Intervention without intervening?: The OAS defense and promotion of democracy in the Americas

Intervention Without Intervening?: The OAS Defense and Promotion of Democracy in the Americas

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-184

  Cooper, Andrew F ^a   Legler, Thomas ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84994301814     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9781403983442     Document Type: Book

References (279)

1. Richard Bloomfield, "Making the Western Hemisphere Safe for Democracy? The OAS Defense-of-Democracy Regime," in Collective Responses to Regional Problems: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, ed. Carl Kaysen, Robert A. Pastor, and Laura W. Reed (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1994, 15-28).
2. César Gaviria, Address by César Gaviria, secretarygeneral of the Organization of American States, at the opening of the Conference of the Americas. Washington, DC, March 5, 1998. _http://www.oas.org/EN/PINFO/SG/305anoe.htm_
3. César Gaviria, Palabras del Secretario General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos, César Gaviria, in Celebración del Cincuentenario de la Organización. April 30, 1998. Santafé de Bogotá. _http://www.oas.org/EN/PINFO/SG/418cumbr.htm_
4. Ellen L. Lutz and Kathryn Sikkink, "The International Dimension of Democratization and Human Rights in Latin America," in Democracy in Latin America: (Re)Constructing Political Society, ed. Manuel Antonio Garreton M. and Edward Newman (New York: United Nations University Press, 2001), 296.
5. Karen L. Remmer, "External Pressures and Domestic Constraints: The Lessons of the Four Case Studies," In Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom Farer (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 288
6. Fernando Tesón, "Changing Perceptions of Domestic Jurisdiction and Intervention," in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom Farer (Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 30-31.
7. Jon C. Pevehouse, "Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization," International Organization 56, no. 3 (Summer 2002), 51
8. Jon C. Pevehouse, Democracy from Above: Regional Organizations and Democratization (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
9. Phillipe C. Schmitter, "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule; Southern Europe, ed. Guillermo O’Donnell, Phillipe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead (Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 5.
10. Laurence Whitehead, "International Aspects of Democratization," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule; Southern Europe, ed. Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 4-5.
11. Gerardo L. Munck and Carol Skalnik Leff, "Modes of Transition and Democratization:South America and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics 19, no. 3 (1997), 343-362.
12. Karen L. Remmer, "The Process of Democratization in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development 27, no. 4 (1992-1993), 3-24.
13. Laurence Whitehead, "Three International Dimensions of Democratization," in The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and The Americas, ed. Laurence Whitehead, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001
14. Philippe C. Schmitter, "The Influence of the International Context upon the Choice of National Institutions and Policies in Neo-Democracies," in Democratization: Europe and Americas, ed. Whitehead, 26-54.
15. Laurence Whitehead, "Three International Dimensions of Democratization," in Democratization:Europe and Americas, ed. Whitehead, 9.
16. Charles Powell, "International Aspects of Democratization: The Case of Spain," in Democratization: Europe and Americas, ed. Whitehead, 285-314.
17. Michael Waller, "Groups, Parties and Political Change in Eastern Europe from 1977," in Democratization in Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Perspectives, ed. Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 1994), 50.
18. Kevin F.F. Quigley, "Democracy Assistance in South-East Asia: Long History/Unfinished Business," in Democracy Assistance: International Cooperation for Democratization, ed. Peter Burnell (London: Frank Cass, 2000);
19. Laurence Whitehead, "Concerning International Support for Democracy in the South," in Democratization in the South: The Jagged Edge, ed. Robin Lucham and Gordon White (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), 270.
20. Hermann Giliomee, "Democratization in South Africa," Political Science Quarterly 110, no. 1 (1995), 83.
21. Philippe C. Schmitter, "The Influence of the International Context," 45, in Whitehead, Democratization: Europe and Americas.
22. Daniel C. Thomas, "Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy," in Restructuring World Politics:Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, ed. Sanjeev Khagram, James v. Riker, and Kathryn Sikkink (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 71-95.
23. Jerome Slater, The OAS as Antidictatorial Alliance: The OAS and United States Foreign Policy (Columbus: Ohio State University, 1967).
24. Anthony Payne, "The United States and its Enterprise of the Americas," in Regionalism & World Order, ed. Andrew Gamble and Anthony Payne (London: Routledge, 1996), 97.
25. Mexico’s Political Economy: Challenge at Home and Abroad, ed. Jorge Domínguez (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982), 13-14.
26. Lorenzo Meyer, "Mexico: The Exception and the Rule" in Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America, ed. Abraham F. Lowenthal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 217, 229.
27. Lutz and Sikkink, "The International Dimension of Democratization and Human Rights in Latin America," 294.
28. Philip Geyelin, Lyndon B. Johnson and the World (New York: Praeger, 1966), 254;
29. Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993).
30. Peter Binns and Mike Gonzalez, "Cuba, Castro and Socialism," International Socialism Journal 2, no. 8 (Spring 1980): 1-36.
31. Piero Gleijeses, Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944-1954 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
32. William I. Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, U.S. Intervention and Hegemony (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
33. Jorge Domínguez, "The Americas: Found, and Then Lost Again," Foreign Policy 112 (Fall 1998), 125-137.
34. Abraham F. Lowenthal, "The United States and Latin American Democracy: Learning from History," 263, in Lowenthal, Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America, 403.
35. Geoffrey Pridham, Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), 24.
36. Laurence Whitehead, "Democratic Regions, Ostracism, and Pariahs," in Democratization:Europe and Americas, 395.
37. Dominique Fournier, "The Alfonsín Administration and the Promotion of Democratic Values in the Southern Cone and the Andes," Journal of Latin American Studies 31 (1999), 39-74.
38. Guy Gosselin and Jean-Philippe Thérien, "The Organization of American States and Hemispheric Regionalism," in The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism, ed. G. Mace and L. Bélanger (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999), 175-194.
39. James Caporaso, "International Relations Theory and Multilateralism: The Search for Foundations," in Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form, ed. John Ruggie New York: Columbia University Press, 1
40. J.G. Ruggie, "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," in Multilateralism Matters; The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form, 11.
41. R. O’Brien, A.M. Goetz, J.A. Scholte, and M. Williams, Contesting Global Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
42. Anne-Marie Slaughter, "The Real New World Order," Foreign Affairs 76, no. 5 (1997):183-197
43. Anne-Marie Slaughter, The Real World Order (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
44. César Gaviria, secretary-general of the Organization of American States (Address at the opening of the "Conference of the Americas," Washington, DC, March 5, 1998), www.oas.org/EN/PINFO/SG/305anoe.htm.
45. David Mares, "Middle Powers under Regional Hegemony: To Challenge or Acquiesce in Hegemomic Enforcement," International Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (December 1988): 453-472.
46. Dominique Fournier, "The Alfonsin Administration and the Promotion of Democratic Values in the Southern Cone and the Andes," Journal of Latin American Studies 31 (1999): 39-74.
47. Maxwell A. Cameron, "Global Civil Society and the Ottawa Process: Lessons from the Movement to Ban Anti-Personnel Mines," in Enhancing Global Governance: Towards a New Diplomacy?, ed. Andrew F. Cooper, John English, and Ramesh Thakur (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2002), 68-89.
48. Carter Center, "President Carter Delivers Keynote Speech to OAS Lecture Series of the Americas," January 25, 2005 _www.cartercenter.og/doc1995.htm_
49. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52, no. 4 (Autumn 1998): 887-917.
50. G. John Ikenberry and Michael W. Doyle, New Thinking in International Relations Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997).
51. Laurence Whitehead, Postscript to Democratization: Europe and Americas, 443-454.
52. Hans Peter Schmitz, "Domestic and Transnational Perspectives on Democratization," International Studies Review 6, no. 3 (September 2004): 403-426.
53. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).
54. Heraldo Muñoz, "Collective Action for Democracy in the Americas," in Latin American Nations in World Politics, ed. Heraldo Muñoz and Joseph S. Tulchin, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO:Westview, 1996), 17-34;
55. Heraldo Muñoz, "The Right to Democracy in the Americas" Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 40, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 1-18.
56. Richard J. Bloomfield, "Making the Western Hemisphere Safe for Democracy? The OAS Defense-of-Democracy Regime," in Collective Responses to Regional Problems: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, ed. Carl Kaysen, Robert A. Pastor, and Laura W. Reed (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1994), 15-28.
57. Arturo Valenzuela, The Collective Defense of Democracy: Lessons from the Paraguayan Crisis of 1996 (A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, December 1999).
58. Domingo E. Acevedo and Claudio Grossman, "The Organization of American States and the Protection of Democracy," in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom Farer (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 148.
59. Acevedo and Grossman, "The Organization of American States and the Protection of Democracy," 137-138;
60. Joaquín Tacsán, "Searching for OAS/UN Task-Sharing Opportunities in Central America and Haiti," Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1997), 495
61. Acevedo and Grossman, "The Organization of American States and the Protection of Democracy," 139-140.
62. Roland H. Ebel, Raymond Taras, and James D. Cochrane, Political Culture and Foreign Policy in Latin America: Case Studies from the Circum-Caribbean (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1991), 121.
63. Randall Parish & Mark Peceny, "Kantian Liberalism and the Collective Defense of Democracy in Latin America," Journal of Peace Research 39, no. 2 (2002): 242;
64. Rachel McCleary, Dictating Democracy: Guatemala and the End of Violent Revolution (Gainsville: University Press of Florida, 1999)
65. OAS, Charter of the Organization of American States, Chapter IV, Article 19. Bogotá, Colombia, 1948.
66. OAS, Charter of the Organization of American States, Article 20, Chapter IV. Bogotá, Colombia, 1948, December 13, 1951.
67. Joaquín Tacsán, "Searching for OAS/UN Task-Sharing Opportunities in Central America and Haiti," Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1997): 498;
68. Tom Farer, "Collectively Defending Democracy in the Western emisphere," in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom Farer (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 1-25;
69. Fernando R. Tesón, "Changing Perceptions of Domestic Jurisdiction and Intervention," in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas ed. Tom Farer (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 29-51
70. Thomas M. Franck, "The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance," American Journal of International Law 86, no. 4 (January 1992): 46-91
71. Gordon Mace, Guy Gosselin, and Louis Bélanger, "Regional Cooperative Security in the Americas: The Case of Democratic Institutions," in Multilateralism and Regional Security, ed. Michel Fortmann, S. Neil MacFarlane, and Stéphane Roussel (Cornwallis: The Canadian Peacekeeping Press of The Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Center, 1997), 123-146.
72. Alicia Frohmann, "Regional Initiatives for Peace and Democracy: The Collective Diplomacy of the Rio Group," in Collective Responses to Regional Problems: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, ed. Carl Kaysen, Robert A. Pastor, and Laura W. Reed (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1994), 129-141.
73. Arturo Valenzuela, "Paraguay: The Coup That Didn’t Happen," Journal of Democracy 8, no. 1 (Spring 1997): 43-55;
74. Arturo Valenzuela, "The Collective Defense of Democracy: Lessons from the Paraguayan Crisis of 1996," Latin American Weekly Report, March 30, 1999.
75. Atkins, Latin America in the International Political System, 197.
76. Valenzuela, "Paraguay: The Coup That Didn’t Happen," 54.
77. OAS, OAS Weekly Report, April 12, 1999, Washington, DC.
78. OAS, Key OAS Issues, 2001, Washington, DC.
79. Robert A. Pastor, "The Clinton Administration and the Americas: The Postwar Rhythm and Blues," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 38, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 99-128.
80. Jorge I. Domínguez, "The Americas: Found, and Then Lost Again," Foreign Policy 112 (Fall 1998): 135.
81. Andrew F. Cooper, Richard Higgott, and Kim Richard Nossal, Relocating Middle Powers:Australia and Canada in an Evolving World Order (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1993)
82. Olga Pellicer, "La OEA a los 50 Años: ¿Hacia Su Fortalecimiento?" Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior 54 (June 1998): 19-36.
83. Peter McKenna, Canada and the OAS: From Dilettante to Full Partner (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1995);
84. James Rochlin, Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy Towards Latin America (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1994);
85. Andrew F. Cooper, Canadian Foreign Policy: Old Habits and New Directions (Scarborough, ON: Prentice Hall, 1997).
86. Andrew F. Cooper, "Waiting at the Perimeter: Making U.S. Policy in Canada," in Canada Among Nations 2000: Vanishing Borders, ed. Fen Osler Hampson and Maureen Appel Molot (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2000), 27-46.
87. Gordon Mace, Guy Gosselin and Louis Bélanger, "Regional Cooperative Security in the Americas: The Case of Democratic Institutions," in Multilateralism and Regional Security, ed. Michel Fortmann, S. Neil MacFarlane, and Stéphane Roussel (Cornwallis: The Canadian Peacekeeping Press of The Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Center, 1997), 123-146.
88. Joseph S. Tulchin, "Continuity and Change in Argentine Foreign Policy," in Argentina: The Challenges of Modernization, ed. Joseph S. Tulchin and Allison M. Garland (Wilmington, DE:Scholarly Resources, 1998), 163-197.
89. Alberto Van Klaveren, "Inserción Internacional de Chile," in Chile en los Noventa, ed. Cristian Toloza and Eugenio Lahera (Santiago: Dolmen, 1998), 149.
90. Parish and Peceny, "Kantian Liberalism," 237
91. Oran Young, "Political Leadership and Regime Formation: On the Development of Institutions in International Society," International Organization 45 (1991): 302-303.
92. Alfred P. Montero, "A Delicate Game: The Politics of Reform in Brazil," Current History, 626 (March 1999): 111-115;
93. Michael Reid, "Brazil’s Unfinished Search for Stability," Washington Quarterly 21, no. 4 (Autumn 1998): 79-92.
94. James Holston, and Teresa P.R. Caldeira, "Democracy, Law, and Violence: Disjunctions of Brazilian Citizenship," in Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America, ed. Felipe Aguero and Jeffrey Stark (Miami: North-South Center Press, 1998), 263-296.
95. Jorge Chabat, "Mexican Foreign Policy in the 1990s: Learning to Live with Interdependence," in Latin American Nations in World Politics, ed. Heraldo Muñoz and Joseph S. Tulchin, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), 149-163;
96. Villicana Román López, "Mexico and NAFTA: The Case of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 550 (March 1997): 122-129.
97. M. Delal Baer, "The New Order and Disorder in U.S.-Mexican Relations," in A New North America: Cooperation and Enhanced Interdependence, ed. Charles F. Doran and Alvin Paul Drischler (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996), 13.
98. Jorge G. Castañeda, secretary of foreign affairs, Statement during the Joint Conference with the Secretary of the Interior (Santiago Creel, Mexico City: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, México D. F., February 7, 2002).
99. Guillermo O’Donnell, "Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy 5, no. 1 (Spring 1994):55-69;
100. James Petras and Steve Vieux, "The Transition to Authoritarian Electoral Regimes in Latin America," Latin American Perspectives 21, no. 4 (Fall 1994): 5-20
101. Carlos H. Acuña and William C. Smith, "The Political Economy of Structural Adjustment: The Logic of Support and Opposition to Neoliberal Reform," in Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform, ed. William C. Smith, Carlos Acuña, and Eduardo A. Gamarra (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1994), 17-66
102. Eduardo A. Gamarra, "Market-Oriented Reforms and Democratization in Latin America: Challenges of the 1990s," in Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform, ed. William C. Smith, Carlos Acuña, and Eduardo A. Gamarra (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1994), 1-14;
103. Julio Cotler, "Military Interventions and ‘Transfer of Power to Civilians’ in Peru," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, ed. Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 148-172
104. Philip Mauceri, "The Transition to ‘Democracy’ and the Failures of Institution Building," in The Peruvian Labyrinth: Polity, Society, Economy, ed. Maxwell A. Cameron and Philip Mauceri (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 13-36.
105. David Scott Palmer, "Collectively Defending Democracy in the Western Hemisphere," in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom Farer (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 272.
106. Cotler, "Military Interventions and ‘Transfer of Power to Civilians’ in Peru," 157;
107. Cynthia McClintock, "Peru: Precarious Regimes, Authoritarian and Democratic," in Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, ed. Larry Diamond, Jonathan Hartlyn, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999), 323-324
108. Cynthia McClintock and Fabián Vallas, The United States and Peru: Cooperation at a Cost (New York and London:Routledge, 2003), 25-31.
109. Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America" Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe," International Social Science Journal 128 (May 1991): 269-284;
110. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996)
111. Gerardo L. Munck and Carol Skalnik Leff, "Modes of Transition and Democratization:South America and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics 29, no. 3 (April 1997): 343-362
112. Gastón Acurio, et al, Peru 1992: La Democracia en Cuestión (Lima: North-South Center, Centro Peruano de Estudios Sociales, and Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1992);
113. Maxwell A. Cameron, "Political and Economic Origins of Regime Change in Peru: The Eighteenth Brumaire of Alberto Fujimori," in The Peruvian Labyrinth: Polity, Society, Economy, ed. Maxwell A. Cameron and Philip Mauceri (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 37-69;
114. Carlos Iván Degregori and Carlos Rivera, Peru 1980-1993:Fuerzas Armadas, Subversión y Democracia Working Paper No. 53 (Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1994);
115. Cynthia McClintock, "Presidents, Messiahs, and Constitutional Breakdowns in Peru," in The Failure of Presidential Democracy, ed. Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 360-395;
116. Cynthia McClintock, "Peru: Precarious Regimes, Authoritarian and Democratic"
117. David Scott Palmer, "Collectively Defending Democracy in the Western Hemisphere" Fernando Rospigliosi, Montesinos y las Fuerzas Armadas, especially Chapter 1 (Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 2000)
118. Susan Stokes, "Peru: The Rupture of Democratic Rule," in Constructing Democratic Governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s, ed. Jorge I. Domínguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 58-71.
119. Ferrero Costa, "Peru’s Presidential Coup," 35.
120. Stokes, "Peru: The Rupture of Democratic Rule," 65.
121. Bernard Aronson in Maxwell Cameron, "Political and Economic Origins of Regime Change in Peru," 65.
122. Cameron, "Political and Economic Origins of Regime Change in Peru," 66.
123. Ferrero Costa, "Peru’s Presidential Coup," 35-36.
124. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
125. Palmer, "Collectively Defending Democracy in the Western Hemisphere," 274.
126. Coletta A. Youngers and Susan C. Peacock, Peru’s Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos, 19.
127. Human Rights Watch. Peru: Human Rights Developments 1992. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Amw-09.htm#P536_256606
128. Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America: Unexpected Affinities," Studies in Comparative International Development 31, no. 3 (Fall 1996): 3-31;
129. Kenneth M. Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case," World Politics 48 (October 1995): 82-116;
130. Steven Levitsky and Maxwell A. Cameron, "Democracy Without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimori’s Peru," Latin American Politics and Society 45, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 1-33;
131. Steven Levitsky, "Fujimori and Post-Party Politics in Peru," Journal of Democracy 10, no. 3 (1999): 78-92.
132. Ferrero Costa, "Peru’s Presidential Coup," 36.
133. Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization 32, no.4 (1978): 881-912.
134. See Carlos Basombrío, "Civil Society Aid in Peru: Reflections from Experience," in Funding Virtue: Civil Society Aid and Democracy Promotion, ed. Marina Ottaway and Thomas Carothers (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000), 269-290.
135. Diego García-Sayán, "El papel del multilateralismo en la defense y promoción de la democracia," _www.rree.gob.pe/cdioea/elpapel.htm_, November 8, 2002.
136. McClintock and Vallas, The United States and Peru, 142-147;
137. Catherine M. Conaghan, "Troubled Accounting, Troubling Questions: Looking Back at Peru’s Election," LASA Forum 26 (Summer 1995): 9-12.
138. Julio Cotler y Romeo Grompone, El Fujimorismo: Ascenso y Caída de un Régimen Autoritario (Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 2000)
139. Rolando Ames, Enrique Bernales, Sinesio López, and Rafael Roncagliolo, Situación de la Democracia en el Perú (2000-2001) (Lima: International IDEA and Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Fondo Editorial, 2001).
140. Lewis Taylor, "Patterns of Corruption in Peru: The April 2000 General Election," Crime, Law, and Social Change 34 (2000): 406-407.
141. Misión de Observacion Electoral, Boletin No. 12, May 25, 2000. _http://www.upd.oas.org/EOM/Peru/Boletin%20No.12.htm_
142. Richard J. Bloomfield, "Making the Western Hemisphere Safe for Democracy? The OAS Defense-of Democracy Regime," in Collective Responses to Regional Problems: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, ed. Carl Kaysen, Robert A. Pastor, and Laura W. Reed (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1994), 15-28.
143. "An Amber Light for Fujimori," The Economist, June 10, 2000: 36.
144. Veronique Mandal, "OAS Peru Mission Endorsed," Windsor Star, June 6, 2000.
145. Paul Knox, "Canada Pushes For Rights in Latin America," Globe and Mail [Toronto], June 5, 2000.
146. Ambassador Luis J. Lauredo, Permanent Representative of the United States to the Organization of American States, "Remarks Concerning the OAS Electoral Observation Mission to Peru" (Address to the Special Session of the OAS Permanent Council, May 31, 2000), http://www.state.gov/www/policy_remarks/2000/000531_lauredo_oas.html
147. Andrew F. Cooper, Canadian Foreign Policy: Old Habits and New Directions (Scarborough, ON:Prentice Hall Allyn and Bacon, 1997).
148. César Gaviria, A New Vision for the OAS. Working Document resented to the Permanent Council, April 6, 1995 (URL: http://www.oas.org/EN/PINFO/nvindexe.htm).
149. OAS General Assembly, Resolution on Peru, Released at the 30th OAS G A, June, 2000, Windsor: Canada, www.state.gov/www/regions/wha/00605_oasgares_peru.html.
150. Peruvian Human Rights Groups and Canadian Churches, "Don’t Betray The Peruvian People," press release, June 6, 2000, http://www.web.apc.org/~icchrla/Peru/PROASPeruMission-Jn00.htm
151. Clifford Krauss, "O.A.S. Mission to Peru Says Intelligence Boss Must Go," New York Times, June 30, 2000.
152. Andrew F. Cooper and Thomas Legler, "The OAS Democratic Solidarity Paradigm:Questions of Collective and National Leadership," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 43 (Spring 2001).
153. Joaquín Tacsán, "Searching for OAS/UN Task-Sharing Opportunities in Central America and Haiti," Third World Quarterly 18 (1997): 489-507;
154. John G. Ruggie, "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," in Multilateralism Matters; The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form, ed. John G. Ruggie (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 3-50.
155. Guy Gosselin and Jean-Philippe Thérien, "The Organization of American States and Hemispheric Regionalism," in The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism, ed. Gordon Mace and Louis Bélanger (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999), 175-194.
156. Susan Strange, "States, Firms and Diplomacy," in International Affairs 68, no. 1 (1992): 1-15.
157. Thomas M. Franck, "The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance," American Journal of International Law 86, no. 1 (1992): 7.
158. D.E. Acevedo and C. Grossman, "The Organization of American States and the Protection of Democracy." in Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. T. Farer (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 132-149;
159. R.J. Bloomfield, "Making the Western Hemisphere Safe for Democracy? The OAS Defense-of-Democracy Regime." In Collective Responses to Regional Problems: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, ed. C. Kaysen, R.A. Pastor, and L.W. Reed (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1994), 15-28;
160. Heraldo Muñoz, "Collective Action for Democracy in the Americas," in Latin American Nations in World Politics, ed. by H. Muñoz and J.S. Tulchin, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), 17-34.;
161. Heraldo Muñoz. "The Right to Democracy in the Americas," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 40, no. 1 (1998): 1-18.
162. Andrew F. Cooper, Richard Higgott and Kim.Richard Nossal, "Bound to Follow? Leadership and Followership in the Gulf Conflict," Political Science Quarterly 46, no. 3 (1991): 391-410.
163. Nye, J.S. Jr. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Superpower Can’t Go It Alone (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
164. R. O’Brien, A.M. Goetz, J.A. Scholte, and M. Williams, Contesting Global Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
165. J. Pérez de Cuéllar, Exposición del Presidente del Consejo de Ministros y Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Embajador Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, ante el Consejo del la Republica. Lima. December 2000, www.rree.gob.pe/cdioea/perzdecuellar.htm.
166. M. Rodríguez Cuadros, "Promotion and Consolidation of Democracy," Commission on Human Rights: Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Fifty-fourth session, Item 6, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/36, June 10, 2002.
167. Paul Knox, "Democracy clause questioned," Globe and Mail [Toronto], June 2, 2001.
168. OAS, Inter-American Democratic Charter (2001), September 11, 2001, OAS oc.OEA/Ser.P/AG/RES.1, XXVLLL-E/01, articles 11-16, www.oas.org/charter/docs/resolution1_en_p4.htm.
169. Cynthia McClintock, "Room for Improvement," Journal of Democracy 12, no. 4 (2001):137-140.
170. Robert A. Pastor, "A Community of Democracies of the Americas in the Americas: From Phrase to Reality" (Paper presented at the Inter-American Cooperation Beyond Free Trade conference, Quebec, April 18, 2001).
171. Kathryn Sikkink, "Restructuring World Politics: The Limits and Asymmetries of Soft Power," in Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, ed. S. Khagram, J.V. Riker, and K. Sikkink (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 312-313.
172. J. Pérez de Cuéllar, Exposición del Presidente del Consejo de Ministros y Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores.
173. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 887-917
174. Peter Haas, "Introduction; Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination," International Organization 46, no. 1 (1992): 1-35
175. Kathryn Sikkink, "Human Rights, Principled Issue-networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America," International Organization 47, no. 3 (1993): 411-441
176. Kathryn Sikkink, "Nongovernmental Organizations, Democracy, and Human Rights in Latin America" in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas ed. T. Farer (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996): 150-168;
177. M.E. Keck and K. Silkkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
178. Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), 140.
179. P. Hakim, "The Uneasy Americas," Foreign Affairs 80, no. 2 (2001): 46-61.
180. T. Catán, "The Sins of Montesinos," Financial Times Weekend [London], July 22, 2003.
181. D.E. Sanger, "Bush Will Press Free-Trade Issue at Quebec Talks," New York Times, April 21, 2001.
182. J. McCoy, "Comments on the Inter-American Democratic Charter," Summits of the Americas Bulletin 1, no. 4 (2001): 3.
183. E. Lagos and T.D. Rudy, "The Third Summit of the Americas and the Thirty-First Session of the OAS General Assembly," The American Journal of International Law 96, no. 1 (2002):173-181.
184. John W. Graham, "A Magna Carta for the Americas: The Inter-American Democratic Charter:Genesis, Challenges and the Canadian Connections" FOCAL Policy Paper 02-09, September 2002.
185. F. Pérez Roque, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba, "Address to the National and Foreign Press" (press conference, The Foreign Ministry, April 11, 2002).
186. T. Rogers, "OAS Meet Ends with Optimism," The Tico Times [San José], June 11, 2001.
187. Paul D. Durand, Reflections on the Inter-American Democratic Charter: A Canadian Perspective (Washington, DC: Mimeo, August 2001).
188. J. McCoy, "Comments on the Inter-American Democratic Charter," Summits of the Americas Bulletin 1, no. 4 (2001): 3.
189. Sikkink, "Restructuring World Politics: The Limits and Asymmetries of Soft Power," 312-313.
190. P. Greste, BBC, "Democracy Pact for Americas: Peruvians Feel Their Democracy was Hijacked by Fujimori," September 11, 2001.
191. G.R. Winham, "Negotiation as a Management Process," World Politics 30, no. 1 (1977): 87-114.
192. Richard Higgott, "Issues, Institutions and Middle Power Diplomacy: Action and Agendas in the Post-Cold War Era," in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War, ed. A.F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
193. R. O’Brien, A.M. Goetz, J.A. Scholte, and M. Williams, Contesting Global Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 207.
194. Andrew F. Cooper and Brian Hocking, "Diplomacy and the Re-Calibration of State-Societal Relations," Global Society 14, no. 3 (2000): 361-376.
195. Domingo E. Acevedo and Claudio Grossman, "The Organization of American States and the Protection of Democracy," in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom Farer, 132-149 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996);
196. Andrew F. Cooper and Thomas Legler, "The OAS Democratic Solidarity Paradigm: Questions of Collective and National Leadership," Latin American Politics and Society 43 (Spring 2001): 103-126.
197. John W. Graham, "A Magna Carta for the Americas. The Inter-American Democratic Charter:Genesis, Challenges, and Canadian Connections," FOCAL Policy Paper (FPP-02-09), September 2002.
198. See Charles Ameringer, "The Foreign Policy of Venezuelan Democracy," in Venezuela: The Democratic Experience, ed. John D, Martz and David J. Myers (New York: Praeger, 1977), 335-358.
199. Daniel H. Levine and Brian F. Crisp, "Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy," World Affairs 161, no. 3 (Winter 1999): 123-165
200. David J. Meyers, "The Normalization of Punto Fijo Democracy," in Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela, ed. McCoy and Myers, 29.
201. Daniel Hellinger, "Political Overview: The Breakdown of Puntofijismo and the Rise of Chavismo," in Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era: Class, Polarization, and Conflict, ed. Ellner and Hellinger, 31.
202. Kenneth M. Roberts, "Social Correlates of Party System Demise and Populist Resurgence in Venezuela," Latin American Politics and Society 45, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 35-57
203. Jennifer L. McCoy, "Chávez and the End of ‘Partyarchy’ in Venezuela," Journal of Democracy 10, no. 3 (July 1999): 64-77
204. Michael Coppedge, "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of Partyarchy," in Constructing Democratic Governance: South America in the 1990s, ed. Jorge I. Domínguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 3-19
205. María Pilar García-Guadilla, Ana Mallén, and Maryluz Guillén, "The Multiple Faces of Venezuelan Civil Society: Politization and Its Impact on Democratization," (paper prepared for the 2004 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Las Vegas, NV, October 7-9, 2004);
206. Jennifer McCoy, "The Referendum in Venezuela: One Act in an Unfinished Drama," Journal of Democracy 16, no. 1 (January 2005): 109-123.
207. Hellinger, "Political Overview:The Breakdown of Puntofijismo and the Rise of Chavismo," in Venezuelan Politics, ed. Ellner and Hellinger, 27-53.
208. Ellner and Rosen, "Chavismo at the Crossroads," NACLA Report, 2002.
209. Luis Lander and Margarita López-Maya, "Venezuela’s Oil Reform and Chavismo," NACLA Report on the Americas 36, no. 1 (July/August 2002).
210. Gregory Wilpert, "Coup and Countercoup: An Eyewitness Account," NACLA Report on the Americas 35, no. 6 (May/June 2002).
211. Margarita López-Maya, "Venezuela 2001-2004: Actores y Estrategias," Cuadernos del CENDES 21, no. 56 (May-August 2004): 113-114.
212. Larry Rohter, "Uprising in Venezuela: Fear of Loss of Democracy Led Neighbors to Aid Return," New York Times, April 15, 2002.
213. Peter Hakim, "The World, Democracy, and U.S. Credibility," New York Times, April 21, 2002
214. Katty Kay, "Bush Team Met Chávez Coup Leaders," The Times, April 17, 2002
215. Michael Shifter, "Democracy in Venezuela, Unsettling as Ever," Washington Post, April 21, 2002;
216. OAS, Statement of the OAS Secretary-General on the Situation in Venezuela (E-078-02), April 11, 2002, http://www.oas.org/OASpage/press2002/en/Press2002/april2002/078-041102.htm.
217. Steve Ellner and Fred Rosen, "The Remarkable Fall and Rise of Hugo Chávez," NACLA Report on the Americas 36, no. 1 (July/August 2002);
218. Encarnación, "Venezuela’s ‘Civil Society Coup,’ " World Policy Journal, 2002, 43.
219. Luis Alfonso Dávila, Discurso del Señor Canciller Luis Alfonso Dávila ante la Asamblea General Extraordinaria de la OEA (speech, OAS General Assembly, Washington, DC, April 18, 2002). http://www.oas.org/speeches/Speechother02/2002/spa/VE_041802Canciller.htm.
220. Colin L. Powell, Remarks of the Secretary of State Colin L. Powell to the Special Assembly of the Organization of American States (speech, OAS General Assembly, Washington, DC, April 18, 2002). http://www.oas.org/speeches/Speechother02/2002/eng/041802-Colin_Powell_VE.htm.
221. OAS, Declaration on Democracy in Venezuela (adopted at fourth plenary session of the General Assembly, Bridgetown, Barbados, June 4, 2002), AG/CG/doc.16/02, http://www.oas.org/xxxiiga/english/docs_en/docs_items/AGcgdoc16_02.htm.
222. Alexandra Olson, "U.S. Embassy Warns Against Attempts to Oust Venezuelan Government," Associated Press, September 18, 2002.
223. Jimmy Carter, Statement of Former President Jimmy Carter at the Conclusion of His Trip to Venezuela (Atlanta: The Carter Center, July 9, 2002) http://www.cartercentre.org/doc1040.htm.
224. OAS, Apoyo al Proceso de Diálogo en Venezuela, OEA/Ser.G CP/RES. 821 (1329/02), August 14, 2002, http://www.oas.org/OASpage/esp/Documentos/CPres821_02.htm.
225. OAS, Síntesis Operativa de la Mesa de Negociación y Acuerdos (Caracas: OAS, November 7, 2002) http://www.oas.org/OASpage/eng/Venezuela2002_Negocia.htm.
226. Jimmy Carter, A Proposal to Restore Peace and Harmony in Venezuela (Atlanta: The Carter Center, January 22, 2003) http://www.cartercenter.org/printdoc.asp?docID_1157&submenu_news.
227. Jennifer McCoy. "Chávez and the End of Partyarchy in Venezuela," Journal of Democracy 10, no. 3 (July 1999): 64-77
228. Luis Salamanca, "Civil Society: Late Bloomers," in The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela, ed. Jennifer L. McCoy and David J. Meyers, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004) 93-114;
229. María Pilar García Guadilla, "Civil Society: Institutionalization, Fragmentation, Autonomy," in Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era, ed. Steve Ellner and Daniel Hellinger (Boulder, CO:Lynne Rienner, 2003) 179-196
230. María Pilar García-Guadilla, Ana Mallén, and Maryluz Guillén, "The Multiple Faces of Venezuelan Civil Society: Politization and Its Impact on Democratization," (paper prepared for the 2004 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Las Vegas, Nevada, October 7-9, 2004);
231. Rosa Amelia González de Pacheco, "Las Organizaciones de Ciudadanos en Venezuela: ¿Ser O No Ser Actores Políticos?" (paper presented to the XXIV International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Dallas, Texas, March 27-29, 1993)
232. Margarita López Maya, "Venezuela 2001-2004: Actores y Estrategias," Cuadernos del CENDES 21, no. 56 (May-August 2004): 105-12
233. OAS, Press Release: Group of Friends of the OAS Secretary-General for Venezuela, E-020/03, January 31, 2003, http://www.oas.org/library/mant_press/press_release.asp?sCodigo_E-020/03;
234. OAS, Group of Friends to Support Secretary-General in His Facilitation Efforts in Venezuela (Washington, DC: Organization of American States, January-February 2003). http://www.oas.org/oasnews/2003/Jan_Feb/English/art7.html.
235. César Gaviria, The OAS in Transition: 1994-2004 (Washington, DC: Organization of American States, 2004): 55.
236. OAS, Declaración de Principios por la Paz y la Democracia en Venezuela (Washington, DC:Organization of American States, September 13, 2002) http://www.oas.org/library/mant_press/press_release.asp?sCodigo_VEN;
237. OAS, Síntesis Operativa de la Mesa de Negociación y Acuerdos (Caracas: Organization of American States, November 7, 2002) http://www.oas.org/OASpage/eng/Venezuela2002_Negocia.htm;
238. OAS, Secretario General de la OEA Informa Sobre Declaración de Principios por la Paz en Venezuela, Press Release C-203/02, October 16, 2002, http://www.oas.org/library/mant_press/press_release.asp?sCodigo_C-203/02;
239. Jimmy Carter, "A Proposal to Restore Peace and Harmony in Venezuela," (Atlanta: The Carter Center, January 22, 2003) http://www.cartercenter.org/printdoc.asp?docID1157&submenu_news.
240. Preliminary Agreement Between the Representatives of the Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Political and Social Groups Supporting It and the Coordinadora Democrática (presented to the media by Fernando Jaramillo, Caracas, April 11, 2003) http://www.oas.org/OASpage/eng/Venezuela/Agreement-041103.htm.
241. Agreement Between the Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Political and Social Groups Supporting It, and the Coordinadora Democrática and the Political and Civil Society Organizations Supporting It (Caracas: Organization of American States, May 23, 2003) http://www.oas.org/OASpage/eng/Venezuela/Agreement052303en.htm.
242. Gaviria, OAS in Transition, 2004, 61-62.
243. Gaviria, OAS in Transition, 2004, 65.
244. Carter Center, Democracy and Dialogue: Venezuelan Election Q&A (Atlanta: The Carter Center, February 26, 2005).
245. García-Guadilla, Mallén, and Guillén, "Faces of Venezuelan Society," 2004;
246. Jennifer McCoy, "The Referendum in Venezuela: One Act in an Unfinished Drama," Journal of Democracy 16, no. 1 (January 2005): 109-123.
247. Fernando Jaramillo, Carta de Fernando Jaramillo, Jede de Misión de la OEA en Venezuela, al Presidente del Consejo Nacional Electoral de Ese País (Caracas: March 19, 2004).
248. McCoy, "Referendum in Venezuela," Journal of Democracy, 2005: 115
249. Carter Center, Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report (Atlanta: The Carter Center, February 2005), 28.
250. McCoy, "Referendum in Venezuela," Journal of Democracy, 2005: 109-123;
251. Jennifer McCoy, "What Really Happened In Venezuela?" Economist, September 2, 2004
252. "Venezuela: Extent of Pro-Chávez Victory Becomes Apparent," Latin American Weekly Report, November 9, 2004.
253. "Opposition Alliance Breaks Up," Latinnews Daily, September 22, 2004
254. "Deepening Opposition Split Over Elections," Andean Group Report, October 5, 2004.
255. "Why Did the Venezuelan Opposition Get It So Wrong and What Will It Do Next?," Latin American Weekly Report, August 24, 2004.
256. McCoy, "Referendum in Venezuela," Journal of Democracy, 2005: 114.
257. See Laurence Whitehead, "The Imposition of Democracy: The Caribbean," in The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas, ed. Laurence Whitehead (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001), 59-92.
258. Fernando Tesón, "Changing Perceptions of Domestic Jurisdiction and Intervention," in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom J. Farer (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 29-51.
259. Joseph Nye, "Soft Power," Foreign Policy 80 (Fall 1990): 153-171.
260. Charles Sampford and Margaret Palmer, "Strengthening Domestic Responses," in Morton H. Halperin and Mirna Galic, eds., Protecting Democracy: International Responses (Lanham, MD:Lixington Books, 2005), 195-196
261. The two mesa agreements: Declaración de Principios por la Paz y la Democracia en Venezuela, September 13, 2002. _www.oas.org/library/mant_press/press_release.asp?sCodigo_VEN_;
262. Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990): 1-21;
263. Terry Lynn Karl, "Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition toDemocracy in Venezuela," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, ed. Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 196-219.
264. Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," 13.
265. Thomas M. Franck, "The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance," American Journal of International Law 86, no. 1 (January 1992): 46-91.
266. G. John Ikenberry, "The Future of International Leadership," Political Science Quarterly 111, no. 3 (Autumn 1996): 385-402
267. Annette Hester, "The Eagle’s Talons Loosen," Globe and Mail, June 14, 2005;
268. Joel Brinkley, "Latin American Nations Resist Plan to Monitor Democracy," New York Times, June 6, 2005.
269. Joel Brinkley, "Latin American Nations Resist Plan to Monitor Democracy."
270. Carolyn Shaw, "Limits to Hegemonic Influence in the Organization of American States," Latin American Politics and Society 45, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 59-92;
271. Carolyn Shaw, Cooperation, Conflict, and Consensus in the Organization of American States (New York: Palgrave, 2004)
272. Peter Hakim, "Is Washington Losing Latin America?" Foreign Affairs 85 (1) (January/February 2006);
273. Michael Shifter and Vinay Jawahar, "The Divided States of the Americas," Current History (February 2006): 51-57.
274. "President Carter Delivers Keynote Speech to OAS Lecture Series of the Americas," January 25, 2005 _www.cartercenter.og/doc1995.htm
275. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52, no. 4 (Autumn 1998): 887-917.
276. Tom J. Farer, "Collectively Defending Democracy in the Western Hemisphere," in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom J. Farer (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 1-25
277. Fernando Tesón, "Changing Perceptions of Domestic Jurisdiction and Intervention" Arturo Santa Cruz, International Election Monitoring, Sovereignty, and the Western Hemisphere: The Emergence of an International Norm (New York:Routledge, 2005)
278. Whitehead, "The Imposition of Democracy: The Caribbean."
279. Sampford and Palmer, "Strengthening Domestic Responses"