Hedonomics: Bridging Decision Research With Happiness Research

Perspectives on Psychological Science

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 224-243

  Hsee, Christopher K ^a   Hastie, Reid ^a   Chen, Jingqiu ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993725063     PISSN: 17456916     EISSN: 17456924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00076.x     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. Ainslie G. (2001). Breakdown of will. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. Ames D. Flynn F.J. Weber E.U. (2004). It's the thought that counts: On perceiving how helpers decide to lend a hand. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,30,461–474.
3. Amir O. Ariely D. (2004). Decision by rules: Disassociation between preferences and willingness to act. Manuscript in preparation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
4. Ariely D. Carman Z. (2003). Summary assessment of experiences: The whole is different from the sum of its parts. In Ed. Loewenstein G. Read D. Baumeister R.F. (Eds.),Time and decision: Economic and psychological perspectives on intertemporal choice (pp. 323–349). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
5. Ariely D. Kahneman D. Loewenstein G. (2000). Joint comment on “When does duration matter in judgment and decision making?” (Ariely & Loewenstein, 2000). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,129,524–529.
6. Ariely D. Levav J. (2000). Sequential choice in group settings: Taking the road less traveled and less enjoyed. Journal of Consumer Research,27,279–290.
7. Ariely D. Zauberman G. (2003). Differential partitioning of extended experiences. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,91,128–139.
8. Arkes H.R. Ayton P. (1999). The sunk cost and Concorde effects: Are humans less rational than lower animals? Psychological Bulletin,125,591–600.
9. Arkes H.R. Blumer C. (1985). The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,35,124–140.
10. Baron J. Asch D.A. Fagerlin A. Jepson C. Loewenstein G. Riis J., et al. (2003). The effect of assessment method on the discrepancy between judgments of health disorders people have and do not have: A web study. Medical Decision Making,23,422–432.
11. Baumeister R.F. Heatherton T.F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry,1,1–15.
12. Baumeister R.F. Vohs K.D. (2003). Willpower, choice, and self-control. In Ed. Loewenstein G. Read D. Baumeister R.F. (Eds.),Time and decision: Economic and psychological perspectives on intertemporal choice (pp. 201–216). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
13. Baumeister R.F. Vohs K.D. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory and applications. New York: Guilford Press.
14. Benartzi S. Thaler R.H. (1995). Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle. Quarterly Journal of Economics,110,73–92.
15. Benartzi S. Thaler R.H. (2001). Naive diversification strategies in defined contribution savings plans. American Economic Review,91,79–98.
16. Bentham J. (1948). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislations. Oxford, England: Blackwell. (Original work published 1789)
17. Blanchflower D.G. Oswald A.J. (2004). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. Journal of Public Economics,88,1359–1386.
18. Botti S. Iyengar S.S. (2004). The psychological pleasure and pain of choosing: When people prefer choosing at the cost of subsequent outcome satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,87,312–326.
19. Breiter H.C. Aharon I. Kahneman D. Shizgal P. (2001). Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses. Neuron,30,619–639.
20. Brenner L. Rottenstreich Y. (1999). Comparison, grouping and preference. Psychological Science,10,225–229.
21. Brickman P. Coates D. Janoff-Bulman R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,36,917–927.
22. Buehler R. McFarland C. (2001). Intensity bias in affective forecasting: The role of temporal focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,27,1480–1493.
23. Campbell A. (1981). The sense of well-being in America. New York: McGraw-Hill.
24. Carmon Z. Wertenbroch K. Zeelenberg M. (2002). Option attachment: When deliberating makes choosing feel like losing. Journal of Consumer Research,30,15–29.
25. Clark A.E. (1999). Are wages habit-forming? Evidence from micro data. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,39,179–200.
26. Clark A.E. Frijters P. Shields M. (in press). Relative income, happiness and utility: An explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature.
27. Damasio A.R. (2006). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. North Sydney, Australia: Random House.
28. De Martino B. Kumaran D. Seymour B. Dolan R.J. (2006). Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain. Science,313,684–687.
29. DeSteno D. Petty R.G. Wegener D.T. Rucker D.D. (2000). Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78,397–416.
30. Diener E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness, and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist,55,34–43.
31. Diener E. Biswas-Diener R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? A literature review and guide to needed research. Social Indicators Research,57,119–169.
32. Diener E. Lucas R. Scollon C.N. (2006). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist,61,305–314.
33. Diener E. Sandvik E. Seidlitz L. Diener M. (1993). The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute? Social Indicators Research,28,195–223.
34. Diener E. Seligman M.E.P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science,13,81–84.
35. Diener E. Seligman M.E.P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest,5,1–13.
36. Diener E. Suh E. Lucas R.E. Smith H.L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin,125,276–302.
37. Dunn E.W. Wilson T.D. Gilbert D.T. (2003). Location, location, location: The misprediction of satisfaction in housing lotteries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,29,1421–1432.
38. Easterlin R. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In Ed. David P. Reder M. (Eds.),Nations and households in economic growth: Essays in honour of Moses Abramovitz. New York & London: Academic Press.
39. Easterlin R. (1995). Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,27,35–48.
40. Easterlin R. (2001). Income and happiness: Towards a unified theory. Economic Journal,111,465–484.
41. Easterlin R. (2005). Is there an “Iron law of happiness”? Manuscript in preparation. Institute of Economic Policy Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
42. Frank R.H. (1985). Choosing the right pond: Human behavior and the quest for status. New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Frank R.H. (2000). Luxury fever: Money and happiness in an era of excess. New York: Free Press.
44. Frank R.H. Cook P.J. (1996). The winner-take-all society: Why the few at the top get so much more than the rest of us. New York: Penguin Books.
45. Frederick S. Loewenstein G.F. (1999). Hedonic adaptation. In Ed. Kahneman D. Diener E. Schwarz N. (Eds.),Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 302–329). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
46. Fredrickson B.L. (2000). Extracting meaning from past affective experiences: The importance of peaks, ends, and specific emotions. Cognition and Emotion,14,577–606.
47. Fredrickson B.L. Kahneman D. (1993). Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,65,45–55.
48. Frey B.S. Stutzer A. (2002 a). Happiness and economics: How the economy and institutions affect human well-being. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
49. Frey B.S. Stutzer A. (2002 b). What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic Literature,40,402–435.
50. Frey B. Stutzer A. (2004). Economic consequences of mispredicting utility. Manuscript in preparation, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, Zurich, Switzerland.
51. Gilbert D.T. (2006). Stumbling on happiness. New York: Knopf.
52. Gilbert D.T. Driver-Linn E. Wilson T.D. (2002). The trouble with Vronsky: Impact bias in the forecasting of future affective states. In Ed. Barrett L.F. Salovey P. (Eds.),The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence (pp. 114–143). New York: Guilford.
53. Gilbert D.T. Gill M.J. Wilson T.D. (2002). The future is now: Temporal correction in affective forecasting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,88,430–444.
54. Gilbert D.T. Pinel E.C. Wilson T.D. Blumberg S.J. Wheatley T.P. (1998). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75,617–638.
55. Gross J.J. Frederickson B.L. Levenson R.W. (1994). The psychophysiology of crying. Psychophysiology,31,460–468.
56. Hagerty M.R. (2000). Social comparisons of income in one's community: Evidence from national surveys of income and happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78,764–771.
57. Headey B. Wearing A. (1992). Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective well-being. Melbourne, Australia: Longman Cheshire.
58. Heath C. Larrick R.P. Wu G. (1999). Goals as reference points. Cognitive Psychology,38,79–109.
59. Helson H. (1964). Adaptation-level theory: An experimental and systematic approach to behavior. New York: Harper and Row.
60. Heyman J. Mellers B. Tishcenko S. Schwartz A. (2004).I was pleased a moment ago: How pleasure varies with background and foreground reference points. Motivation and Emotion,28,65–83.
61. Hsee C.K. (1996). The evaluability hypothesis: An explanation for preference-reversal between joint and separate evaluations of alternatives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,67,247–257.
62. Hsee C.K. (in press). Whether happiness is absolute or relative depends on whether it is about money, acquisition or consumption. Journal of Marketing Research.
63. Hsee C.K. Abelson R.P. (1991). Velocity relation: Satisfaction as a function of the first derivative of outcome over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,60,341–347.
64. Hsee C.K. Hastie R. (2006). Decision and experience: Why we don't choose what makes us happy? Trends in Cognitive Sciences,10,31–37.
65. Hsee C.K. Leclerc F. (1998). Will products look more attractive when evaluated jointly or when evaluated separately? Journal of Consumer Research,25,175–186.
66. Hsee C.K. Loewenstein G.F. Blount S. Bazerman M.H. (1999). Preference-reversals between joint and separate evaluations of options: A review and theoretical analysis. Psychological Bulletin,125,576–591.
67. Hsee C.K. Salovey P. Abelson R.P. (1994). The quasi-acceleration relation: Satisfaction as a function of the change of velocity of outcome over time. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,30,96–111.
68. Hsee C.K. Tang N. (2007). Sun and water: On a modulus-based measurement of happiness. Emotion,7,213–218.
69. Hsee C.K. Tsai I. (in press). Hedonomics in consumer behavior. In Ed. Haugtvedt C. Herr P. Kardes F. (Eds.),Handbook of consumer psychology. London: Routledge.
70. Hsee C.K. Yu F. Zhang J. Zhang Y. (2003). Medium maximization. Journal of Consumer Research,30,1–14.
71. Hsee C.K. Zhang J. (2004). Distinction bias: misprediction and mischoice due to joint evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86,680–695.
72. Hsee C.K. Zhang J. Yu F. Xi Y. (2003). Lay rationalism and inconsistency between predicted experience and decision. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,16,257–272.
73. Huppert F. Baylis N. Keverne B. (2006). The science of happiness. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
74. Iyengar S.S. Lepper M. (2000). When choice is demotivating: Can one desire too much of a good thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76,995–1006.
75. Kahneman D. (1992). Reference points, anchors, norms, and mixed feelings. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,51,296–312.
76. Kahneman D. (1994). New challenges to the rationality assumption. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,150,18–36.
77. Kahneman D. (2000). Experienced utility and objective happiness: A moment-based approach. In Ed. Kahneman D. Tversky A. (Eds.),Choices, values, and frames (pp. 673–692). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
78. Kahneman D. (2008, January 14). The sad tale of the aspiration treadmill. The Edge Annual Question, 233. Retrieved March 19, 2008, from http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_17.html.
79. Kahneman D. Diener E. Schwarz N. (Eds.). (1999). Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press.
80. Kahneman D. Fredrickson D.L. Schreiber C.A. Redelmeier D.A. (1993). When more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end. Psychological Science,4,401–405.
81. Kahneman D. Krueger A.B. Schkade D.A. Schwarz N. Stone A.A. (2004 a).A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method (DRM). Science,306,1776–1780.
82. Kahneman D. Krueger A.B. Schkade D.A. Schwarz N. Stone A.A. (2004 b). Toward national well-being accounts. American Economic Review,94,429–434.
83. Kahneman D. Riis J. (2006). Living and thinking about it: Two perspectives on life. In Ed. Huppert F. Balis N. Keveme B. (Eds.),The science of well-being (pp. 285–306). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
84. Kahneman D. Snell J. (1992). Predicting a changing taste: Do people know what they will like? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,5,187–200.
85. Kahneman D. Tversky A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica,47,263–292.
86. Kahneman D. Wakker P. Sarin R. (1997). Back to Bentham? Explorations of experienced utility. Quarterly Journal of Economics,112,375–405.
87. Karney B.R. Coombs R.H. (2000). Memory bias in long-term close relationships: Consistency or improvement? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,26,959–970.
88. Kimball M. Wills R. (2006). Utility and happiness. Manuscript in preparation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
89. Kivetz R. Simonson I. (2002 a). Earning the right to indulge: Effort as a determinant of customer preferences toward frequency program rewards. Journal of Marketing Research,39,155–170.
90. Kivetz R. Simonson I. (2002 b). Self-control for the righteous: Towards a theory of pre-commitment to indulgence. Journal of Consumer Research,29,199–217.
91. Kurtz J.L. Wilson T.D. Gilbert D.T. (2007). Quantity versus uncertainty: When winning one prize is better than winning two. Journal of Experimental Social Psycology,43,979–985.
92. Lam K.C.H. Buehler R. McFarland C. Ross M. (2005). Cultural differences in affective forecasting: The role of focalism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,31,1296–1309.
93. Lane R.E. (2000). The loss of happiness in market democracies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
94. Larsen R.J. Fredrickson B.L. (1999). Measurement issues in emotion research. In Ed. Kahneman D. Diener E. Schwarz N. (Eds.),Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 73–94). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
95. Larsen J.T. McGraw A.P. Mellers B.A. Cacioppo J.T. (2004). The agony of victory and thrill of defeat: Mixed emotional reactions to disappointing wins and relieving losses. Psychological Science,15,325–330.
96. Layard R. (2005). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. New York: Penguin Press.
97. Leigh A. Wolfers J. (2007). Happiness and the human development index: Australia is not a paradox. Australian Economic Review,59,176–184.
98. Lerner J.S. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81,146–159.
99. Levine L.J. (1997). Reconstructing memory for emotions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,126,165–177.
100. Loewenstein G. (1987). Anticipation and the valuation of delayed consumption. Economic Journal,97,668–684.
101. Loewenstein G. (1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,65,272–292.
102. Loewenstein G. (1999).A visceral account of addiction. In Ed. Elster J. Skog O. (Eds.),Getting hooked: Rationality and addiction. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
103. Loewenstein G. (2008). That which makes life worthwhile. Manuscript in preparation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
104. Loewenstein G. Elster J. (1992). Utility from memory and anticipation. In Ed. Loewestein G. Elster J. (Eds.),Choice over time (pp. 213–234). New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications.
105. Loewenstein G. O'Donoghue T. Rabin M. (2003). Projection bias in predicting future utility. Quarterly Journal of Economics,118,1209–1248.
106. Loewenstein G. Prelec D. (1993). Preferences for sequences of outcomes. Psychological Review,100,91–108.
107. Loewenstein G. Schkade D. (1999). Wouldn't it be nice? Predicting future feelings. In Ed. Kahneman D. Diener E. Schwarz N. (Eds.),Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
108. Loewenstein G. Sicherman N. (1991). Do workers prefer increasing wage profiles? Journal of Labor Economics,9,67–84.
109. Lucas R.E. Clark A.E. Georgellis Y. Diener E. (2003). Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in marital status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84,527–539.
110. Luce M.F. Payne J.W. Bettman J.R. (2001). The impact of emotional tradeoff difficulty on decision behavior. In Ed. Weber E.U. Baron J. (Eds.),Conflict and tradeoffs in decision making. New York: Cambridge University Press.
111. Lykken D. (1999). Happiness: What studies on twins show us about nature, nurture, and the happiness set-point. New York: Golden Books.
112. Lyubomirsky S. (2007). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. New York: Penguin Press.
113. Mather M. Shafir E. Johnson M.K. (2000). Misremembrance of options past: Source monitoring and choice. Psychological Science,11,132–138.
114. McGraw A.P. Mellers B.A. Tetlock P.E. (2005). Expectations and emotions of Olympic athletes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,41,438–446.
115. Mellers B. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin,126,910–924.
116. Mellers B.A. Birnbaum M.H. (1983). Contextual effects in social judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,19,157–171.
117. Mellers B. McGraw P. (2004). Anticipated emotions as guides to choice. Current Directions in Psychological Science,10,210–214.
118. Mellers B. Schwartz A. Ritov I. (1999). Emotion-based choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,128,332–345.
119. Morewedge C. Gilbert D. Myrseth K. Wilson T. (2007). Consuming experiences: Shifting standards in affective forecasting. Manuscript in preparation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
120. Morewedge C.K. Gilbert D.T. Wilson T.D. (2005). The least likely of times: How remembering the past biases forecasts of the future. Psychological Science,16,626–630.
121. Morewedge C. Hsee C. Kassam K. Caruso E. (2006). When attributes are evaluable in isolation? Manuscript in preparation, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
122. Niedrich R.W. Sharma S. Wedell D.H. (2001). Reference price and price perceptions: A comparison of alternative models. Journal of Consumer Research,28,339–354.
123. Nisbett R.E. Kanouse D.E. (1969). Obesity, hunger, and supermarket shopping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,12,289–294.
124. Novemsky N. Ratner R.N. (2003). The time course and impact of consumers' erroneous beliefs about hedonic contrast effects. Journal of Consumer Behavior,29,507–516.
125. O'Donoghue T. Rabin M. (1999). Doing it now or later. American Economic Review,89,103–124.
126. Oishi S. (2002). The experiencing and remembering of well-being: A cross-cultural analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,28,1398–1406.
127. Oswald A. (1997). Happiness and economic performance. Economic Journal,107,1815–1831.
128. Parducci A. (1965). Category judgment: A range-frequency model. Psychological Review,72,407–418.
129. Parducci A. (1995). Happiness, pleasure, and judgment: The contextual theory and its applications. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
130. Patterson J.M. (1993). The role of family meanings in adaptation to chronic illness and disability. In Ed. Patterson J.M. Turnbull A.P. Behr S.K. (Eds.),Cognitive coping, families, and disability (pp. 221–238). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
131. Prelec D. Herrnstein R. (1991). Preferences or principles: Alternative guidelines for choice. In Ed. Zeckhauser R.J. (Ed.),Strategy and choice (pp. 319–340). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
132. Rachlin H. Raineri A. (1992). Irrationality, impulsiveness and selfishness as discount reversal effects. In Ed. Loewenstein G. Elster J. (Eds.),Choice over time (pp. 93–118). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
133. Ratner R.K. Kahn B.E. Kahneman D. (1999). Choosing less-preferred experiences for the sake of variety. Journal of Consumer Research,26,1–15.
134. Read D. Van Leeuwen B. (1998). Predicting hunger: The effects of appetite and delay on choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,76,189–205.
135. Riis J. Loewenstein G. Baron J. Jepson C. Fagerlin A. Ubel P.A. (2005). Ignorance of hedonic adaptation to hemodialysis: A study using ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,134,3–9.
136. Roese N. (1997). Counterfactual thinking. Psychological Bulletin,121,133–148.
137. Russell B. (1930). The conquest of happiness. London: Horace Liveright.
138. Salovey P. Hsee C.K. Mayer J.D. (1993). Emotional intelligence and the self-regulation of affect. In Ed. Wegner D. Pennebaker J. (Eds.),The handbook of mental control (pp. 258–277). Eaglewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.
139. Samuelson P.A. (1947). Foundations of economic analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
140. Schelling T.C. (1980). The intimate contest for self-command. Public Interest,60,94–118.
141. Schelling T.C. (1984). Self command in practice, in theory and in a theory of rational choice. American Economic Review,74,1–11.
142. Schkade D.A. Kahneman D. (1998). Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction. Psychological Science,9,340–346.
143. Schreiber C.A. Kahneman D. (2000). Determinants of the remembered utility of aversive sounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,129,27–42.
144. Schulz R. Decker S. (1985). Long-term adjustment to physical disability: The role of social support, perceived control, and self-blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,48,1162–1172.
145. Schwartz B. (2004). The paradox of choice: Why more is less. New York: ECCO.
146. Schwarz N. Kahneman D. Xu J. (in press). Global and episodic reports of hedonic experience. In Ed. Belli R. Stafford F. Alwin D. (Eds.),Using calendar and diary methods in life events research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
147. Scitovsky T. (1978). The joyless economy: An inquiry into human satisfaction and consumer dissatisfaction. New York: Oxoford University Press.
148. Seligman M.E.P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: A.A. Knopf.
149. Seligman M.E.P. (1993). What you can change and what you can't. New York: A.A. Knopf.
150. Seligman M.E.P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press/Simon and Schuster.
151. Seligman M.E.P. Csikszentmihalyi M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist,55,5–14.
152. Seligman M.E.P. Rashid T. Parks A.C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist,61,774–788.
153. Seligman M.E.P. Steen T.A. Park N. Peterson C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist,60,410–421.
154. Shafir E. Simonson I. Tversky A. (1993). Reason-based choice. Cognition,49,11–36.
155. Simonson I. (1989). Choice based on reasons: The case of attraction and compromise effects. Journal of Consumer Research,16,158–174.
156. Simonson I. (1990). The effect of purchase quantity and timing on variety-seeking behavior. Journal of Marketing Research,27,150–162.
157. Simonson I. Nowlis S.M. (2000). The role of explanations and need for uniqueness in consumer decision making: Unconventional choices based on reasons. Journal of Consumer Research,27,49–68.
158. Slovic P. Finucane M. Peters E. MacGregor D.G. (2002). The affect heuristic. In Ed. Gilovich T. Griffin D. Kahneman D. (Eds.),Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
159. Smith D.M. Loewenstein G. Jankovich A. Ubel P. (2008). The dark side of hope: Lack of adaptation to temporary versus permanent colostomy. Manuscript in preparation,Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
160. Smith R.H. Diener E. Wedell D.H. (1989). Intrapersonal and social comparison determinants of happiness: A range-frequency analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56,317–325.
161. Stutzer A. (2004). The role of income aspirations in individual happiness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,54,89–109.
162. Thaler R.H. (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,1,39–60.
163. Thaler R.H. (1985). Mental accounting and consumer choice. Marketing Science,4,199–214.
164. Thaler R.H. (1999). Mental accounting matters. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,12,183–206.
165. Thaler R.H. Johnson E.J. (1990). Gambling with the house money and trying to break even: The effects of prior outcomes on risky choice. Management Science,36,643–660.
166. Thaler R.H. Shefrin H.M. (1981). An economic theory of self-control. Journal of Political Economy,89,392–406.
167. Tian G. Yang L. (2007).A formal economic theory for happiness studies. Manuscript in preparation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
168. Tversky A. Griffin D.W. (1990). Endowment and contrast in judgments of wellbeing. In Ed. Strack F. Argyle M. Schwarz N. (Eds.),Subjective well-being (pp. 101–118). New York: Pergamon.
169. Tyc V.L. (1992). Psychosocial adaptation of children and adolescents with limb deficiencies: A review. Clinical Psychology Review,12,275–291.
170. Van Boven L. Dunning D. Loewenstein G. (2000). Egocentric empathy gaps between owners and buyers: Misperceptions of the endowment effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79,66–76.
171. Van Boven L. Gilovich T. (2003). To do or to have? That is the question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85,1193–1202.
172. Van Boven L. Loewenstein G. (2003). Projection of transient drive states. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,29,1159–1168.
173. Van Osselaer S.M.J. Alba J.W. Manchanda P. (2004). Irrelevant information and mediated intertemporal choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology,14,257–270.
174. Varey C. Kahneman D. (1992). Experiences extended across time: Evaluation of moments and episodes. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,5,169–186.
175. Veenhoven R. (1991). Is happiness relative? Social Indicators Research,24,1–34.
176. Wedell D.H. Parducci A. (1988). The category effect in social judgment: Experimental ratings of happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,55,341–356.
177. Wedell D.H. Parducci A. Geiselman R.E. (1987).A formal analysis of ratings of physical attractiveness: Successive contrast and simultaneous. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,23,230–249.
178. Wilson T.D. Gilbert D. (2003). Affective forecasting. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,35,345–411.
179. Wilson T.D. Lisle D.J. Schooler J.W. Hodges S.D. Klaaren K.J. LaFleur S.J. (1993). Introspecting about reasons can reduce post-choice satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,19,331–339.
180. Wilson T.D. Meyers J. Gilbert D.T. (2001). Lessons from the past: Do people learn from experience that emotional reactions are short lived? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,27,1648–1661.
181. Wilson T.D. Meyers J. Gilbert D.T. (2003).“How happy was I, anyway?” A retrospective impact bias. Social Cognition,21,407–432.
182. Wilson T.D. Schooler J.W. (1991). Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,60,181–192.
183. Wilson T.D. Wheatley T. Meyers J. Gilbert D.T. Axsom D. (2000). Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78,821–836.
184. Wirtz D. Kruger J. Scollon C.N. Diener E. (2003). What to do on Spring break? The role of predicted, on-line, and remembered experiences in future choice. Psychological Science,14,520–524.
185. Zhang J. Hsee C.K. (2006). Skewness and happiness. Manuscript in preparation, Center for Decision Research, University of Chicago.