KT events in India: Impact, rifting, volcanism and dinosaur extinction

Memoirs of the Queensland Museum

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 489-532

  Chatterjee, Sankar ^a   Rudra, Dhiraj K ^b  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIAN STATISTICAL INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Cretaceous Tertiary boundary; Dinosaur; Extinction; Impact; India; Volcanism

Indexed keywords

CRETACEOUS/TERTIARY BOUNDARY; DINOSAUR; IMPACT EVENT; MASS EXTINCTION; RIFTING; VOLCANISM;

INDIA;

EID: 0030427475     PISSN: 00798835     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. ADATTE, T., STINNESBECK, W. & KELLER, G. 1994. Mineralogical correlations of near KT boundary deposits in northeastern Mexico: evidence for long-term deposition and volcanoclastic influence. Lunar and Planetary Institutre Contribution 825: 1-3.
2. ALEXANDER, P.O. 1981. Age and duration of Deccan volcanism: K-Ar evidence. Pp. 244-278. In K.V. Subbarao & R.N. Sukeshwala (eds) 'Deccan Volcanism'. Geological Society of India Memoir 3.
3. ALT, D., SEARS, J.M. & HYNDMAN, D.W. 1988. Terrestrial maria: the origins of large basalt plateaus, hotspot tracks and spreading ridges. Journal of Geology 96: 647-662.
4. ALVAREZ, L.W. 1987 Mass extinctions caused by large bolide impacts. Physics Today 40(7): 24-33.
5. ALVAREZ, L.W., ALVAREZ, W., ASARO, F. & MICHEL, H. V. 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208: 1095-1108.
6. ALVAREZ, W. 1986. Toward a theory of impact crises. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 67(35): 649-658.
7. ALVAREZ, W., ALVAREZ, L.W., ASARO, F. & MICHEL, H.V. 1982. Current status of the impact theory for the terminal Cretaceous extinction. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 305-315.
8. 1984. The end of the Cretaceous: sharp boundary or gradual transition? Science 223: 1183-1186
9. ALVAREZ, W. & ASARO. F. 1990. An extraterrestrial impact. Scientific American 263(4): 78-84.
10. ALVAREZ, W., ARTHUR, M.A., FISCHER, A.G., LOWRIE, W., NAPOLEINE, G., SILVA, I.P. & ROGGENTHEN, W.M. 1987. Upper Cretaceous-Palaeocene magnetic stratigraphy at Gubbio, Italy. V. Type section for the Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene geomagnetic reversal time scale. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88: 383-389.
11. ALVAREZ, W., ASARO. F., CLAEYS, P., GRAJALES-N., J.M., MONTNARI, A. & SMIT, J. 1994. Developments in the KT impact Theory since Snowbird II. Lunar and Planetary Contributions 825: 3-4.
12. ALVAREZ, W., CLAEYS, P. & KIEFFER, S.W. 1985. Emplacement of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary shocked quartz from Chicxulub Crater. Science 269: 930-935.
13. ALVAREZ, W., SMIT, J., LOWRIE, W., ASARO, F., MARGOLIS, S.V., CLAEYS, P., KASTNER, M. & HILDEBRAND, A.R. 1992. Proximal impact deposits at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Gulf of Mexico: a restudy of DSDP Leg 77 Sites 536 and 540. Geology 20:697-700.
14. ANDERSON, R.R. & HARTUNG, J.B. 1988. The Mason structure in north-central Iowa: the largest known impact site in the United States and a K-T boundary astroblem. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69(44): 1291.
15. AUDEN, J.B. 1949. Dykes of western India: a discussion of their relationship with the Deccan Traps. Transactions of the National Institute of Science India. 3:123-157.
16. 1974. Afganistan-West Pakistan. Pp. 235-253. In A.M. Spencer (ed.) Geological Society Special Publication 4, London.
17. BACKMAN, J., DUNCAN, R.A., PETERSON, L.C., BAKER, P.A., BAXTÉR, A.N., BOERSMA, A., CULLEN, J.L., DROXLER, A.W., FISK, M.R., GREENOUGH. J.D., HARGRAVES, R.B., HEMPEL, P., HOBART, M.A., HURLEY, M.T., JOHNSON, D.A., MACDONALD, A.M., MIKKELSEN, N., OKADA, H., RIO, D., ROBINSON, S.G., SCHNEIDER, D., SWART, P.K., TATSUMI, Y., VANDAMME, D., VILKS, G. & VINCENT, E. 1988. Mascarene Plateau. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program 5: 5-15.
18. BAKER, B.H. 1967. The Precambrian of the Seychelles Archipellago. Pp. 122-132. In K. Rankama (ed.) 'Precambrian Research'. (Interscience: New York).
19. BAKER, B.H. & MILLER, J.A. 1963. Geology and chronology of the Seychelles Islands and structure of the floor of the Arabian Sea. Nature 199: 346-348.
20. BAKKER, R.T. 1975. Dinosaur renaissance. Scientific American 232: 58-78.
21. BAKSI, A.K. 1994. Geochronological studies on whole-rock basalts, Deccan Traps, India: evaluation of the timing of volcanism relative to the K-T boundary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 121: 43-56.
22. 3He plume origin for the Deccan Flood Basalts. Science 261: 902-906.
23. BASU, D.N., BANERJEE, A. & TAMHANE, D.M. 1982. Facies distribution and petroleum geology of the Bombay offshore basin, India. Journal of Petroleum Geology 5(1): 51-75.
24. BEANNE, J.E., TURNER, C.A., HOOPER, PR., SUBBARAO, K.V. & WALSH, J.N. 1986. Stratigraphy, composition and form of the Deccan basalts, Western Ghats, India. Bulletin of Volcanology 48: 61-83.
25. BEESON, D., GARTNER, S., KELLER, G., MacLEOD, N., MEDUS, J., ROCCHIA, R. & ROBIN, E. 1994. The KT boundary along the Brazos River, Falls County, Texas: multidisciplinary stratigraphy and depositional environment. Lunar and Planetary Institute Contributions 825: 9-10.
26. BELL, J. 1996. Far journey to a near asteroid. Astronomy 24(3): 42-47.
27. BEKOV, G.I., LETOKHOV. VS., RADAEV, V.N., BADYUKOV, D.D. & NAZAROV, M.A. 1988. Rhodium distribution at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary analyzed by ultrasensitive laser photoionization. Nature 332: 146-148.
28. BERMAN, D.S. & JAIN, S.K. 1982. The braincase of a small sauropod dinosaur (Reptilia: Saurischia) from the Upper Cretaceous Lameta Group, Central India, with review of Lameta Group localities. Annals of Carnegie Museum 51: 405-422.
29. BHANDARI, L.L. & JAIN, S.K. 1984. Reservoir geology and its role in the development of the L-III reservoir, Bombay High Field, India. Journal of Petroleum Geology 7(1): 27-46.
30. BHANDARI, L.L. & SHUKLA, P.N. 1995. Impact did not trigger Deccan volcanism: evidence from Anjar K/T boundary intertrappean sediments. Geophysical Research Letters 22: 433-436.
31. BHANDARI, L.L., SHUKLA, P.N., GHEVARIA, Z.G. & SUNDARAM, S.M. 1994. KT boundary in Deccan intertrappeans: chemical anomalies and their implications. Lunar and Planetary Institute Contributions 825: 10-11.
32. BISWAS, S.K. 1982. Western rift basins of India and hydrocarbon prospects. Oil and Gas Journal 80: 224-232.
33. 1987. Regional tectonic framework, structure and evolution of the western marginal basins of India. Tectonophysics 135: 307-327.
34. 1988. Structure of the western continental margin of India and related igneous activity. Pp. 371-393. In Subbarao, K.V. (ed.) 'Deccan Flood Basalts'. Geological Society of India Memoir 10.
35. BLUM, J.D., CHAMBERLIN, C.P., HANGSTON, M.P., KOEBERL, C., MAREN, L.E., SCHURAYTZ, C. & SHARPTON, V.L. 1993. Isotopic composition of the K/T boundary impact glass with melt rock from the Chicxulub and Manson impact structures. Nature 364: 325-327.
36. BOHOR, B.F., FORD, E.E., MODRESKI, P.J. & TRIPLEHORN, D.M. 1984. Mineralogic evidence for an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Science 224: 867-869.
37. BOHOR, B.F., MODRESKI, P.J. & FORD, E.E. 1987. Shocked quartz in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clays: evidence for a global distribution. Science 230: 705-709.
38. BOHOR, B.F., & SEITZ, R. 1990. Cuban K/T catastrophe. Nature 344: 593.
39. BONAPARTE, J.F. & NOVAS, F.E. 1985. Abelisaurus comahuensis, n.g., n.sp., Carnosauria del Cretacio Tardio de la Patagonia. Ameghiana 21: 259-265.
40. BONAPARTE, J.F., POWELL, J.F. & POWELL, J.E. 1980. A continental assemblage of tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous beds of El Brete, northwestern Argentina (Sauropoda-Coelurosauria-Carnosauria-Aves). Memoires de la Société Géologique de France. 139: 19-28.
41. BONAPARTE, J.F., POWELL, J.F. & CORIA, R.A. 1990. Carnotausus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions In Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 416: 1-42.
42. BOSE, M.K. 1980. Alkaline magmatism in the Deccan volcanic province. Journal of the Geological Society of India 21: 317-329.
43. BOSLOUGH, M.B., CHAEL, E.P., TRUCANO, T.G. & CRAWFORD, D.A. 1996. Axial focusing of energy from a hypervelocity impact on Earth. International Journal of Impact Engineering, in press.
44. BOURGEOIS, J., HANSEN, T.A., WILBERG, P.L., & KAUFFMAN, E.G. 1988. Atsunami deposit at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Texas. Science 241: 567-570.
45. BUFFETAUT, E. 1989. Archosaurian reptiles with Gondwanan affinities in the Upper Cretaceous of Europe. Terra Nova 1: 69-74.
46. 1990. Vertebrate extinctions and survival across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Tectonophysics 171: 337-345.
47. CARLISLE, D.B. 1993. Extraterrestrial amino acids at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary of Alberta. Nature 361: 551-553.
48. CARLISLE, D.B. & BRAMAN, D.R. 1991. Nanometric-size diamonds in the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary clay of Alberta. Nature 352: 708-709.
49. CHAKRAVARTI, D.K. 1935. Is Lametasaurus indicus an armored dinosaur? American Journal of Science 230: 138-141.
50. CHATTERJEE, S. 1978. Indosuchus and Indosaurus, Cretaceous carnosaurs of India. Journal of Palaeontology 52: 570-580.
51. 1990. A possible K-T impact site at the India-Seychelles boundary. Abstract, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXI, pp. 182-183.
52. 1992. A kinematic model for the evolution of the Indian plate since the Late Jurassic. Pp. 33-62. In Chatterjee, S. & Hotton, N. (eds) 'New Concepts in Global Tectonics'. (Texas Tech University Press: Lubbock).
53. CHATTERJEE, S. & RUDRA, D.K. 1993. Shiva Crater: a possible K/T boundary impact stucture at the India-Seychelles plate margin. P. 38. In 74th Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division, AAAS, Program with Abstracts. (abstract)
54. CHOUBEY, V.D. 1971. Narmada-Son lineament, India. Nature 232: 38-40.
55. CLEMENS, W.A. 1982. Pattern of extinction and survival of the terrestrial biota during the Cretaceous/Tertiary transition. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 407-413.
56. CLUBE, S.V.M. & NAPIER, W.M. 1982. The role of episodic bombardment in geophysics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 57: 251-262.
57. COOMBS, W.P. Jr 1978. The families of the ornithischian dinosaurorder Ankylosauria. Palaeontology 21: 143-170.
58. COOMBS, W.P. Jr & MARYANSKA. T. 1990. Ankylosaur. Pp. 456-483. In Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P. & Osmólska, H. (eds) 'The Dinosauria'. (University of California Press: Berkeley).
59. COURTILLOT, V. 1990. A volcanic eruption. Scientific American 263(4): 85-92.
60. COURTILLOT, V. , FERAUD, G., MALUSKI, H., VANDAMME, D., MOREAU, M.G. & BESSE, J. 1988. Deccan flood basalts and the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 333: 843-846.
61. COURTILLOT, V. , BESSE, J., VANDAMME, D., MONTIGNY, R., JAEGER, J.J. & CAPETTA, H. 1986. Deccan flood basalts at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 80: 361-374.
62. DE, A. 1981. Late Mesozoic-Lower Tertiary magma types of Kutch and Saurashtra. Pp. 327-339. In Subbarao, K.V. & Sukeshwala, R. N. (eds) Geological Society of India Memoir 3, Bangalore.
63. DESONIE, D. 1996. The threat from space. Earth 5(4): 24-31.
64. DEVEY, C.W. & LIGHTFOOT, P.C. 1986. Volcanological and tectonic control of stratigraphy and structure in the western Deccan Traps. Bulletin of Volcanology 48: 195-207.
65. DEVEY, C.W., & STEPHENS, W.E. 1992. Deccan-related magmatism west of the Seychelles-India rift. Pp. 271-291. In Storey, B.C., Alabaster, T.A. & Pankhurst, R.J. (eds) 'Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up'. Geological Society Special Publications 68, London.
66. D'HONDT, S., SIGURDSSON, H., HANSON, A., CAREY, S. & PILSON, M. 1994. Sulfate volatilization, surface-water acidification and extinction at the KT boundary. Lunar and Planetary Institute Contribution 825: 29-30.
67. DIETZ, R.S. 1961. Vredefort ring structure: meteorite impact scar? Journal of Geology 69: 499-516.
68. 1993. Review of terrestrial evidence for major cosmic impacts. P. 40. In 74th Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division, AAAS, Program with Abstracts. (abstract)
69. DIETZ, R.S. & McHONE, J. 1990. Isle of Pines (Cuba), apparently not K/T boundary impact site. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 22(7): A79. (abstract)
70. DUNCAN, R.A. & PYLE, D.G. 1988. Rapid eruption of the Deccan flood basalts at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 333: 841-843.
71. ELLAM, R.M. 1992. Lithospheric thickness as a control on basalt geochemistry. Geology 20: 153-156.
72. ENGELHARDT, W. von 1984. Melt products from terrestrial impact structures. 27th International Geological Congress Proceedings 19: 149-163.
73. ERBEN, H.K. & WEDEPHOL, K.H. 1979. Palaeobiological and isotopic studies of eggshells from a declining dinosaur species. Palaeobiology 5(4): 380-414.
74. FISHER, R.L., ENGEL, C.G. & HILDE, T.W.C. 1968. Basalts dredged from the Amirante Ridge, western Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research 15: 521-534.
75. FRENCH, B.M. 1984. Impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: a possible site. Science 226: 353.
76. FRENCH, B.M. & SHORT, N.M. (eds) 1968. 'Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials'. (Mono Book Corporation: Baltimore). 644 pp.
77. GALLET, Y., WEEKS, R., VANDAMME, D. & COURTILLOT, V. 1989. Duration of Deccan Trap volcanism: a statistical approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 93: 273-282.
78. GALTON, P.M. 1981. Craterosaurus pottonensis Selley, a stegosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of England, and a review of Cretaceous stegosaurs. Neues Jarrbuch für Geologie und Paläntologie, Abhhandlungen 160: 73-95.
79. GAULT, D.E., & WEDEKIND, J.A. 1978. Experimental studies of oblique impact. Pp. 3843-3875. In 'Proceedings, 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference'. (Pergamon Press: New York).
80. GHEVARIYA, Z.G. & SRIKARNI, C. 1990. Anjar Formation, its fossils and their bearing on the extinction of dinosaurs. Pp. 106-109. In A. Sahni & A. Jolly (eds) 'Cretaceous Event Stratigraphy and the Correlation of the Indian Nonmarine Strata' (Laser Print: Chandigarh).
81. GILMORE, J.S., KNIGHT, J.D., ORTH, C.J., PILMORE, C.L. & TSCHUDY, R.H. 1984. Trace element patterns at a non-marine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nature 307: 224-228.
82. GIRLING, C.M. 1992. Hydrocarbon habitat of the Seychelles microcontinent related to plate tectonics and palaeogeography. Pp. 223-231. In Plummer, P.S. (ed.) 'Proceedings of the Indian Ocean Petroleum Symposium', (United Nations: Victoria, Seychelles).
83. GOVINDAN, A. 1981. Foraminifera from the Infra and Intertrappean surface sediments of Narsapur Well 1 and age of the Deccan Trap flows. Pp. 81-93. In 'Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy, 9th. Proceedings'. (Dehra Dun).
84. GRIEVE, R.A.F. 1982. The record of impact on Earth: implications for a major Cretaceous/Tertiary impact event. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 25-37.
85. 1987. Terrestrial impact structures. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15: 245-270.
86. 1990. Impact cratering on the Earth. Scientific American 261(4): 66-73.
87. GRIEVE, R.A.F., WOOD, C.A, GARVIA, J.B., McLAUGHLIN, G. & McHONE, J.F. Jr 1988. 'Astronaut's Guide to Terrestrial Impact Craters'. (Lunar and Planetary Institute: Houston).
88. HARLAND, W.B., ARMSTRONG, R.L., COX, A.V., CRAIG, L.E., SMITH, A.G. & SMITH, D.G. 1990. 'A Geologic Time Scale 1989'. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge). 263 pp.
89. HARTNADY, C.J.H. 1986. Amirante Basin, western Indian Ocean: possible-impact site at the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction bolide? Geology 14: 423-426.
90. 1989. Oblique impact hypothesis relates Deccan volcanism to multiple northern hemisphere craters to Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Abstracts, 28th International Geological Congress, 2: 33-34. (abtracts)
91. HILDEBRAND, A.R. & BOYNTON, W.V. 1990. Proximal Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact deposits in the Caribbean. Science 248: 843-847.
92. HILDEBRAND, A.R., PENHELD, G.T., KING, D.A., PILKINGTON, M., CAMARO, A.Z., JACOBSON, S.B. & BOYNTON, W.B. 1991. Chicxulub Crater: a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Geology 19: 867-871.
93. HILDEBRAND, A.R., ASARO, E, ATTREP, M. Jr., BERMUDEZ-SANTANA, J.C., BONIS, S., CEDILLO-PARDO, E., CLAEYS, P., GONZALEZ-CASILDO, V., GRAJALES-CASILDO, J.M., GRAJALES-NISHIMURA, J.M., GRÉGOIRE, D.C., ORITZ-ALEMAN, C., PILKINGTON, M., SACCHEZ-RIOS, M.A., SMIT, J. & STANSBERRY, J. A. 1994. The Chicxulub Crater and its relation to the KT boundary ejecta and impact-wave deposits. Lunar and Planetary Institutre Contribution 825: 49-50.
94. HILDEBRAND, A.R., PILKINGTON, M., CONNORS, M., ORTIZ-ALEMAN, C. & CHAVEZ, R.E. 1995. Size and structure of the Chicxulub Crater revealed by horizontal gravity gradients and cenotes. Nature 376: 415-417.
95. HOOPER, P.R. 1982. The Columbia River Basalts. Science 215: 1463-1468.
96. 1990. The timing of crustal extension and the eruption of continental flood basalt. Nature 345: 246-249.
97. HOOPER, P.R., SUBBARAO, K.V. & BEANE, J.E. 1988. The giant plagioclase basalts (GPBs) of the Western Ghats, Deccan Traps. Pp. 135-144. In Subbarao, K.V. (ed.) 'Deccan Flood Basalts'. Geological Society of India Memoir 10.
98. HOWARD, K.A. & WILSHIRE, H.G. 1975. Flows of impact melt at lunar craters. Journal of Research, U.S. Geological Survey 3: 237-251.
99. HSU, K.J., McKENZIE, J.A. & HE Q.X. 1982. Terminal Cretaceous environmental and evolutionary changes. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 317-328.
100. HUENE, F. von & MATLEY, C.A. 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the Central Provinces of India. Palaeontologica Indica 21: 1-74.
101. IZETT, G. 1990. The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary interval, Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico. Geological Society of America Special Paper 249: 1-100.
102. 39Ar Age of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary tektites from Haiti. Science 252: 1539-1541.
103. 39Ar Age and its distal impact ejecta in the Pierre Shale in southwestern South Dakota. Science 262: 729-732.
104. JAEGER, J.J., COURTILLOT, V. & TAPPONNIER, P. 1989. Palaeontological view of the ages of the Deccan Traps, the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, and the India-Asia collision. Geology 17: 316-319.
105. JAIN, S.L. 1989. Recent dinosaur discoveries in India, including eggshells, nests and coprolites. Pp. 99-108. In Gillette, D. & Lockley, M.G. (eds) 'Dinosaur Tracks and Traces'. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge).
106. JANSON, L.F. 1993. Cometary impacts into ocean: their recognition and threshold constraints for biological extinctions. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology. Paleoecology 104: 271-286.
107. JOHNSON, D.A., BERGGREN, W.A. & DAMUTH, J.E. 1982. Cretaceous ocean floor in the Amirante Passage: tectonic and oceanographic implications. Marine Geology 47: 31-343.
108. KAILA, K.L., MURTY, P.R.K., RAO, V.K. & KHARETCHKO, G.E. 1981. Crustal structure from deep-seismic surroundings along the Koyna II (Kelsi-Loni) profile in the Deccan Trap area, India. Tectonophysics 73: 365-384.
109. KAMEN-KAYE, M. 1985. Mesozoic columns below the Seychelles Bank, western Indian Ocean. Journal of Petroleum Geology 8(3): 323-329.
110. KELLER, G. 1989. Extended period of extinctions across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in planktonic foraminifera of continental-shelf sections; implications for impact and volcanism theories. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101: 1408-1419.
111. 1994. Global biotic effects of the KT boundary event: mass extinction restricted to low latitudes? Lunar and Planetary Institute Contributions 825: 57-58.
112. KELLER, G., MacLEOD, N., LYONS, J.B. & OFFICER, C.B. 1993. No evidence for Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary-age deep water deposits in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Geology 21: 776-780.
113. KOEBERL, C. 1993. Chicxulub Crater, Yucatan: tektites, impact glasses and the geochemistry of target rocks and breccias. Geology 21: 211-214.
114. KOEBERL, C., MURALI, A.V., SHARPTON, V.L. & BURKE, K. 1988. Geology and geoschemistry of the Kara and Ust-Kara impact structures (USSR). EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69: 1263.
115. KOEBERL, C., SHARPTON, V.L., MURALI, A.V. & BURKE, K. 1990. Kara and Ust-Kara impact structures (USSR) and their relevance to the K/T boundary event. Geology 18: 50-53.
116. KRING, D.A. & BOYNTON, W.V. 1992. Petrogenesis of an augite-bearing melt rock in the Chicxulub structure and its relationships to the K/T impact spherules in Haiti. Nature 358: 141-144.
117. KRISHNAN, M.S. 1982. 'Geology of India and Burma'. (CBS Publishers: Delhi). 536 pp.
118. KYTE, F.T., BOSTWICK, J. A. & ZHOU L. 1994. The KT boundary on the Pacific plate. Lunar and Planetary Institute Contribution 825: 64-65.
119. LAKHANPAL, R.N. 1970. Tertiary floras of India and their bearing on the historical geology of the region. Taxon 19: 615-695.
120. LEVY, D.K., SHOEMAKER, E.M. & SHOEMAKER, C.S. 1995. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 meets Jupiter. Scientific American 273(2): 84-91.
121. LOEUFF, J. le, BUFFETAUT, E., MECHIN, P. & MECHIN-SALESSY, A. 1989. A titanosaurid dinosaur braincase (Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Var (Provence, France). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris 309: 851-857.
122. LOPEZ-RAMOS, E. 1975. Geological summary of the Yucatan peninsula. Pp. 257-282. In Nairn, A.E.M. & Stehli, F.G. (eds) 'The Ocean Basins and Margins', vol. 3. (Plenum Press: New York).
123. LYONS, J.B. & OFFICER, C.B. 1992. Mineralogy and petrology of the Haiti Cretaceous/Tertiary section. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 109: 205-224.
124. MacINTYRE, R.M., DICKIN, A.P., FALLICK, A.E. & HALLIDAY, A.N. 1985. An isotopic and geochronological study of the younger igneous rocks of the Seychelles. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union 66: 1137.
125. MAHONEY, J.J. 1988. Deccan Traps. Pp. 151-194. In Macdougall, J.D. (ed.) 'Continental Flood Basalts'. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht).
126. MATLEY, C.A. 1923. Note on an armored dinosaur from the Lameta beds of Jubbulpore. Records Geological Survey of India 55: 105-109.
127. MAURASSE, E.J. & MAURASSE, M.R. 1990. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact site in the Caribbean. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 22(7): A77. (abstract)
128. MAURASSE, F.J. & SEN, G. 1991. Impacts, tsunamis, and the Haitian Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary layer. Science 252: 1690-1693.
129. McHONE, J.F., NIEMAN, R.A., LEWIS, C.F. & YATES, A.M. 1989. Stishovite at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Raton, New Mexico. Science 243: 1182-1184.
130. McINTOSH, J.S. 1990. Sauropoda. Pp. 345-401. In Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P. & Osmólska, H. (eds) 'The Dinosauria'. (University of California Press: Berkeley).
131. McLEAN, D.M. 1985. Deccan Traps mantle degassing in the terminal Cretaceous mass extinction. Cretaceous Research 6: 235-259.
132. MELOSH, H.J. 1989. 'Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process'. (Oxford University Press: New York). 245 pp.
133. MELOSH, H.J., SCHENIDER, N.M., ZAHNLE, K.J. & LATHAM, D. 1990. Ignition of global wildfires at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 343: 251-254.
134. MEYERHOFF, A.A., LYONS, J.B. & OFFICER, C.B. 1994. Chicxulub structure: a volcanic sequence of Late Cretaceous age. Geology 22: 3-4.
135. MEYERHOFF, A.A. & KAMEN-KAYE, M. 1981. Petroleum prospects of Saya de Malha and Nazareth Banks, Indian Ocean. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 65: 1344-1347.
136. MOHABEY, D.M. 1984. The study of dinosaurian eggs from Infratrappean limestone in Kheda District, Gujrat. Journal of Geological Society of India 23: 329-337.
137. 1987. Juvenile sauropod dinosaur from Upper Cretaceous Lameta of Panchmahals District, Gujrat, India. Journal of Geological Society of India 30(3): 210-216.
138. MOLNAR, R.E. 1990. Problematic theropods: 'Camosauria'. Pp. 306-317. In Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (eds) The Dinosauria'. (University of California Press: Berkeley).
139. MOORE, H.H. 1976. Missile impact centers (White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico) and application to lunar research. Geological Survey Professional Papers 812B: B1-B47.
140. MORGAN, W.J. 1981. Hotspot tracks and the opening of the the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Pp. 203-213. In Emiliani, C. (ed.) 'The Sea', Vol. 7. (Wiley: New York).
141. NAINI, B.R. & TALWANI, M. 1982. Structural framework and evolutionary history of the continental margin of western India. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 34: 167-193.
142. NEGI, J.G., AGARWAL, P.K., SINGTH, A.P. & PANDEY, O.P. 1992. Bombay gravity high and eruption of Deccan flood basalts (India) from a shallow secondary plume. Tectonophysics 206: 341-350.
143. NEGI, J.G., AGARWAL, P.K., PANDEY, O.P. & SINGH, A.P. 1993. A possible K-T boundary bolide impact site offshore near Bombay and triggering of rapid Deccan volcanism. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 76: 189-197.
144. NORTON, I.O. & SCLATER, J.G. 1979. A model for the evolution of the Indian Ocean and the breakup of Gondwanaland. Journal of Geophysical Research 84: 6803-6830.
145. OCAMPO, A.C. & POPE, K.O. A KT boundary section from northern Belize. Lunar and Planetary Institute Contribution 825: 86-87.
146. OFFICER, C.B., HALLAM, A., DRAKE, C.L., DEVINE, J.D. & MEYERHOFF, A.A. 1987. Late Cretaceous paroxysmal Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions. Nature 326: 143-149.
147. OFFICER, C.B., DRAKE, C.L. & PINDELL, J.L. 1992. Cretaceous-Tertiary events and the Caribbean caper. GSA Today 2(4): 69-75.
148. OLMEZI, I., FINNEGAN, D.L., & ZOLLER, W.H., 1986. Indium emissions from Kilauea volcano. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 653-664.
149. ORTH, C.J. 1989. Geochemistry of the bio-event horizons. Pp. 37-72. In Donovan, S.K. (ed.) 'Mass Extinctions: Processes and Evidence'. (Columbia University: New York).
150. OWEN, M.R. & ANDERS, M.H. 1988. Evidence from cathodluminiscence for non-volcanic origin of shocked quartz at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 334: 145-147.
151. PALADINO, F. V., DODSON, P., HAMMOND, J.K. & SPOTILA, J.R. 1989. Temperature-dependent sex determination in dinosaurs? implications for population dynamics and extinction. Geological Society of America Bulletin Special Paper 238: 63-70.
152. 39Ar ages of alkali basalts from Kutch, Deccan volcanic province, India. Pp. 145-150. In Subbarao, K.V. (ed.) 'Deccan Flood Basalts'. Geological Society of India Memoir 10.
153. PAUL, D.K., POTTS, P.J., REX, D.C. & BECKINSALE, R.D. 1977. Geochemical and petrogenetic study of the Gimar igneous complex, Deccan volcanic province, India. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88: 227-234.
154. PENFIELD, G.T. & CAMAGRO, Z.A. 1982. Definition of a major igneous zone in the ventral Yucatan platform with aeromagnetics and gravity. Geophysics 47: 448-449.
155. POWAR, K.B. 1981. Lineament fabric and dyke pattern in the western part of the Deccan volcanic province. Pp. 45-57. In Subbarao, K.V. & Sukeshwala, R.N. (eds) 'Deccan Volcanism'. Geological Society of India Memoir 3.
156. PRASAD, G.V.R., JAEGER, J.J., SAHNI, A., GHEERBRANT, E. & KHAJURIA, C.K. 1994. Eutherian mammals from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) intertrappean beds of Naskal, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 14: 260-277.
157. PRINN, R.G. & FEGLEY, B.F. Jr 1987. Bolide impacts, acid rain, and biospheric traumas at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 83: 1-15.
158. QUERESHY, M.N., BRAHMAN, N., GARDE, S.C. & MATHUR, B.K. 1968. Gravity anomalies and the Godavari rift, India. Geological Society of America Bulletin 79: 1221-1230.
159. RAMPINO, M.R. 1987. Impact cratering and flood basalt volcanism. Nature 327: 468.
160. RAMPINO, M.R. & CALDEIRA, K. 1992. Antipodal hotspot pairs on the earth. Geophysical Research Letters 19: 2011-2014.
161. RAO, R.P. & TALUKDAR, S.N. 1980. Petroleum geology of Bombay High Field, India. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 30: 487-506.
162. ROBIN, E., GAYRAUD, J., FROGET, L. & ROCCHIA, R. 1994. On the origin of the regional variation in spinel compositions at the KT boundary. Lunar and Planetary Institute Contribution 825: 96-97.
163. SAHNI, A. & BAJPAI, S. 1988. Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary events: the fossil vertebrate, palaeomagnetic and radiometric evidence from peninsular India. Journal of Geological Society of India 32: 382-396.
164. SAHNI, A. & KHOSHLA, A. 1994. Palaeobiological, taphonomical and palaeoenvironmental aspects of Indian Cretaceous sauropod nesting sites. Gaia 10: 215-223.
165. SAHNI, A., TANDON, S.K., JOLLY, A.S., BAJPAI, S., SOOD, A. & SRINIVASAN, S. 1994. Upper Cretaceous dinosaur eggs and nesting sites from the Deccan volcano-sedimentary province of peninsular India. Pp. 204-226. In Carpenter, K., Hirsch, K.F. & Horner, J.R. (eds) 'Dinosaur Eggs and Babies'. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge).
166. SARKAR, A., BHATTACHARYA, S.K. & MOHABEY, D.M. 1991. Stable-isotope analyses of dinosaur eggshells: palaeoenvironmental implications. Geology 19: 1068-1071.
167. SCHULTZ, P.H. & GAULT, D.E. 1990. Prolonged global catastrophes from oblique impacts. Geological Society of America Special Paper 247: 239-261.
168. SCHULTZ, P.H. & LIANZA, R.E. 1992. Recent grazing impacts on the Earth recorded in the Rio Cuarto Crater field, Argentina. Nature: 234-237.
169. SEN, G. 1988. Possible depth of origin of primary Deccan tholeiitic magma. Pp. 25-51. In Subbarao, K.V. (ed.) 'Deccan Flood Basalts'. Geological Society of India Bulletin 10.
170. SHARPTON, V.L. & WARD, RD. (eds) 1990. Global catastrophes in earth history. Geological Society of America Special Paper 247: 1-631.
171. SHARPTON, V.L., DALRYMPLE, G.B., MARTIN, L.E., RYDER, G., SCHUARAYTZ, B.C. & URRUTIA-FUCUGACHI, J. 1992. New links between the Chicxulub impact structure and the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 359: 819-821.
172. SHEEHAN, P.M., FASTOVSKY, D.E., HOFFMAN, R.G., BERGHAUS, C.B. & GABRIEL, D.I. 1991. Sudden extinction of the dinosaurs: latest Cretaceous, Upper Great Plains, U.S.A. Science 254: 835-839.
173. SHOEMAKER, E.M. 1983. Asteroid and comet bombardment of the Earth. Annual Review of Earth Sciences 11: 461-494.
174. SHOR, G.G. & POLLARD, D.D. 1963. Seismic invetigation of Seychelles and Saya de Malha Banks, north-west Indian Ocean. Science 142: 48-49.
175. SIGNOR, P.W. III & LIPPS, J.M. 1982. Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns, and catastrophes in the fossil record. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 291-296.
176. SLOAN, R.E., RIGBY, J.K., VAN VALEN, L.M. & GABRIEL, D. 1986. Gradual extinction and simultaneous ungulate radiation in the Hell Creek Formation. Science 232: 623-633.
177. SMIT, J. 1982. Extinction and evolution of planktonic foraminifera at the Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 329-352.
178. SMIT, J., MONTARI, A., SWINBURNE, N.H.M., HILDEBRAND, A.P., MARGOLIS, S.V., CLAEYS, P., LOWRIE, W. & ASARO, F. 1992. Tektite-bearing, deepwater clastic unit at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Mexico. Geology 20: 99-103.
179. SMIT, J., ROEP, T.B., ALVAREZ, W., MONTANARI, S. & CLAEYS, P. 1994. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of KT clastic beds in the Moscow Landing (Alabama) outcrop: evidence for impact-related earthquakes and tsunamis. Lunar and Planetary Institute Contributiom 825: 119-120.
180. SRIVASTAVA, S., MOHABEY, D.M., SAHNI, A. & PANT, S.C. 1986. Upper Cretaceous dinosaur egg clutches from Kheda District (Gujrat, India). Palaeontographica A 193: 219-233.
181. STANLEY, S.M. 1987. 'Extinction'. (W.H. Freeman: San Francisco). 242 pp.
182. STERN, R.G. 1968. The Wells Creek structure, Tennessee. Pp. 323-337. In French, B.M. & Short, N.M. (eds) 'Shock Metamorphism in Natural Minerals'. (Mono Book Corporation: Baltimore).
183. STINNESBECK, W., BARBARIN, J.M., KELLER, G., LOPEZ-OLIVA, D.G., PIVNIK, D.A., LYONS, J.B., OFFICER, C.B., ADATTE, T., GRAUP, G., ROCCHIA, R. & ROBIN, E. 1993. Depositional of channel deposits near the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Mexico: catastrophic or "normal" sedimentary deposits? Geology 21: 797-800.
184. SUBBARAO, K.V., SREENIVASA RAO, M., RAMASUBBAREDDY, N., PRASAD, C.V.R.K. & HARIHARAN, M. 1988. Pp. 199-212. In Subbarao, K.V. (ed.) 'Deccan Flood Basalts'. Geological Society of India Memoir 10, Bangalore.
185. SURLYK, F. & JOHNSON, M.B. 1984. End-Cretaceous brachiopod extinctions in the chalk of Denmark. Science 23: 1174-1177.
186. SUTHERLAND, F.L. 1994. Volcanism around K/T boundary time - its role in an impact scenario for the K/T extinction events. Earth Science Reviews 36: 1-26.
187. 39Ar ages of 65.0 million years ago from Chicxulub crater melt rock and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary tektites. Science 257: 954-958.
188. THIERSTEIN, H.R. 1982. Terminal Cretaceous plankton extinctions: a critical assessment. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 385-405.
189. THOMPSON, G. & NELSON, W.G. 1972. The petrology of oceanic crust and fracture zones in the Atlantic Ocean: evidence of a new kind of sea floor spreading. Journal of Geology 80: 526-538.
190. TSCHUDY, R.M. & TSCHUDY, B.D. 1986. Extinction and survival of plant life following the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event, western interior, North America. Geology 14: 667-670.
191. TUNNICLIFFE, V. 1991. The biology of hydrothermal vents: ecology and evolution. Marine Biology and Oceanography: an Annual Review. 29: 319-407.
192. 186Os as a cosmic versus terrestrial indicator in high iridium layers of sedimentary strata. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 243-249.
193. VANDAMME, D. & COURTILLOT, V. 1992. Palaeomagnetic constraints on the structure of the Deccan Traps. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior 74: 241-261.
194. VENKATESAN, T.R., PANDE, K. & GOPALAN, K. 1993. Did Deccan volcanism pre-date the Cretaceous/Tertiary transition? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 119: 181-189.
195. WARD, P.D., KENNEDY, W.J., MacLEOD. K.G. & MOUNT, J.F. 1991. Ammonite and inoceratid bivalve extinction patterns in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary section of the Biscay region (southwestern France, northern Spain). Geology 19: 1181-1184.
196. WATTS, A.W., GREELEY, R. & MELOSH, H.J. 1991. The formation of terrains antipodal to major impacts. Icarus 93: 159-168.
197. WEISHAMPEL, D.B, GRIGORESCU, D. & NORMAN, D.B. 1991. Dinosaurs of Transylvania: Island biogeography in the Late Cretaceous. National Geographic Research and Exploration 7(2): 196-215.
198. WEST, W.D. 1958. The petrography and petrogenesis of forty-eight flows of Deccan Trap penetrated by boring in western India. Transactions National Institute of Science, India. 4(1): 1-56.
199. WETHERILL, G.W. & SHOEMAKER, G.M. 1982. Collision of astronomically observable bodies with the Earth. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 1-13.
200. WHITE, R.S. & McKENZIE, D.P. 1989. Volcanism at rifts. Scientific American 261(1): 62-71.
201. WILHELMS, D.E. 1987. The geologic history of the moon. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper M1348: 1-293.
202. WILSON, E.O. 1992. 'The Diversity of Life'. (W.W. Norton: New York). 424 pp.
203. WOLBACH, W.S., GILMOUR, I., ANDERS, E., ORTH, C.J. & BOOK, R.R. 1988. Global fire at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nature 324: 665-669.
204. YADAGIRI, P. & AYYASAMI, K. 1979. A new stegosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous sediments of South India. Journal Geological Society of India 20: 521-530.
205. ZINSMEISTER, W.J., FELDMAN, R.M., WOODBURNE, M.O. & ELLIOT, D.H. 1989. Latest Cretaceous/earliest Tertiary transition on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Journal of Palaeontology 63: 731-738.