlates of target lesion calcium in coronary artery disease: A clinical, angiographic and intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:268-74.
16. Pundziute G, Schuijf JD, Jukema JW, et al. Head-Tohead comparison of coronary plaque evaluation between multislice computed tomography and intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008;1:176-82.
17. Sangiorgi G, Rumberger JA, Severson A, et al. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: A histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:126-33.
18. New SE, Aikawa E. Molecular imaging insights into early inflammatory stages of arterial and aortic valve calcification. Circ Res 2011;108:1381-91.
19. Aikawa E, Nahrendorf M, Sosnovik D, et al. Multimodality molecular imaging identifies proteolytic and osteogenic activities in early aortic valve disease. Circulation 2007;115:377-86.
20. Aikawa E, Nahrendorf M, Figueiredo JL, et al. Osteogenesis associates with inflammation in early-stage atherosclerosis evaluated by molecular imaging in vivo. Circulation 2007;116:2841-50.
21. Simons DB, Schwartz RS, Edwards WD, et al. Noninvasive definition of anatomic coronary artery disease by ultrafast computed tomographic scanning: A quantitative pathologic comparison study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1118-26.
22. Vengrenyuk Y, Cardoso L, Weinbaum S. Micro-CT based analysis of a new paradigm for vulnerable plaque rupture: cellular microcalcifications in fibrous caps. Mol Cell Biomech 2008;5:37-47.
23. Kataoka Y, Puri R, Hammadah M, et al. Spotty calcification and plaque vulnerability in vivo: frequencydomain optical coherence tomography analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2014;4:460-9.
24. Detrano R, Hsiai T, Wang S, et al. Prognostic value of coronary calcification and angiographic stenoses in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:285-90.
25. Budoff MJ, Diamond GA, Raggi P, et al. Continuous probabilistic prediction of angiographically significant coronary artery disease using electron beam tomography. Circulation 2002;105:1791-6.
26. Meyer M, Henzler T, Fink C, et al. Impact of coronary calcium score on the prevalence of coronary artery stenosis on dual source CT coronary angiography in caucasian patients with an intermediate risk. Acad Radiol 2012;19:1316-23.
27. Chang SM, Nabi F, Xu J, et al. The coronary artery calcium score and stress myocardial perfusion imaging provide independent and complementary prediction of cardiac risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1872-82.
28. Berman DS, Wong ND, Gransar H, et al. Relationship between stress-induced myocardial ischemia and atherosclerosis measured by coronary calcium tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:923-30.
29. Schepis T, Gaemperli O, Koepfli P, et al. Added value of coronary artery calcium score as an adjunct to gated SPECT for the evaluation of coronary artery disease in an intermediate-risk population. J Nucl Med 2007;48:1424-30.
30. Erbel R, Mohlenkamp S, Moebus S, et al. Coronary risk stratification, discrimination, and reclassification improvement based on quantification of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: The Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1397-406.
31. Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, et al. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 2004;291:210-5.
32. Arad Y, Goodman KJ, Roth M, et al. Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C-reactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: The St. Francis Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:158-65.
33. Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, et al. Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly. Circulation 2005;112:572-7.
34. Greenland P, Bonow RO, Brundage BH, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography) developed in collaboration with the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:378-402.
35. Naghavi M, Falk E, Hecht HS, et al. The first SHAPE (Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education) guideline. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2006;5:187-90.
36. Becker A, Leber A, Becker C, et al. Predictive value of coronary calcifications for future cardiac events in asymptomatic individuals. Am Heart J 2008;155:154-60.
37. Taylor AJ, Bindeman J, Feuerstein I, et al. Coronary calcium independently predicts incident premature coronary heart disease over measured cardiovascular risk factors: mean three-year outcomes in the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium (PACC) project. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:807-14.
38. Raggi P, Cooil B, Callister TQ. Use of electron beam tomography data to develop models for prediction of hard coronary events. Am Heart J 2001;141:375-82.
39. Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Schisterman E, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality. Radiology 2003;228:826-33.
40. LaMonte MJ, FitzGerald SJ, Church TS, et al. Coronary artery calcium score and coronary heart disease events in a large cohort of asymptomatic men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:421-9.
41. Budoff MJ, Shaw LJ, Liu ST, et al. Long-Term prognosis associated with coronary calcification: observations from a registry of 25, 253 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1860-70.
42. Jia H, Abtahian F, Aguirre AD, et al. In vivo diagnosis of plaque erosion and calcified nodule in patients with acute coronary syndrome by intravascular optical coherence tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:1748-58.
43. Higuma T, Soeda T, Abe N, et al. A Combined Optical Coherence Tomography and Intravascular Ultrasound Study on Plaque Rupture, Plaque Erosion, and Calcified Nodule in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Incidence, Morphologic Characteristics, and Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8:1166-76.
44. Motoyama S, Ito H, Sarai M, et al. Plaque Characterization by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and the Likelihood of Acute Coronary Events in Mid-Term Follow-Up. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:337-46.
45. Nakazato R, Otake H, Konishi A, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque characterization by CT angiography for identification of high-risk coronary artery lesions: A comparison to optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;16:373-9.
46. Thilo C, Gebregziabher M, Mayer FB, et al. Correlation of regional distribution and morphological pattern of calcification at CT coronary artery calcium scoring with non-calcified plaque formation and stenosis. Eur Radiol 2010;20:855-61.
47. Raggi P, Cooil B, Shaw LJ, et al. Progression of coronary calcium on serial electron beam tomographic scanning is greater in patients with future myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:827-9.
48. Kiramijyan S, Ahmadi N, Isma'eel H, et al. Impact of coronary artery calcium progression and statin therapy on clinical outcome in subjects with and without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:356-61.
49. Kataoka Y, Wolski K, Uno K, et al. Spotty calcification as a marker of accelerated progression of coronary atherosclerosis: insights from serial intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1592-7.
50. Budoff MJ, Young R, Lopez VA, et al. Progression of coronary calcium and incident coronary heart disease events: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1231-9.
51. McEvoy JW, Blaha MJ, Defilippis AP, et al. Coronary artery calcium progression: An important clinical measurement? A review of published reports. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1613-22.
52. Kronmal RA, McClelland RL, Detrano R, et al. Risk factors for the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 2007;115:2722-30.
53. Maahs DM, Ogden LG, Kinney GL, et al. Low plasma adiponectin levels predict progression of coronary artery calcification. Circulation 2005;111:747-53.
54. Maahs DM, Ogden LG, Kretowski A, et al. Serum cystatin C predicts progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2007;56:2774-9.
55. Rodriguez-Granillo GA, de Winter S, Bruining N, et al. Effect of perindopril on coronary remodelling: insights from a multicentre, randomized study. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2326-31.
56. Rodriguez-Granillo GA, Vos J, Bruining N, Garcia-Garcia HM, de Winter S, Ligthart JM, et al. Longterm effect of perindopril on coronary atherosclerosis progression (from the perindopril's prospective effect on coronary atherosclerosis by angiography and intravascular ultrasound evaluation [PERSPECTIVE] study). Am J Cardiol 2007;100:159-63.
57. Puri R, Libby P, Nissen SE, et al. Long-Term effects of maximally intensive statin therapy on changes in coronary atheroma composition: insights from SATURN. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;15:380-8.
58. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-9.
59. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 1998;279:1615-22.
60. Lima JA, Desai MY, Steen H, et al. Statin-induced cholesterol lowering and plaque regression after 6 months of magnetic resonance imaging-monitored therapy. Circulation 2004;110:2336-41.
61. Corti R, Fuster V, Fayad ZA, et al. Effects of aggressive versus conventional lipid-lowering therapy by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions: A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:106-12.
62. Yonemura A, Momiyama Y, Fayad ZA, et al. Effect of lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin on atherosclerotic aortic plaques detected by noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:733-42.
63. de Sauvage Nolting PR, de Groot E, Zwinderman AH, et al. Regression of carotid and femoral artery intima-media thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia: Treatment with simvastatin. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1837-41.
64. Nissen SE, Tsunoda T, Tuzcu EM, et al. Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2292-300.
65. Räber L, Taniwaki M, Zaugg S, et al. Effect of highintensity statin therapy on atherosclerosis in non-infarctrelated coronary arteries (IBIS-4): A serial intravascular ultrasonography study. Eur Heart J 2015;36:490-500.
66. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavallée P, et al. Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-To-date meta-Analysis. Stroke 2004;35:2902-9.
67. Schartl M, Bocksch W, Koschyk DH, et al. Use of intravascular ultrasound to compare effects of different strategies of lipid-lowering therapy on plaque volume and composition in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001;104:387-92.
68. Kawasaki M, Sano K, Okubo M, et al. Volumetric quantitative analysis of tissue characteristics of coronary plaques after statin therapy using three-dimensional integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1946-53.
69. Toutouzas K, Vaina S, Tsiamis E, et al. Detection of increased temperature of the culprit lesion after recent myocardial infarction: The favorable effect of statins. Am Heart J 2004;148:783-8.
70. Furman C, Copin C, Kandoussi M, et al. Rosuvastatin reduces MMP-7 secretion by human monocyte-derived macrophages: potential relevance to atherosclerotic plaque stability. Atherosclerosis 2004;174:93-8.
71. Landmesser U, Bahlmann F, Mueller M, et al. Simvastatin versus ezetimibe: pleiotropic and lipid-lowering effects on endothelial function in humans. Circulation 2005;111:2356-63.
72. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:827-32.
73. Tenenbaum A, Shemesh J, Koren-Morag N, et al. Longterm changes in serum cholesterol level does not influence the progression of coronary calcification. Int J Cardiol 2011;150:130-4.
74. Maniscalco BS, Taylor KA. Calcification in coronary artery disease can be reversed by EDTA-Tetracycline long-Term chemotherapy. Pathophysiology 2004;11:95-101.
75. Budoff MJ, Raggi P. Coronary artery disease progression assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:46E-50E.
76. Goh VK, Lau CP, Mohlenkamp S, et al. Outcome of coronary plaque burden: A 10-year follow-up of aggressive medical management. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2010;8:5.
77. Terry JG, Carr JJ, Kouba EO, et al. Effect of simvastatin (80 mg) on coronary and abdominal aortic arterial calcium (from the coronary artery calcification treatment with zocor [CATZ] study). Am J Cardiol 2007;99:1714-7.
78. Schmermund A, Achenbach S, Budde T, et al. Effect of intensive versus standard lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin on the progression of calcified coronary atherosclerosis over 12 months: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial. Circulation 2006;113:427-37.
79. Raggi P, Davidson M, Callister TQ, et al. Aggressive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women: Beyond Endorsed Lipid Lowering with EBT Scanning (BELLES). Circulation 2005;112:563-71.
80. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Roth M, et al. Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E: The St. Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:166-72.
81. Motoyama S, Sarai M, Harigaya H, Anno H, Inoue K, Hara T, et al. Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:49-57.
82. Park HB, Heo R, ó Hartaigh B, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque characteristics by CT angiography identify coronary lesions that cause ischemia: A direct comparison to fractional flow reserve. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;8:1-10.
83. Erbel R, Lehmann N, Churzidse S, et al. Progression of coronary artery calcification seems to be inevitable, but predictable-results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study. Eur Heart J 2014;35:2960-71.
84. Puato M, Faggin E, Rattazzi M, et al. Atorvastatin reduces macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques: A comparison of a nonstatin-based regimen in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 2010;41:1163-8.
85. Hattori K, Ozaki Y, Ismail TF, et al. Impact of statin therapy on plaque characteristics as assessed by serial OCT, grayscale and integrated backscatter-IVUS. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:169-77.
86. Shaw LJ, Narula J, Chandrashekhar Y. The never-ending story on coronary calcium: is it predictive, punitive, or protective? J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:1283-5.
87. Weijs B, Blaauw Y, Rennenberg RJ, et al. Patients using vitamin K antagonists show increased levels of coronary calcification: An observational study in low-risk atrial fibrillation patients. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2555-62.
88. Hruby A, O'Donnell CJ, Jacques PF, et al. Magnesium intake is inversely associated with coronary artery calcification: The Framingham Heart Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:59-69.