A biogeographic history of southeast asian rainforests

Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research

Volumn 2, Issue , 2011, Pages 21-55

  Wong, K M ^a  

^a SINGAPORE BOTANIC GARDENS   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Climate and ecosystem change; Dispersal; Extinction; Island biogeography; Landscape evolution; Molecular phylogenetics; Vicariance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84991516538     PISSN: 18797180     EISSN: 18797199     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2175-3_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (162)

1. Aleva GJJ, Bon EH, Nossin JJ, Sluiter WJ (1973) A contribution to the geology of part of the Indonesian tinbelt: the sea areas between Singkep and Bangka Islands and around the Karimata Islands. Geol Soc Malays Bull 6:257–271
2. Alfaro ME, Karns DR, Voris HK, Abernathy E, Sellins SL (2004) Phylogeny of Cerberus (Serpentes: Homalopsinae) and phylogeography of Cerberus rynchops: diversification of a coastal marine snake in Southeast Asia. J Biogeogr 31:1277–1292
3. Alvarez LW, Alvarez W, Asaro F, Michel HV (1980) Extraterrestrial cause for Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208:1095–1108
4. Ashton PS (1972) The Quaternary geomorphological history of western Malesia and lowland forest phytogeography. In: Ashton P, Ashton M (eds) The quaternary Era in Malesia, Misc Ser No. 13. Department of Geography, University of Hull, Aberdeen. pp 35–49
5. Ashton PS (1982) Dipterocarpaceae. In: van Steenis CGGJ (ed) Flora Malesiana Series I, vol 9. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. pp 237–552
6. Ashton PS, Gunatilleke CVS (1987) New light on the plant geography of Ceylon 1. Historical plant geography. J Biogeogr 14:249–285
7. Azuma N, Ogata K, Kikuchi T, Higashi S (2006) Phylogeography of Asian weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina. Ecol Res 21:126–136
8. Barber AJ, Crow MJ, Milsom JS (2005) Sumatra: geology, resources and tectonic evolution. Geol Soc Lond Mem 31. 290 p
9. Batchelor BC (1979) Discontinuously rising Late Cainozoic eustatic sea-levels, with special reference to Sundaland, Southeast Asia. Geol Mijnbouw 58:1–20
10. Beaman RS (2001) Phylogeny and biogeography of Elatostemma (Urticaceae) from Mount Kinabalu. Sabah Parks Nat J 4:71–93
11. Beaman JH, Anderson C (2004) The plants of Mount Kinabalu. 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu
12. Bird MI, Taylor D, Hunt C (2005) Palaeoenvironments of insular Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period: a savanna corridor in Sundaland? Quatern Sci Rev 24:2228–2242
13. Bird MI, Pang WC, Lambeck K (2006) The age and origin of the Straits of Singapore. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 241:531–538
14. Brady KU, Kruckeberg AR, Bradshaw HD (2005) Evolutionary ecology of plant adaptation to serpentine soils. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36:243–266
15. Bramley GLC, Pennington RT, Zakaria R, Tjitrosoedirdjo SS, Cronk QCB (2004) Assembly of tropical plant diversity on a local scale: Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) on Mount Kerinci, Sumatra. Biol J Linnean Soc 81:49–62
16. Brandon-Jones D (1996) The Asian Colobinae (Mammalia: Cercopithecidae) as indicators of quaternary climatic change. Biol J Linnean Soc 59:327–350
17. Brandon-Jones D (2001) Borneo as a biogeographic barrier to Asian-Australasian migration. In: Metcalfe I, Smith JMB, Morwood M, Davidson I (eds) Faunal and floral migrations and evolution in SE Asia-Australasia. Balkema, Lisse. pp 365–372
18. Brearley FQ (2005) Nutrient limitation in a Malaysian ultramafic soil. J Trop Forest Sci 17(4): 596–609
19. Bruhl CA, Mohamed M, Linsenmair KE (1999) Altitudinal distribution of leaf litter ants along a transect in primary forests on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. J Trop Ecol 15:265–277
20. Bunopas S, Wasson JT, Vella P, Fontaine H, Hada S, Burrett C, Suphajunya T, Khositanont S (1999) Catastrophic losses, mass mortality and forest fires suggest that a Pleistocene cometary impact in Thailand caused the Australasian tektite field. J Geol Soc Thai 1:1–17
21. Burrett C, Duhig N, Berry R, Varne R (1991) Asian and south-western Pacific continental terranes derived from Gondwana, and their bogeographic significance. Aust Syst Bot 4:13–24
22. Cannon CH, Manos PS (2003) Phylogeography of the Southeast Asian stone oaks (Lithocarpus). J Biogeogr 30:211–226
23. Cannon CH, Morley RJ, Bush ABG (2009) The current refugial rainforests of Sundaland are unrepresentative of their biogeographic past and highly vulnerable to disturbance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:11188–11193
24. Chatterjee S, Rudra DK (1996) KT events in India: impact, rifting, volcanism, and dinosaur extinction. Mem Qld Mus 39:489–532
25. Chung KF, Peng CI, Downie SR, Spalik K, Schaal BA (2005) Molecular systematics of the trans-pacific alpine genus Oreomyrrhis (Apiaceae): phylogenetic affinities and biogeographic implications. Am J Bot 92:2054–2071
26. Corner EJH (1960) The Malayan flora. In: Proceedings of the centenary and bicentenary congress of biology, University of Singapore, Singapore
27. Cranbrook Earl of (2000) Northern Borneo environments of the past 40,000 years. Sarawak Mus J 55:61–109
28. Cranbrook Earl of (2010) Late quaternary turnover of mammals in Borneo: the zooarchaeological record. Biodivers Conserv 19:373–391
29. Cranbrook Earl of, Piper PJ (2008) Sarawak through the Ice Ages to present time: environmental change and human impacts on the past and present distribution of mammals. In: Proceedings of the regional conference on biodiversity & conservation in tropical planted forests in Southeast Asia, Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu
30. Cranbrook Earl of, Piper PJ (2009) Borneo records of Malay tapir, Tapirus indicus Desmarest: a zooarchaeological and historical review. Int J Osteoarchaeol 19:491–507. doi:10.1002/oa.1015
31. Crisci JV, Katinas L, Posadas P (2003) Historical biogeography. An introduction. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
32. Croft DA, Heaney LR, Flynn JJ, Bautista AP (2006) Fossil remains of a new, diminutive Bubalus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovini) from Cebu Island, Philippines. J Mammol 87:1037–1051
33. de Bruyn M, Wilson JA, Mather PB (2004) Huxley’s Line demarcates extensive genetic divergence between eastern and western forms of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Mol Phylogenet Evol 30:251–257
34. den Tex R-J, Thorington R, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA (2010) Speciation dynamics in the SE Asian tropics: putting a time perspective on the phylogeny and biogeography of Sundaland tree squirrels, Sundasciurus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 55:711–720
35. de Vos J, Bautista A (2003) Preliminary notes on the vertebrate fossils from the Philippines. Semantics and Systematics: Philippine Archaeology, Proceedings of the Society of Philippine Archaeologists, vol 1, pp 42–62
36. de Vos J, van den Hoek Ostende LW, van den Bergh GD (2007) Patterns in insular evolution of mammals: a key to island palaeogeography. In: Renema W (ed) Biogeography, time and place: distributions, barriers, and islands. Springer, New York, NY. pp 315–346
37. Diamond J (1984) Biogeographic mosaics in the Pacific. In: Radovsky FJ, Raven PH, Sohmer SH (eds) Biogeography of the tropical pacific. Bishop Museum Special Publications No. 72. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. pp 1–74
38. Duffels JP (1990) Biogeography of Sulawesi cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadoidea). In: Knight WD, Holloway JD (eds) Insects and the rain forests of South East Asia (Wallacea). Royal Entomological Society of London, London. pp 63–72
39. Emery KO, Uchupi E, Sunderland J, Uktolseja HL, Young EM (1972) Geological structure and some water characteristics of the Java Sea and adjacent continental shelf. CCOP Tech Bull 6:197–223
40. Enfield DB (1992) Historical and prehistorical overview of El Niño/Southern Oscillation. In: Diaz HF, Markgraf V (eds) El Niño: historical and paleoclimatic aspects of the southern oscillation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp 96–117
41. Esselstyn JA, Widmann P, Heaney LR (2004) The mammals of Palawan Island, Philippines. In: Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 117:271–302
42. Faith DP (1994) Phylogenetic pattern and the quantification of organismal diversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 345:45–58
43. rd conference on the evolution of the East Asian environment. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. pp 145–196
44. Fernando P, Pfrender ME, Encalada S, Lande R (2000) Mitochondrial DNA variation, phylogeography and population structure of the Asian elephant. Heredity 84:362–372
45. Flenley JR (1979a) The equatorial rain forest: a geological history. Butterworths, London
46. Flenley JR (1979b) The late quaternary vegetational history of the equatorial mountains. Prog Phys Geogr 3:487–509
47. Flenley JR (1984) Late quaternary changes of vegetation and climate in the Malesian mountains. Erdwissenschaft Forsch 18:261–267
48. Friis EM, Pederson KR, Crane PR (1994) Angiosperm floral structures from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. In: Endress PK, Friis EM (eds) Early evolution of flowers, plant systematics and evolution, Suppl 8. Springer, Vienna. pp 31–49
49. Gathorne-Hardy FJ, Syaukani, Davies RG, Eggleton P, Jones DT (2002) Quaternary rainforest refugia in south-east Asia: using termites (Isoptera) as indicators. Biol J Linnean Soc 75: 453–466
50. Goh KC (2005) The climate of Southeast Asia. In: Gupta A (ed) The physical geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp 80–93
51. Gorog AJ, Sinaga MH, Engstrom MD (2004) Vicariance or dispersal? Historical biogeography of three Sunda shelf murine rodents (Maxomys surifer, Leopoldamys sabanus and Maxomys whiteheadi). Biol J Linnean Soc 81:91–109
52. Hall R (1996) Reconstructing Cenozoic South East Asia. In: Hall R, Blundell DJ (eds) Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia. Geological Society Special Publication 106. pp 153–184
53. Hall R (1998) The plate tectonics of Cenozoic South East Asia and the distribution of land and sea. In: Hall R, Holloway J (eds) Biogeography and geological evolution in South East Asia. Bakhuys Publishers, Amsterdam. pp 99–131
54. Hall R (2009) Southeast Asia’s changing palaeogeography. Blumea 54:148–161
55. Harley MM, Morley RJ (1995) Ultrastructural studies of some fossil and extant palm pollen, and the reconstruction of the biogeographical history of the subtribes Iguanurinae and Calaminae. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 85:153–82
56. Harrison T, Krigbaum J, Manser J (2006) Primate biogeography and ecology on the Sunda Shelf Islands: a paleontological and zooarchaeological perspective. In: Lehman SM, Fleagle JG (eds) Primate biogeography. Springer, New York, NY. pp 331–374
57. Heads M (2003) Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10:311–449
58. Heaney LR (1984) Mammalian species richness on islands on the Sunda Shelf, Southeast Asia. Oecologia 61:11–17
59. Heaney LR (1991) A synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in Southeast Asia. Climate Change 19:53–61
60. Heil A, Goldammer JG (2001) Smoke-haze pollution; a review of the 1997 episode in Southeast Asia. Reg Environ Change 2:24–37
61. Hildebrand AR, Penfield GT, King DA, Pilkington M, Camargo ZA, Jacobsen SB, Boynton WV (1991) Chicxulub Crater: a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Geology 19:867–871
62. Hope GS (2001) Environmental change in the Late Pleistocene and later Holocene at Wanda site, Soroako, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 171:129–145
63. Hughes JB, Round PD, Woodruff DS (2003) The Sundaland–Asian faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra: an analysis of resident forest bird species distributions. J Biogeogr 30:569–580
64. Huxley TH (1868) On the classification and distribution of the Alectoromorphae and Heteromorphae. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1868:294–319
65. Inger RF, Voris HK (2001) The biogeographical relations of the frogs and snakes of Sundaland. J Biogeogr 28:863–891
66. Jablonski NG, Whitfort MJ (1999) Environmental change during the Quaternary in East Asia and its consequences for mammals. Records West Austr Mus 57:307–315
67. Jackson ST (2006) Vegetation, environment, and time: the origination and termination of ecosystems. J Vegetat Sci 17:549–557
68. Jacobs M (1972) The plant world on Luzon’s highest mountains. Rijksherbarium, Leiden
69. Jacobs M (1974) Botanical panorama of the Malesian archipelago (vascular plants). In: Natural resources in humid tropical Asia. UNESCO, Paris. pp 263–294
70. Johnson KR, Ellis B (2002) A tropical rainforest in Colorado 1.4million years after the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary. Science 296:2379–2383
71. Kanthaswamy S, Smith DG (2002) Population subdivision and gene flow among wild orangutans. Primates 43:315–327
72. Karns DR, O’Bannon A, Voris HK, Weigt LA (2000) Biogeographical implications of mitochondrial DNA variation in the Bockadam snake (Cerberus rynchops, Serpentes: Homalopsinae) in Southeast Asia. J Biogeogr 27:391–402
73. Khan FAA, Solaris S, Swier VJ, Larsen PA, Abdullah MT, Baker RJ (2010) Systematics of Malaysian woolly bats (Vespertilionidae: Kerivoula) inferred from mitochondrial, nuclear, karyotypic, and morphological data. J Mammal 91:1058–1072
74. Kirby GAK, Morley RJ, Humphreys B, Matchette-Downes CJ, Sarginson MJ, Lott GK, Nicholson RA, Yulihanto B, Widiastuti R, Karmajaya S, Fitris F, Sofyan S, Wijaya S (1993) A revaluation of the regional geology and hydrocarbon prospectivity of the onshore Central North Sumatra Basin. In: Proceedings of the 22nd convention, Jakarta, Indonesian Petroleum Association
75. Kitayama K (1996) Patterns of species diversity on an oceanic versus a continental island mountain: a hypothesis on species diversification. J Vegetat Sci 7:879–888
76. Kuhnt W, Holbourn A, Hall R, Zuvela M, Käse R (2004) Neogene history of the Indonesian throughflow. AGU Geophys Monogr 149:299–320
77. Lambeck K, Chappell J (2001) Sea level change through the last glacial cycle. Science 292: 679–686
78. Lee M-Y, Wei K-Y (2000) Australasian microtektites in the South China Sea and the West Philippine Sea: implications for age, size and location of the impact crater. Meteorit Planet Sci 35:1151–1155
79. Leong TM, Grismer LL (2003) Preliminary checklists of the herpetofauna of the Anambas and Natuna islands (South China Sea). Hamadryad 27:165–174
80. Li X, Sun X (1999) Palynological records since the Last Glacial Maximum from a deep sea core in the southern South China Sea. Quatern Sci 6:526–535
81. Liao P-C, Havanond S, Huang S (2007) Phylogeography of Ceriops tagal (Rhizophoraceae) in Southeast Asia: the land barrier of the Malay Peninsula has caused population differentiation between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Conserv Genet 8:89–98
82. Lieberman BS (2005) Geobiology and paleobiogeography: tracking the coevolution of the Earth and its biota. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 219:23–33
83. Liu J, Tang L, Qiao Y, Head MJ, Walker D (1986) Late Quaternary vegetational history at Menghai, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. J Biogeogr 13:399–418
84. Löffler E (1982) Landforms and landform development. In: Gressitt JL (ed) Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea. Dr W Junk Publishers, The Hague
85. Lourie SA, Green DM, Vincent ACJ (2005) Dispersal, habitat differences, and comparative phylogeography of Southeast Asian seahorses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus). Mol Ecol 14:1073–1094
86. Maloney BK, McCormac FG (1995) A 30,000 year pollen and radiocarbon record from highland Sumatra as evidence for climate change. Radiocarbon 37:181–190
87. Mayr E (1944) Wallace’s line in the light of recent zoogeographic studies. Q Rev Biol 19:1–14
88. Medway Lord (1960) The Malay tapir in Quaternary Borneo. Sarawak Mus J 9:364–367
89. Medway Lord (1972) The Quaternary mammals of Malesia: a review. In: Ashton P, Ashton M (eds) The Quaternary Era in Malesia. Transactions of the 2nd Aberdeen-Hull symposium on Malesian ecology, series 13. University of Hull Department of Geography Misc, Aberdeen. Pp 63–98
90. Meijaard E, Groves CP (2006) The geography of mammals and rivers in mainland Southeast Asia. In: Lehman SM, Fleagle JG (eds) Primate biogeography. Springer, New York, NY. pp 305–329
91. Metcalfe I (1998) Palaeozoic and Mesozoic geological evolution of the SE Asian region: multidisciplinary constraints and implications for biogeography. In: Hall R, Holloway JD (eds) Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. pp 25–41
92. Metcalfe I (2002) Permian tectonic framework and paleogeography of SE Asia. J Asian Earth Sci 20:551–566
93. Morley R (1991) Tertiary stratigraphic palynology in South-East Asia: current status and new directions. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 28:1–36
94. Morley R (1998) Palynological evidence for Tertiary plant dispersals in the South East Asia region in relation to plate tectonics and climate. In: Hall R, Holloway J (eds) Biogeography and geological evolution in South East Asia. Bakhuys Publishers, Amsterdam. pp 211–234
95. Morley RJ (2000) Origin and evolution of tropical rain forests. Wiley, Chichester
96. Morley RJ (2003) Interplate dispersal paths for megathermal angiosperms. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 6(12):5–20
97. Morley R, Flenley JR (1987) Late Cainozoic vegetational and environmental changes in the Malay Archipelago. In: Whitmore TC (ed) Biogeographical evolution of the Malay Archipelago, Oxford monographs in biogeography no. 4. Oxford Scientific Publications, Oxford. pp 50–59
98. Muller J (1966) Montane pollen from the Tertiary of N. W. Borneo. Blumea 14:231–235
99. Muller J (1972) Palynological evidence for change in geomorphology, climate and vegetation in the Mid-Pliocene of Malesia. In: Ashton P, Ashton M (eds) The Quaternary era in Malesia. Transactions of the 2nd Aberdeen-Hull symposium on Malesian ecology, series no. 13. University of Hull Department of Geography Misc, Aberdeen. pp 6–34
100. Muller J (1981) Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms. Bot Rev 47:1–142
101. Nix HA, Kalma JD (1972) Climate as a dominant control in the biogeography of northern Australia and New Guinea. In:Walker D (ed) Bridge and barrier: the natural and cultural history of Torres Strait. Australian National University, Canberra. pp 61–91
102. Philander SGH (1998) Learning from El Niño. Weather 53:270–274
103. Piper PJ, Ochoa J, Paz V, Lewis H, Ronquillo WP (2008) The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 264:123–127
104. Piper PJ, Ochoa J, Robles EC, Lewis H, Paz V (2010) Palaeozoology of Palawan Island, Philippines. Quatern Int. 223:142–158
105. Platnick NI (1992) Patterns of biodiversity. In: Eldredge N (ed) Systematics, ecology, and the biodiversity crisis. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. pp 15–24
106. Plaziat J-C, Cavagnetto C, Koeniguer J-C, Baltzer F (2001) History and biogeography of the mangrove ecosystem, based on a critical reassessment of the paleontological record. Wetlands Ecol Manage 9:161–179
107. Primack R, Corlett R (2005) Tropical rain forests. An ecological and biogeographical comparison. Blackwell, Oxford
108. Raes N, Roos MC, Slik JWF, Vanloon EE, Tersteege H (2009) Botanical richness and endemicity patterns of Borneo derived from species distribution models. Ecography 32:180–192
109. Randi E, Lucchini V, Armijo-Prewitt T, Kimball RT, Braun EL, Ligon JD (2000) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny and speciation in the Tragopans. Auk 117:1007–1019
110. Richards PW (1998) The tropical rain forest: an ecological study, second edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
111. Ridder-Numan JWA (1998) Historical biogeography of Spatholobus (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) and allies in SE Asia. In: Hall R, Holloway JD (eds) Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden
112. Roos MC, Keßler PJA, Gradstein SR, Baas P (2004) Species diversity and endemism of five major Malesian islands: diversity-area relationships. J Biogeogr 31:1893–1908
113. Sheue C-R, Liu H-Y, Tsai C-C, Rashid SMA, Yong JWH, Yang Y-P (2009) On the morphology and molecular basis of segregation of Ceriops zippeliana and C. decandra (Rhizophoraceae) from Asia. Blumea 54:220–227
114. Simons WJF, Socquet A, Vigny C, Ambrosius BAC, Haji Abu S, Promthong C, Subarya C, Sarsito DA, Matheussen S, Morgan P, Spakman W (2007) A decade of GPS in Southeast Asia. Resolving Sundaland motion and boundaries. J Geophys Res 112:B06420. doi:10.1029/2005JB003868
115. Stowe LL, Carey MR, Pellegrino PP (1992) Monitoring the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol layer with NOAA/11 AVHRR data. Geophys Res Lett 19:159–162
116. Stuijts I, Newsome JC, Flenley JR (1988) Evidence of Late Quaternary vegetation change in the Sumatran and Javan highlands. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 55:207–216
117. Sun X, Wang P (2005) How old is the Asian monsoon system?—Palaeobotanical records from China. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 222:181–222
118. Sun X, Li X, Luo Y, Chen X (2000) The vegetation and climate at the last glaciation on the emerged continental shelf of the South China Sea. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 160:301–316
119. Tjia HD (1980) The Sunda Shelf, Southeast Asia. Z Geomorphologie 24:405–427
120. Tosi AJ, Morales JC, Melnick DJ (2002) Y-chromosome and mitochondrial markers in Macaca fasicularis indicate introgression with Indochinese M. mulatta and a biogeographic barrier in the Isthmus of Kra. Int J Primatol 23:161–178
121. van den Bergh GD (1999) The Late Neogene elephantoid-bearing faunas of Indonesia and their palaeozoogeographic implications. A study of the terrestrial faunal succession of Sulawesi, Flores and Java, including evidence for early hominid dispersal east of Wallace’s line. Scripta Geol 117:1–419
122. van den Bergh GD, de Vos J, Sondaar PY (2001) The late Quaternary palaeogeography of mammal evolution in the Indonesian archipelago. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 171:385–408
123. van Steenis CGGJ (1950) The delimitation of Malaysia and its main plant geographical divisions. In: van Steenis (ed) FloraMalesiana Series I, vol 1. Noordhoff-Kolff n.v., Djakarta. pp lxx–lxxv
124. van Tol J (1994) The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 3. The genus Macromia Rambur Corduliidae. Tijdschrift Entomol 137:87–94
125. van Welzen PC, Slik JWF (2009) Patterns in species richness and composition of plant families in the Malay Archipelago. Blumea 54:166–171
126. van Welzen PC, Slik JWF, Alahuhta J (2005) Plant distribution patterns and plate tectonics in Malesia. Biol Skrifter 55:199–217
127. Verstappen HT (1997) The effect of climatic change on southeast Asian geomorphology. J Quatern Sci 12:413–418
128. Voris HK (2000) Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. J Biogeogr 27:1153–1167
129. Waits LP, Sullivan J, O’Brien SJ, Ward RH (1999) Rapid speciation events in the family Ursidae indicated by likelihood phylogenetic estimation from multiple fragments of mtDNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 13:82–92
130. Walker D, Chen Y (1987) Palynological light on tropical rainforest dynamics. Quatern Sci Rev 6:77–92
131. Walker D, Flenley JR (1979) Late Quaternary vegetational history of the Enga Province of upland Papua New Guinea. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 286:265–344
132. Wallace AR (1863) On the physical geography of the Malay archipelago. J Roy Geogr Soc 33: 217–234
133. Walsh RPD, Newbery DM (1999) The ecoclimatology of Danum, Sabah, in the context of the world’s rainforest regions, with particular reference to dry periods and their impact. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 354:1869–1883
134. Wang P (1999) Response ofWestern Pacific marginal seas to glacial cycles: paleoceanography and sedimentological features. Marine Geol 156:5–39
135. Whitmore TC (1981) Wallace’s line and plate tectonics. Oxford monographs on biogeography 1. Clarendon Press, Oxford
136. Whitmore TC (1984) Tropical rain forests of the far east, 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford
137. Whitmore TC (1989) Southeast Asian tropical forests. In: Lieth BH,WergerMJA (eds) Ecosystems of the world 14. Elsevier, Amsterdam
138. Whitmore TC (1998) An introduction to tropical rain forests, 2nd edn. University Press, Oxford
139. Whitten AJ, Mustafa M, Henderson GS (1987) The ecology of Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
140. Whitten A, Soeriaatmadja RE, Suraya AA (1996) The ecology of Java and Bali. Periplus Editions, Singapore
141. Wich SA, Meijaard E, Marshall AJ, Husson S, Ancrenaz M, Lacy RC, van Schaik CP, Sugardjito J, Simorangkir T, Traylor-Holzer K, Doughty M, Supriatna J, Dennis R, Gumal M, Knott CD, Singleton I (2008) Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain? Oryx 42:329–339
142. Willi Y, van Buskirk J, Hoffmann AA (2006) Limits to the adaptive potential of small populations. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:433–458
143. Wilson MEJ, Moss SJ (1999) Cenozoic palaeogeographic evolution of Sulawesi and Borneo. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 145:303–337
144. Wilting A, Buckley-Beason VA, Feldhaar H, Gadau J, O’Brien SJ, Linsenmair KE (2007) Clouded leopard phylogeny revisited. Support for species recognition and population division between Borneo and Sumatra. Front Zool 4:15. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-4-15
145. Wong KM (1998) Patterns of plant endemism and rarity in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. In: Peng CI, Lowry PP (eds) Rare, threatened, and endangered floras of Asia and the Pacific Rim: Academia Sinica monograph series no. 16. Academia Sinica. Taipei. pp 139–169
146. Wong KM (2004) Bamboo, the amazing grass. A guide to the diversity and study of bamboos in Southeast Asia. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
147. Wong PP (2005) The coastal environment of Southeast Asia. In: Gupta A (ed) The physical geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp 177–192
148. Wong KM, Low YW (2011) A revision of Philippine Gardenia (Rubiaceae). Edinb J Bot 68:11–32
149. Wong KM, Nilus R, Petol GH, Sugau JB, Pereira JT, Ong RC (1999) The landscape, vegetation and botany of the Semporna Islands of Sabah, Borneo: a conservation perspective. Sandakania 13:41–65
150. Wong KM, Sugumaran M, Lee DKP, Zahid MS (2010) Ecological aspects of endemic plant populations on Klang Gates quartz ridge, a habitat island in Peninsular Malaysia. Biodivers Conserv 19:435–447
151. Woodruff DS (1990) Genetics and demography in the conservation of biodiversity. J Sci Soc Thai 16:117–132
152. Woodruff DS (2010) Biogeography and conservation in Southeast Asia: how 2.7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today’s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial-phase biodiversity. Biodivers Conserv 19:919–941
153. Woodruff DS, Turner LM (2009) The Indochinese-Sundaic zoogeographic transition: a description and analysis of terrestrial mammal species distributions. J Biogeogr 36:803–821
154. Wright SJ (2002) Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence. Oecologia 130:1–14
155. Wright SJ (2007) Plant diversity in tropical forests. In: Pugnaire FI, Valladares F (eds) Functional plant ecology. 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp 351–368
156. Wu M-J, Huang T-C, Huang S-F (2009) Phylogenetic biogeography of Euphrasia section Malesiana (Orobanchaceae) in Taiwan and Malesia. Blumea 54:242–247
157. Wurster CM, Bird MI, Bull ID, Creed F, Bryant C, Dungait JAJ, Paz V (2010) Forest contraction in north equatorial Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:15508–15511
158. Yap SY (2002) On the distribution patterns of Southeast-East Asian freshwater fish and their history. J Biogeogr 29:1187–1199
159. Zahid MS (2004) Nine novelties in Porterandia (Rubiaceae) from Borneo and Sulawesi. Sandakania 15:55–78
160. Zahid MS, Wong KM (2010) The circumscription, taxonomy and biogeography of Porterandia (Rubiaceae – Gardenieae). Edinb J Bot 67:265–342
161. Zhang Y, Chen Z, Shi L (1993) Phylogeny of the slow loris (genus Nycticebus): an approach using mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis. Int J Primatol 14:167–175
162. Zhang Y, Ryder OA, Zhang Y (2001) Genetic divergence on orangutan subspecies (Pongo pygmaeus). J Mol Evol 52:516–526