The Late Neogene elephantoid-bearing faunas of Indonesia and their palaeozoogeographic implications: A study of the terrestrial faunal succession of Sulawesi, Flores and Java, including evidence for early hominid dispersal east of Wallace's Line

Scripta Geologica

Volumn , Issue 117, 1999, Pages 1-388

  Van Den Bergh, Gert D ^a  

^a ROYAL NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Elephantoidea; Flores; Hominids; Islands; Java; Palaeozoogeography; Pliocene Pleistocene; Prehistory; Southeast Asia; Sulawesi; Terrestrial fauna evolution turnover

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347573977     PISSN: 03757587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (411)

1. Accordi, F.S. & M.R. Palombo, 1971. Morfologia endocranica degli elefanti nani pleistocenici di Spinagallo (Siracusa) e comparazione con l'endocranio di E. antiquus. - Accad. Naz. Lincei, Atti, Classe Sci. fis. mat. nat., Roma, 51, 1-2: 111-124.
2. Adams, A.L., 1881. Monograph on the British fossil elephants, Vol. 3. - Palaeontogr. Soc. London.
3. Agenbroad, L.D., 1990. The mammoth population of the Hot Springs Site and associated megafauna. In: L.D. Agenbroad, J.I. Mead & L.W. Nelson (eds.) Megafauna and Man: Discovery of America's Heartland. - Mammoth Site of Hot Springs (SD) Inc., Sci. Papers, 1: 32-39.
4. Aguirre, E., 1969. Evolutionary history of the elephant. - Science, 164: 1366-1376.
5. Aimi, M. & F. Aziz, 1985. Vertebrate fossils from the Sangiran dome, Mojokerto, Trinil and Sambungmacan, Indonesia. In: N. Watanabe & D. Kadar (eds.), Quaternary Geology of the Hominid bearing Formations in Java. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 4: 155-198.
6. Alexander, R.McN., A.S. Jayes, G.M.O. Maloiy & E.M. Wathuta, 1979. Allometry of the limb bones of mammals from shrews (Sorex) to elephant (Loxodonta). - J. Zool., London, 189: 305-314.
7. Ali, J.R., J. Milsom, E.M. Finch & B. Mubroto, 1996. SE Sundaland accretion: palaeomagnetic evidence of large Plio-Pleistocene thin-skin rotations in Buton. In: R. Hall & D. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia. - Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 106: 431-443.
8. Allen, H., 1991. Stegodonts and the dating of stone tool assemblages in island S.E. Asia. - Asian Perspectives, 30: 243-266.
9. Ambrosetti, P., 1968. The Pleistocene dwarf elephants of Spinogallo (Siracusa SE Sicily). - Geol. Romana, 7: 277-398.
10. Anderson, J.F., A. Hall-Martin & D.A. Russell, 1985. Long-bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. - J. Zool., London, 207: 53-61.
11. Arambourg, C., 1942. L'Elephas recki Dietrich; sa position systématique et ses affinités. - Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 5, 15: 479-495.
12. Ariëns, C.M., 1995. Vergelijkend morfologisch onderzoek van postcraniale skeletdelen van Stegodon trigonocephalus en Mammuthus primigenius. - Internal report, Natl Natuurhist. Mus., Leiden: 1-76.
13. Audley-Charles, M.G., 1975. The Sumba fracture: a major discontinuity between Eastern and Western Indonesia. - Tectonophysics, 26: 213-228.
14. Audley-Charles, M.G., 1981. Geological History of the region of Wallace's line. In: T.C. Whitmore (ed.) Wallace's Line and Plate Tectonics. - Clarendon Press, Oxford: 24-35.
15. Audley-Charles, M.G., 1985. The Sumba enigma: is Sumba a diapiric fore-arc nappe in process of formation? - Tectonophysics, 119: 435-449.
16. Audley-Charles, M.G., 1987. Dispersal of Gondwanaland: Relevance to Evolution of the Angiosperms. In: T.C. Whitmore (ed.), Biogeographical Evolution of the Malay Archipelago. -Oxford Mon. Biogeogr., 4: 5-25.
17. Audley-Charles, M.G. & D.A. Hooijer, 1973. Relation of Pleistocene migrations of pygmy stegodonts to island arc tectonics in Eastern Indonesia. - Nature, 241:197-198.
18. Auffenberg, W., 1974. Checklist of fossil land tortoises (Testudinidae). - Bull. Florida State Mus., Biol. Sci., 18: 121-251.
19. Auffenberg, W., 1980. The herpetofauna of Komodo, with notes on adjacent areas. - Bull. Florida State Mus., Biol. Sci., 25: 39-156.
20. Auffenberg, W., 1981. The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. - Univ. Press Florida, Gainesville.
21. Azzaroli, A., 1996. Processes of island colonization by terrestrial organisms. Le piccole Isole Circumsarde e il loro significato Biogeographico. - Biogeographia, 18: 33-50.
22. Aziz, F., 1990. Pleistocene mammal faunas of Sulawesi and their bearings to paleozoogeography. -PhD Thesis, Kyoto Univ.: 1-106.
23. Aziz. F., 1993. Mungkinkah Pithecanthropus pernah hidup di Flores. - Berita Geol., Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, 14: 3-8.
24. Aziz, F. & G.D. van den Bergh, 1995. A dwarf Stegodon from Sambungmacan (Central Java, Indonesia). - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., 98, 3: 229-241.
25. Badoux, D.M., 1959. Fossil mammals from two fissure deposits at Punung (Java). - Doctor's Thesis, Univ. Utrecht.: 1-151.
26. Bakker, R.T., 1986. The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction. - Morrow, New York.
27. Barber, A.J. & S. Wiryosujono, 1981. The Geology and Tectonics of Eastern Indonesia. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 2.
28. Bartstra, G.J., 1977. Walanae Formation and Walanae Terraces in the stratigraphy of South Sulawesi (Celebes, Indonesia). - Quartär, 27/28: 21-30.
29. Bartstra, G.J., 1978. Note on new data concerning the fossil vertebrates and stone tools in the Walanae Valley in South Sulawesi (Celebes). - Mod. Quat. Res. SE Asia, 4: 71-72.
30. Bartstra, G.J. & D.A. Hooijer, 1992. New finds of fossil vertebrates from Sulawesi, Indonesia. - Ultra, 35: 113-122.
31. Bartstra, G.J., D.A. Hooijer, B. Kallupa & M. Anwar Akib, 1994. Notes on fossil vertebrates and stone tools from Sulawesi, and the stratigraphy of the northern Walanae Depression. - Palaeohistoria, 33/34: 1-18.
32. Bartstra, G.J., S.G. Keates, Basoeki & B. Kallupa, 1991. On the dispersion of Homo sapiens in Eastern Indonesia: The Palaeolithic of South Sulawesi. - Current Anthropol., 32, 3: 317-321.
33. Bartstra, G.J., S. Soegondho & A. van der Wijk, 1988. Ngandong Man: age and artifacts. - Jour. Human Evol., 17: 325-337.
34. Bate, D.M.A., 1907. On elephant remains from Crete, with description of Elephas creticus n.sp. - Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 238-250.
35. Bautista, A.P., 1991. Recent Zooarchaeological Researches in the Philippines. - Jur. Arkeol. Malaysia, 4: 45-58.
36. Beden, M., 1979. Les élephants (loxodonta et elephas) d'Afrique Orientale: systématique, phylogénie, intérêt biochronologique. Volume I & II. - Doctor's Thesis, Univ. Poitiers: 1-567.
37. Behrensmeyer, A.K., 1975. The taphonomy and paleoecology of the Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages east of lake Rudolf, Kenya. - Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool. Harvard, 146: 473-578.
38. Behrensmeyer, A.K., 1983. Patterns of natural bone distribution on recent land surfaces: implications for archaeological site formation. In: J. Clutton-Brock & C. Grigson (eds.) Animals and Archaeology: 1. Hunters and Their Prey. - BAR Intern. Ser. (Oxford), 163: 93-106.
39. Belluomini, G. & J.L. Bada, 1985. Isoleucine epimerization ages of the dwarf elephants of Sicily. -Geology, 13, 7: 451-452.
40. Bellwood, P.S., 1985. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago. - Acad. Press, Australia.
41. Bemmelen, R.W. van, 1949. The Geology of Indonesia. - Government Printing Office, The Hague.
42. Berggren, W.A., D.V. Kent & J.A. van Couvering, 1985. The Neogene: part 2 Neogene geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In: N.J. Snelling (ed.) - Blackwell Sci. Publ., 10 (Mem. Publ. Geol. Soc. London): 211-250.
43. Berggren, W.A., D.V. Kent, C.S. Swisher III & M-P. Aubry, 1995. A revised Cenozoic Geochronology and Chronostratigraphy. In: W.A. Berggren, D.V. Kent, M.P. Aubry & J. Hardenbol (eds.) Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. - SEPM Spec. Publ., 54: 129-203.
44. Bergh, G.D. van den, F. Aziz, P.Y. Sondaar & S.T. Hussain, 1992. Taxonomy, Stratigraphy, and Paleozoogeography of Plio-Pleistocene Proboscideans from the Indonesian Islands. - Bull. Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Paleont., 7: 28-58.
45. Bergh, G.D. van den, F. Aziz, P.Y. Sondaar & J. de Vos, 1994. The first Stegodon fossils from Central Sulawesi and a new advanced Elephas species from South Sulawesi (Indonesia). - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung Bull., 17: 22-39.
46. Bergh, G.D. van den, B. Mubroto, P.Y. Sondaar & J. de Vos, 1996. Did Homo erectus reach the island of Flores? - Indo-Pacific Prehist. Assoc. Bull., 14 (Chiang Mai Papers, 1): 27-36.
47. Bergh, G.D. van den, P.Y. Sondaar, J. de Vos & F. Aziz, 1996. The proboscideans of the South-East Asian islands. In: J. Shoshani & P. Tassy (eds) The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. - Oxford Sci. Publ.: 240-248.
48. Bergh, G.D. van den, J. de Vos, P.Y. Sondaar & F. Aziz, 1996. Pleistocene zoogeographic evolution of Java (Indonesia) and glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations: a background for the presence of Homo. - Indo-Pacific Prehist. Assoc. Bull., 14 (Chiang Mai Papers, 1): 7-21.
49. Bergman, S.C., D.Q. Coffield, J.P. Talbot & R.A. Garrard, 1996. Tertiary tectonic and magmatic evolution of western Sulawesi and the Makassar Strait, Indonesia: evidence for a Miocene continent-continent collision. In: R. Hall & D. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia. - Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 106: 391-429.
50. Biantoro, E., B.P. Muritno & J.M.B. Mamuaya, 1992. Inversion faults as the major structural control in the northern part of the Kutai Basin, east Kalimantan. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 21th Ann. Conv.: 45-89.
51. Birdsell, J.B., 1977. The recalibration of a paradigm for the first peopling of Greater Australia. In: J. Allen, J. Golson & R. Jones (eds.) Sunda and Sahul: Prehistoric Studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. - Acad. Press, London: 113-167.
52. Bishop, W.F., 1980. Structure, Stratigraphy, and hydrocarbons offshore Southern Kalimantan, Indonesia. - Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 64: 37-58.
53. Blow, W.H., 1969. Late Middle Eocene to Recent Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy. - Proc. I Intern. Conf. Planktonic Microfossil, Geneva, 1967: 199-422 (E.J. Brill, Leiden).
54. Boer, P.L. de, A.P. Oost & M.J. Visser, 1989. The diurnal inequality of the tide as a parameter for recognizing tidal influences. - J. Sed. Petrogr., 59, 6: 912-921.
55. Borch, C.C. von der, A.E. Grady, S. Hardjoprawiro, H. Prasetyo & S. Hadiwisastra, 1983. Mesozoic and Late Tertiary submarine fan sequences and their tectonic significance, Sumba, Indonesia. -Sed. Geol., 37: 113-132.
56. Borrego, J., J.A. Morales & J.G. Pendon, 1995. Holocene estuarine facies along the mesotidal coast of Huelva, south-western Spain. In: B.W. Flemming & A. Bartholomä (eds.) Tidal Signatures in Modern and Ancient Sediments. - Spec. Publs. Int. Ass. Sed., 24: 151-170.
57. Braches, F. & R. Shutler, 1984a. Von Koenigswald's Cijulang Fauna Reconsidered. - Proc. VI Intern. Symp. Asian Studies: 831-848.
58. Braches, F. & R. Shutler, 1984b. The Philippines and Pleistocene dispersal of mammals in island southeast Asia. - Philippine Quart. Culture Soc., 12: 106-115.
59. Bransden, P.J.E. Matthews & S.J. Matthews, 1992. Structural and stratigraphic evolution of the east Java Sea, Indonesia. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 21th Ann. Conv.: 417-453.
60. Bridge, J.S. & M.R. Leeder, 1979. A simulation model of alluvial stratigraphy. - Sedimentology, 26: 617-644.
61. Bridge, J.S. & S.D. Mackey 1993. A revised alluvial stratigraphy model. In: M. Marzo & C. Puigdefabregas (eds.) Alluvial Sedimentation. - Spec. Publs. Int. Ass. Sed., 17: 319-336.
62. Brongersma, L.D. 1958. On an extinct species of the genus Varanus (Reptilia, Sauria) from the island of Flores. - Zool. Meded., 36: 113-125.
63. Brouwer, H.A., 1940. Geological Expedition of the University of Amsterdam to the Lesser Soenda Islands in Southern East Indies, 1937, Vol. II. - N.V. Noor, Hollandsche uitgevers Mij, Amsterdam.
64. Bull, W.B., 1972. Recognition of alluvial fan deposits in the stratigraphic record. In: J.K. Rigby & W.K. Hamblin (eds.) Recognition of Ancient Sedimentary Environments. - SEPM Spec.Publ., 16: 63-83.
65. Burollet, P.F. & C. Salle, 1981. Seismic reflection profiles in the Makassar Strait. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 2: 273-276.
66. Case, T.J., 1978. A general explanation for insular body size trends in terrestrial vertebrates. - Ecology, 59, 1: 1-18.
67. Cater, M.C., 1981. Stratigraphy of the offshore area south of Kalimantan, Indonesia. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 10th Ann. Conv.: 269-284.
68. Chappell, J. & N.J. Shackleton, 1986. Oxygen isotopes and sea level. - Nature 324: 137-140.
69. Charlton, T.R., A.J. Barber & S.T. Barkham, 1991. The structural evolution of the Timor collision complex, eastern Indonesia. - Jour. Struct. Geol., 13, 5: 489-500.
70. Clason, A.T., 1976. A preliminary note about the animal remains from the Leang I cave, south Sulawesi, Indonesia. - Mod. Quatern. Res. SE Asia, 3: 53-67.
71. Clift, W., 1828. On the fossil remains of two new species of Mastodon, and other vertebrated animals, found on the left bank of the Irawadi. - Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2, II, III: 369-375.
72. Coffield, D.Q., S.C. Bergman, R.A. Garrard, N. Guritno, N.M. Robinson & J. Talbot, 1993. Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Kalosi PSC area and associated development of a Tertiary petroleum system. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 22th Ann. Conv.: 679-706.
73. Colbert, E.H., 1938. Fossil mammals from Burma in the American Museum of Natural History. -Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 74: 255-436.
74. Colbert, E.H., 1943. Pleistocene vertebrates collected in Burma. - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., N.S., 32: 395-429.
75. Colbert, E.H. & D.A. Hooijer, 1953. Pleistocene mammals from the limestone fissures of Szechwan, China. - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 102: 1-134.
76. Cooke H.B.S. & S.C. Coryndon, 1970. Pleistocene mammals from the Kaiso Formation and other related deposits in Uganda. In: L.S.B. Leakey & R.J.G. Savage (eds.), Fossil vertebrates of Africa, Vol. 2. - Acad. Press, London/New York: 107-224.
77. e Congr. Panafricain Préhist. étude Quaternaire, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, I, 5: 331-387.
78. Coppens, Y., 1972. Un nouveau Proboscidien du Pliocene du Tchad, Stegodibelodon schneideri nov.gen. nov. sp., et le phylum des Stegotetrabelodontinae. - C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, D, 274: 2962-2965.
79. Coppens, Y., V.J. Maglio, C.T. Madden & M. Beden, 1978. Proboscidea. In: V.J. Maglio & H.B.S. Cooke (eds.) Evolution of African Mammals. - Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge (MA): 336-366.
80. Cranbrook, Earl of, 1981. The vertebrate faunas. In: T.C. Whitmore (ed.) Wallace's Line and Plate Tectonics. - Clarendon Press, Oxford: 57-69.
81. Cranbrook, Earl of, 1987. Riches of the Wild. Land Mammals of South-East Asia. - Oxford Univ. Press.
82. Daly, M.C., M.A. Cooper & I. Wilson, 1991. Cenozoic plate tectonics and basin evolution in Indonesia. - Marine Petroleum Geol., 8: 2-21.
83. Daly, M.C., B.G.D. Hooper & D.G. Smith, 1987. Tertiary plate tectonics and basin evolution in Indonesia. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 16th Ann. Conv.: 399-427.
84. Dam, M.A.C., 1994. The late Quaternary evolution of the Bandung Basin. - Doctor's Thesis, Fac. Earth Sci., Free Univ. Amsterdam.
85. Dammerman, K.W., 1934. On prehistoric mammals from the Sampoeng cave, Central Java. -Treubia, 14: 477-486.
86. Damuth, J., 1981. Population density and body size in mammals. - Nature, 290: 699-700.
87. Davidson, J.W., 1991. The geology and prospectivity of Buton island, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia. -Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 20th Ann. Conv.: 209-233.
88. Davies, I.C., 1990. Geological and exploration review of the Tomori PSC, eastern Indonesia. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 19th Ann. Conv.: 41-67.
89. Diamond, J.M., 1987. Did Komodo dragons evolve to eat pygmy elephants. - Nature, 326: 832.
90. DIRSP (Dutch-Indonesian Joint-Research Group on the Sedimentology and Paleontology of South Sulawesi), 1995. The geology and stratigraphy of the vertebrate-bearing deposits in the Sengkang Basin: The terrestrial faunal evolution of South Sulawesi during the Plio-Pleistocene. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 18: 1-112.
91. Djubiantono, T., 1992. Les derniers depots marins de la dépression de Solo (Java Central, Indonésie) Chronostratigraphie et paléogéographie. - Doctor's Thesis, Mus. Natl Hist. Nat., Paris.
92. Dubois, E., 1908. Das geologischer Alter der Kendeng-oder Trinil-Fauna. - Tijdschr. Kon. Ned. Aardrijksk. Genoot., 2, 25: 1235-1270.
93. Ehrat, H., 1925. Geologische mijnbouwkundige onderzoekingen op Flores. Geologische schetskaart, 1:250.000. - Jaarb. Mijnwezen Ned. Oost-Indië, Verh., 1925, II: 208-226.
94. Eisenberg, J.F., 1981. The Mammalian Radiations. - Univ. Chicago Press.
95. Eltringham, K., 1982. Elephants. - Blandford Mammal Ser. (Blandford Press, Link House, Dorset): 1-256.
96. Es, L.J.V. van, 1931. The age of Pithecanthropus. - Nijhoff, The Hague: 1-142.
97. Falconer, H., 1857. On the species of mastodon and elephant occurring in the fossil state in Great Britain. Part I. Mastodon. - Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 13: 307-360.
98. Falconer, H., 1868. Paleontological memoirs and notes of the late Hugh Falconer with a biographical sketch of the author. - Hardwicke, London.
99. Falconer, H. & P.T. Cautley, 1846. Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, being the Fossil Zoology of the Sewalik Hills in the North of India (plates only). - Smith, Elder, London.
100. Fay, H., 1982. Ecology and biology of the Pacific Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger. - North Amer. Fauna, 74: 104-127 (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service).
101. Fisher, D.C., 1996. Extinctions of Proboscideans in North America. In: J. Shoshani & P. Tassy (eds.) The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. - Oxford Univ. Press: 296-315.
102. Flügel, E., 1978. Mikrofazielle Untersuchungsmethoden von Kalken. - Springer Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York.
103. Folk, R.L., 1968. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. - Hemphill Publ., Austin (TX).
104. Fooden, J., 1969. Taxonomy and evolution of the monkeys of Celebes. - Biblioth. Primat., 10: 1-148.
105. Fooden, J., 1991. New perspectives on macaque evolution. In: A. Ehara (ed.) Primatology Today. -Elsevier Sci. Publ. B.V., Amsterdam: 1-7.
106. Fortelius, M., 1985. Ungulate cheek teeth: developmental, functional, and evolutionary interrelations. - Acta Zool. Fennica, 180: 1-76.
107. Fortuin, A.R. & M.E.M. de Smet, 1991. Rates and magnitudes of late Cenozoic vertical movements in the Indonesian Banda Arc and the distinction of eustatic effects. In: D.I.M. Macdonald (ed.) Sedimentation, Tectonics and Eustasy. - Spec. Publs. Int. Ass. Sed., 12: 79-89.
108. Fortuin, A.R., M.E.M. de Smet, S. Hadiwasastra, L.J. van Marle, S.R. Troelstra & S. Tjokrosapoetro, 1990. Late Cenozoic sedimentary and tectonic history of Buton, Indonesia. - Jour. SE Asian Earth Sci., 4: 107-124.
109. Fullagar, R.K.L., D.M. Price & L.M. Head, 1996. Early occupation of northern Australia: archaeology and thermoluminescence dating of Jinmium rock-shelter, Northern Territory. - Internet Archaeol.
110. Garrard, R.A., J.B. Supandjono & Surono, 1988. The geology of the Banggai-Sula microcontinent, eastern Indonesia. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 17th Ann. Conv.: 23-52.
111. Gastaldo, R.A., G.P. Allen & A.-Y Huc, 1995. The tidal character of fluvial sediments of the modern Mahakam River delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: B.W. Flemming & A. Bartholomä (eds.) Tidal Signatures in Modern and Ancient Sediments. - Spec. Publs. Int. Ass. Sed., 24: 171-181.
112. Gaudry, A., 1888. Les Ancêstres de nos Animaux dans les Temps Géologiques. - J.-B. Baillière et fils, Paris.
113. George, W., 1981. Wallace And His Line. In: T.C. Whitmore (ed.) Wallace's Line and Plate Tectonics. - Clarendon Press, Oxford: 3-8.
114. Gifford, D.P. & A.K. Behrensmeyer, 1977. Observed formation and burial of a recent human occupation site in Kenya. - Quatern. Res., 8: 245-266.
115. Glover, I., 1981. Leang Burung 2: an upper palaeolithic rock shelter in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. -Mod. Quat. Res. SE Asia, 6: 1-38.
116. Gould, S.J., 1975. On the scaling of tooth size in mammals. - Amer. Zool., 15: 351-362.
117. Grainge, A.M. & K.G. Davies, 1983. Reef Exploration in the East Sengkang Basin, Sulawesi. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 12th Ann. Conv.: 207-227.
118. GRDC-JICA Joint Study Team on the Geology of Quaternary Environment, 1995. Geology of Quaternary Environment of the Solo-Madiun Area, Central-East Jawa. In: Sudijono, K. Mano & R. Wikarno (eds.) - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 17: 1-128.
119. Gremmen, W.H.E., 1990. Palynological investigations in the Danau Tempe Depression, southwest Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia. - Mod. Quat. Res. SE Asia, 11: 123-134.
120. Groves, C.P., 1976. The origin of the mammalian fauna of Sulawesi (Celebes). - Z. Säugetierk., 41: 201-216.
121. Groves, C.P., 1981. Ancestors for the pigs: taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Sus. - Res. School Pacific Studies Austr. Nat. Univ., Techn. Bull., 3: 1-96.
122. Groves, C.P., 1984. Mammal faunas and the Palaeogeography of the Indo-Australian Region. In: P. Andrews & J.L. Franzen (eds.) The Early Evolution of Man with special Emphasis on Southeast Asia and Africa. - Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg, 69: 267-273.
123. Groves, C.P., 1985. Plio-Pleistocene mammals in island southeast Asia. - Mod. Quat. Res. SE Asia, 9: 43-54.
124. Haar ter, 1934. Unpublished report. - Kwartaalverslag Dienst Mijnbouw Ned. Indië, Juli 1934.
125. Haile, M.S., 1981. Paleomagnetism of southeast and east Asia. - Am. Geophys. Union., Geodyn. Ser., 2: 129-135.
126. Hall, R., 1996. Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia. In: R. Hall. & D.J. Blundell (eds) Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia. - Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 106: 153-184.
127. Hamilton, W., 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian Region. - U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 1078: 1-345.
128. Haq, B.U., 1991. Sequence stratigraphy, sea-level change, and significance for the deep sea. - Spec. Publ Int. Assoc. Sed., 12: 3-39.
129. Hardjasasmita, H.S., 1987. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Suidae (Mammalia) in Indonesia. -Scripta Geol., 85: 1-116.
130. Harington, C.R., W. Anderson & C.G. Rodrigues, 1993. Pleistocene walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) from Forteau, Labrador. - Geogr. phys. Quaternaire, 47, 1: 111-118.
131. Hartono, H.M.S., 1961. Geological investigation at Ola Bula, Flores. - Djawatan Geol., Bandung, internal report: 1-41.
132. Haynes, G., 1985. On watering holes, mineral licks, death, and predation. In: J. Mead & D. Meltzer (eds.). Environments and Extinctions: Man in Late Glacial North America. - Center Study Early Man, Orono, ME: 53-71.
133. Haynes, G., 1987. Proboscidean die-offs and die-outs: Age profiles in fossil collections. - J. Archaeol. Sci., 14: 659-668.
134. Haynes, G., 1991a. Noncultural modifications to mammalian bones in sites of mass death and serial predation. - Anthropologie, 29, 3: 151-156.
135. Haynes, G., 1991b. Mammoths, mastodonts and elephants, biology, behaviour, and the fossil record. - Cambridge Univ. Press: 1-413.
136. Heaney, L.R., 1985. Zoogeographic evidence for Middle and Late Pleistocene land bridges to the Philippine islands. - Mod. Quat. Res. SE Asia, 9: 127-143.
137. Heekeren, H.R. van, 1957a. The stone age of Indonesia. - Verh. Kon. Inst. Taal-Land-Volkenkunde, 21: 1-141.
138. Heekeren, H.R. van, 1957b. Notes on prehistoric Flores. - Madjalah untuk ilmu bahasa, ilmu bumi dan kebudajaan Indonesia, 85, 4: 455-77.
139. Heekeren, H.R. van, 1958. The Tjabenge flake industry from South Celebes. - Asian Perspectives, 2: 77-81.
140. Heekeren, H.R. van, 1972. The Stone Age of Indonesia, 2nd revised edition. - Verh. Kon. Inst. Taal-Land- Volkenkunde, 61.
141. Hoen, C.W.A.P.'t & K.G.J. Ziegler, 1917. Verslag over de resultaten van geologisch-mijnbouwkundige opsporingen in Zuid-west Celebes. - Jaarb. Mijnw. Ned. Oost-Indië, 44: 234-335.
142. Holloway, N.H., 1982. North Palawan Block, Philippines - Its relation to Asian mainland and role in evolution of South China Sea. - Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 66, 9: 1355-1383.
143. Homewood, P.W. & P.A. Allen, 1981. Wave-, tide-, and current controlled sandbodies of Miocene Molasse, western Switzerland. - Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol. Bull., 65: 2534-2545.
144. Hooijer, D.A., 1948a. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. I. Celebochoerus heekereni nov. gen. nov. spec. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., 51, 8: 1024-1032.
145. Hooijer, D.A., 1948b. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. II. Testudo margae nov. spec. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., 51, 9: 1169-1182.
146. Hooijer, D.A., 1948c. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. III. Anoa depressicornis (Smith) subsp., and Babyrousa babyrussa beruensis nov. subspec. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., 51, 9: 1322-1330.
147. Hooijer, D.A., 1949. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. IV. Archidiskodon celebensis nov.spec. -Zool. Meded., 30: 205-26.
148. Hooijer, D.A., 1950. Man and other mammals from Toalian sites in south-western Celebes. - Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 2, 46: 1-164.
149. Hooijer, D.A., 1952. Palaeoloxodon cf. namadicus (Falconer et Cautley) from Borneo. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., B, 55: 395-398.
150. Hooijer, D.A., 1953a. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. V. Lower molars of Archidiskodon celebensis Hooijer. - Zool. Meded., 31: 311-18.
151. Hooijer, D.A., 1953b. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. VI. Stegodon spec. - Zool. Meded., 32: 107-12.
152. Hooijer, D.A., 1953c. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. VII. Milk molars and premolars of Archidiskodon celebensis Hooijer. - Zool. Meded., 32: 221-30.
153. Hooijer, D.A., 1954a. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. VIII. Dentition and skeletton of Celebochoerus heekereni. - Zool.Verh., 24: 3-46.
154. Hooijer, D.A., 1954b. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. IX. Elasmobranchii. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., B, 57: 475-485.
155. Hooijer, D.A., 1954c. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. X. Testudinata. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., B, 57: 486-489.
156. Hooijer, D.A., 1954d. A Pygmy Stegodon from the Middle Pleistocene of Eastern Java. - Zool. Meded., 33: 91-102.
157. Hooijer, D.A., 1954e. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. XI. Molars and a tusked mandible of Archidiskodon celebensis Hooijer. - Zool. Meded., 33: 103-120.
158. Hooijer, D. A., 1954f. Crocodilian remains from the Pleistocene of Celebes. - Copeia, 4: 263-266.
159. Hooijer, D.A., 1955a. Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley) from the Tatrot zone of the Upper Siwaliks. - Leidsche Geol. Meded., 20: 110-119.
160. Hooijer, D.A., 1955b. Fossil Proboscidea from the Malay Archipelago and India. - Zool. Verh., 28: 1-146.
161. Hooijer, D.A., 1957a. A Stegodon from Flores. - Treubia, 24: 119-29.
162. Hooijer, D.A., 1957b. Three new giant prehistoric rats from Flores Lesser Sunda Islands. - Zool. Meded., 35: 299-313.
163. Hooijer, D.A. 1958. An early Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Bethlehem. - Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., Geol., 3, 8: 265-292.
164. Hooijer, D.A., 1960. A Stegodon from Israel. - Bull. Res. Council Israel, 9G: 104-107.
165. Hooijer, D.A., 1961. Middle Pleistocene mammals from Latamne, Orontes Valley, Syria. - Extr. Ann. Archéol. Syrie, 11: 117-132.
166. Hooijer, D.A., 1963. Miocene mammalia of Congo. - Ann. Mus. roy. Congo belge, ser. in-18, Sci. Géol., 46: 1-77.
167. Hooijer, D.A. 1964a. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. XII. Notes on pygmy Stegodonts. - Zool. Meded., 40: 37-44.
168. Hooijer, D.A. 1964b. New records of mammals from the Middle Pleistocene of Sangiran, Central Java. - Zool. Meded., 40: 73-87.
169. Hooijer, D.A. 1964c. On two milk molars of a pygmy stegodont from Ola Bula, Flores. - Bull. Geol. Surv. Indon., 1: 49-52.
170. Hooijer, D.A., 1967a. Indo-Australian insular elephants. - Genetica, 38: 143-162.
171. Hooijer, D.A., 1967b. Mammalian remains from Liang Toge, Flores. Appendix II. In: T. Jacob, Some Problems Pertaining to the Racial History of the Indonesian Region. - Doctor's Thesis, Univ. Utrecht.
172. Hooijer, D.A., 1969a. The Stegodon from Timor. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., B, 72: 201-10.
173. Hooijer, D.A., 1969b. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. XIII. Sus celebensis Mueller et Schlegel, 1845. - Beaufortia, 222: 215-218.
174. Hooijer, D.A., 1971. A giant land tortoise, Geochelone atlas (Falconer et Cautlay), from the Pleistocene of Timor. I & II. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., B, 74: 504-525.
175. Hooijer, D.A., 1972a. Stegodon trigonocephalus florensis Hooijer and Stegodon timorensis Sartono from the Pleistocene of Flores and Timor. I & II. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., B, 75: 12-33.
176. Hooijer, D.A., 1972b. Pleistocene vertebrates from Celebes. XIV. Additions to the Archidiskodon -Celebochoerus fauna. - Zool. Meded., 46: 1-16.
177. Hooijer, D.A., 1972c. Varanus (Reptilia, Sauria) from the Pleistocene of Timor. - Zool. Meded., 47: 445-448.
178. Hooijer, D.A., 1974. Elephas celebensis (Hooijer) from the Pleistocene of Java. - Zool. Meded., 48: 85-93.
179. Hooijer, D.A., 1975. Quaternary mammals west and east of Wallace's line. - Netherl. J. Zool., 25: 46-56.
180. Hooijer, D.A., 1981. What, if anything new, is Stegodon sumbaensis Sartono? - Mod. Quat. Res. SE Asia, 6: 89-90.
181. Hooijer, D.A., 1982a. Premolars of Elephas planifrons Falconer et Cautley from the Pleistocene of Java. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., B, 85: 265-272.
182. Hooijer, D.A., 1982b. The extinct giant land tortoise and the pygmy stegodont of Indonesia. - Mod. Quat. Res. SE Asia, 7: 171-176.
183. Hopwood, A.T., 1935. Fossil Proboscidea from China. - Palaeont. Sinica, C, 9: 1-108.
184. Hopwood, A.T., 1939. The mammalian fossils. In: O'Brien, T.P. (ed.) The Prehistory of Uganda Protectorate. - Cambridge Univ. Press: 308-316.
185. Hussain, S.T., G.D. van den Bergh, K.J. Steensma, J.A. de Visser, J. de Vos, M. Arif, J. van Dam, P.Y. Sondaar & S.B. Malik, 1992. Biostratigraphy of the Plio-Pleistocene continental sediments (Upper Siwaliks) of the Mangla-Samwal Anticline, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., 95, 1: 65-80.
186. Hutchison, C.S., 1988. Stratigraphic-tectonic model for eastern Borneo. - Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull., 22: 135-151.
187. Huxley, T.H., 1869. An introduction to the classification of animals. - Churchill, London.
188. Hyodo, M., N. Watanabe, W. Sunata, E.E. Susanto & H. Wahyono, 1993. Magnetostratigraphy of Hominid Fossil Bearing Formations in Sangiran and Mojokerto, Java. - Anthropol. Sci., 101, 2: 157-186.
189. Irwin, G., 1992. The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific. - Cambridge Univ. Press.
190. Itihara, M., D. Sudijono, T. Kadar, H. Shibasaki, S. Kumai, F. Yoshikawa, Aziz, T. Soeradi, Wikarno, A.P. Kadar, F. Hasibuan & Y. Kagemori, 1985. Geology and stratigraphy of the Sangiran area. In: N. Watanabe & D. Kadar (eds.), Quaternary Geology of the Hominid Fossil Bearing Formations of Java. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 4: 11-43.
191. Jacob, T., 1967. Some Problems Pertaining to the Racial History of the Indonesian Region. - Doctor's Thesis, Univ. Utrecht: 1-162.
192. Jacob, T., R.P. Soejono, L.G. Freeman & F.H. Brown, 1978. Stone Tools from Mid-Pleistocene Sediments in Java. - Science, 202: 885-887.
193. Janensch, W., 1911. Die Proboscidier-Schaedel der Trinil-Expeditions-Sammlung. In: L. Selenka & M. Blanckenhorn (eds.), Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. - Leipzig, Engelmann: 151-195.
194. Janis, C.M., 1986. An estimation of Tooth Volume and Hypsodonty Indices in Ungulate Mammals, and the Correlation of these factors with Dietary Preference. In: D.E. Russell, J.-P. Santoro & D. Sigogneau-Russell (eds.) Teeth Revisited: Proc. VII Int. Symp. Dental Morphology, Paris, 1986. -Mem. Mus. natl Hist. nat., Paris, C, 53: 367-387.
195. Johansson, C.E., 1976. Structural studies of frictional sediments. - Geogr. Ann., 58: 201-300.
196. Johnson, D.L., 1978. The origin of island Mammoths and the Quaternary Land Bridge History of the Northern Channel Islands, California. - Quatern. Res., 10: 204-225.
197. Kaars, W.A. van der, 1991. Palynology of eastern Indonesian marine piston cores. A Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic record for Australasia. - Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol., 85: 239-302.
198. Kaars, W.A. van der & M.A.C. Dam 1994. Palynology of Bandung basin sediments. In: M.A.C. Dam, The Late Quaternary evolution of the Bandung Basin, West-Java, Indonesia. - Doctor's Thesis, Free Univ. Amsterdam: 173-186.
199. Kadar, A.P., T. Shibasaki & F. Aziz, 1985. Bukuran site. In N. Watanabe & D. Kadar (eds.) Quaternary Geology of the Hominid Fossil Bearing Formations of Java. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 4: 75-77.
200. Kalb, J.E. & D.J. Froehlich, 1995. Interrelationships of Late Neogene Elephantoids: new evidence from the middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia. - Géobios, 28, 6: 727-736.
201. Kalb, J.E., D.J. Froehlich & G.L. Bell, 1996. Phylogeny of African and Eurasian Elephantoidea of the late Neogene. In: J. Shoshani & P. Tassy (eds.) The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. - Oxford Univ. Press: 101-117.
202. Kalb, J.E. & A. Mebrate, 1993. Fossil elephantoids from the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia. - Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 83, 1: 1-114.
203. Kamei, T., 1981. Faunal succession of Pleistocene Mammals in the Japanese Islands: an aspect. -Quartärpaläontologie, 4: 165-174.
204. Kamei, T, Y. Kawamura & H. Taruno, 1988. Mammalian stratigraphy of the Late Neogene and Quaternary in the Japanese Islands. - Daiyonki Kenkyu (Quatern. Res.), 30: 181-204 (in Japanese with English abstract).
205. Kamiya H., 1995. Succession of the paleo-lake Biwa and its proboscidean fossils. - Int. Symp. Biogeogr. Vertebrates in Indonesian islands and adjacent area, Kashiwa, Japan, 1995, abstract.
206. Kamiya H. & H. Taruno, 1986. Tooth structure in Stegolophodon, Eostegodon and Stegodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia): their phylogenetic relation. In: D.E. Russel, J.-P. Santoro & D. Sigogneau-Russel (eds.) Teeth Revisited: Proc. VII Int. Symp. Dental Morphology, Paris, 1986. - Mém. Mus. natl
207. Katili, J.A., 1978. Past and present geotectonic position of Sulawesi, Indonesia. - Tectonophysics, 45: 289-322.
208. Keates, S.G. & G.J. Bartstra, 1994. Island migration of early modern Homo sapiens in southeast Asia: the artifacts from the Walanae Depression, Sulawesi, Indonesia. - Palaeohistoria, 33/34: 19-30.
209. Kemmerling, G.G.L., 1929. Vulkanen van Flores. - Vulkan. Seismol. Meded., 10: 103-120.
210. Klerk, L.G. de, 1983. Zeespiegels, riffen en kustvlakten in Zuidwest Sulawesi, Indonesië; a morphogenetisch-bodemkundige studie. - Utrechtse Geogr. Studies, 27: 1-172.
211. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1933. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der fossilen Wirbeltiere Javas I. Teil. - Wet. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Ned.-Indië, 23: 1-127.
212. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1934. Zur stratigraphie des javanischen Pleistocän. - Ingenieur Ned.-Indië, 1, 4: 185-201.
213. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1935a. Die fossilen Säugetierfaunen Javas. - Proc. Kon. Akad. Wet, 38: 188-198.
214. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1935b. Eine fossile Säugetierfauna mit Simia aus Südchina. - Proc. Kon. Akad. Wet., 38: 872-879.
215. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1935c. Bemerkungen zur fossilen Säugetierfauna Javas. I. - Ingenieur Ned.-Indië, 2, 7: 67-70.
216. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1935d. Bemerkungen zur fossilen Säugetierfaunas Javas. II. - Ingenieur Ned.-Indië, 10: 85-88.
217. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1940. Neue Pithecanthropus-Funde 1936-1938, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Praehominiden. - Wet. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Ned.-Indië, 28: 1-233.
218. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1951. Ein Elephant der planifrons-Gruppe aus dem Pliocaen West-Javas. -Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae, 43: 268-274.
219. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1956. Fossil Mammals from the Philippines. - Proc. IV Far-Eastern Prehistory Congr., Quezon City: 1-24.
220. Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, 1957. A tektite from the island of Flores (Indonesia). - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., D, 39: 44-46.
221. Koesoemadinata, S., Y. Noya & D. Kadarisman, 1981. Preliminary geological map of the Ruteng Quadrangle, Nusa Tenggara (1:250.000). - Geol. Res. Developm. Center, Bandung.
222. Konishi, S., 1996. Morphological features on the mandible of Stegodon aurorae. In: Y. Kozawa (ed.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biogeography of vertebrates in Indonesian islands and adjacent areas; Kashiwa, Japan, 1995. - Odontology (Assoc. Comparative Odontology, Terajima cultural Hall Foundation, Japan), 1: 46-47.
223. Kozawa, Y., H. Mishima & T. Sakae, 1986. Development of the Elephant Molar and the Evolution of its Enamel Structure. In: D.E. Russell, J.-P. Santoro & D. Sigogneau-Russell (eds.) Teeth Revisited: Proc. VII Intern. Symp. Dental Morphology, Paris, 1986. - Mém. Mus. natl Hist. nat. Paris, C, 53: 125-131.
224. Kretzoi, M., 1950. Stegoloxodon nov. gen., a loxodonta elefantok estleges azsiai ose. - Földtani Kozlony, 80: 405-8.
225. Kusbini & Najamuddin, 1991. Rinkasan laporan penyelidikan airtanah dengan metoda pendugaan geolistrik dan pemboran eksplorasi kapupaten dati II Wajo. - Bidang Geol. Sumberdaya Miner. Kanwil depart. pertambangan energi propinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Internal Report.
226. Kuss, S.E., 1966. Beitrage zur pleistozänen-Fauna der Insel Kreta. I. Die von Bate 1904 gesammelten Elefanten- und Cerviden-Reste. - Ber. Naturf. Gesell. Freiburg im Breisgau, 56, 2: 169-181.
227. Kuss, S.E., 1973. Die Pleistozäne Säugetierfaunen der ostmediterranen Inseln. - Ber. Naturf. Gesell. Freiburg im Breisgau, 63, 2: 49-71.
228. Kusuma, I. & T. Darin, 1989. The hydrocarbon potential of the lower Tanjung Formation, Barito Basin, SE Kalimantan. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 18th Ann. Conv.: 107-138.
229. Laws, R.M., 1966. Age criteria for the African elephant Loxodonta africana. - East African Wildlife Journal, 4: 1-37.
230. Leeder, M.R., 1982. Sedimentology Process and Product. - G. Allen & Unwin, London.
231. Leeuwen, Th.M. van, 1981. The geology of southwest Sulawesi with special reference to the Biru Area. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 2: 277-304.
232. Leinders, J.J.M., F. Aziz, P.Y. Sondaar, & J. de Vos, 1985. The age of hominid-bearing deposits of Java: State of the art. - Geol. & Mijnbouw, 64: 167-73.
233. Letouzey, J., P. Werner & A. Marty, 1990. Fault reactivation and structural inversion. Backarc and intraplate compressive deformations. Example of the eastern Sunda shelf (Indonesia). - Tectonophysics, 183: 341-362.
234. Lister, A. & P. Bahn, 1994. Mammoths. - Macmillan, New York.
235. Lister, A.M. & K.A. Joysey, 1992. Scaling effects in elephant dental evolution - the example of Eurasian Mammuthus. In: P. Smith & E. Tchernov (eds.). Structure, Function and Evolution of Teeth. - Freund Publ. House Ltd.: 185-213.
236. Long, V. The, 1996. A fossil mammal fauna of Vietnam (Lang Trang Caves) compared with fossil and recent mammal faunas of southeast Asia. - Indo-Pacific Prehist. Assoc. Bull., 14 (Chiang Mai Papers, 1).
237. Lydekker, R., 1876. Description of a cranium of Stegodon ganesa, with notes on the subgenus and allied forms. - Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 9: 42-49.
238. Lyman, R.L., 1987. On the Analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Profiles: Sample Size, Mortality Type, and Hunting Pressure. - Amer. Antiquity, 52: 125-142.
239. Lyman, R.L., 1989. Taphonomy of Cervids Killed by the May 18, 1980, Volcanic Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, U.S.A. In: Bone Modification. - Thompson-Shore Inc., Dexter, MI: 149-167.
240. Maarel, F.H. van der, 1932. Contributions to the knowledge of the fossil mammalian fauna of Java. -Wet. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Ned.-Indië, 15: 1-208.
241. Maglio, V.J., 1970. Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene boundary of Northwestern Kenya. - Breviora, 341:1-43.
242. Maglio, V.J., 1973. Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. - Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., N.S., 63, 3: 1-149.
243. Maglio, V.J. & Q.B. Hendey, 1970. New evidence relating to the supposed stegolophodont ancestry of the Elephantidae. - South African Archaeol. Bull., 25: 85-87.
244. Maglio, V. J. & B. Ricca, 1978. Dental and skeletal morphology of the earliest elephants. - Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., 1, 29: 1-51.
245. Mammerickx, J., R.L. Fisher, F.J. Emmel & S.M. Smith, 1976. Bathymetry of the east and southeast Asian seas. - Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., La Jolla.
246. Mankinen, E.A. & G.B. Dalrymple, 1979. Revised geomagnetic polarity time scale for the interval 0-5 m.y. B.P. - J. Geoph. Res., 84, B2: 615-626.
247. Maringer, J. & Th. Verhoeven, 1970. Die Steinartefakte aus der Stegodon-Fossilschicht von Mengeruda auf Flores, Indonesien. - Anthropos, 65: 229-247.
248. Martin, K., 1884. Ueberreste vorweltlicher Proboscidier von Java und Bangka. - Jaarb. Mijnw. Ned. Indië, 1884: 285-308.
249. Martin, K., 1887. Fossile Saugethierreste von Java und Japan. - Jaarb. Mijnw. Ned. Oost Indië, Wet. Ged., XVI, Palaeont. Ned.-Indië, 21: 1-45.
250. Martinson, D.H., N.G. Pisias, J.D. Hays, J. Imbrie, T.C. Moore & N.J. Shackleton, 1987. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. - Quatern. Res., 27: 1-29.
251. Matsu'ura, S., 1985. A consideration of the stratigraphic horizons of hominid finds from Sangiran by the fluorine method. In: N. Watanabe & D. Kadar (eds.) Quaternary Geology of the Hominid Bearing Formations in Java. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 4: 359-366.
252. McCaffrey, R., 1996. Slip partioning at convergent plate boundaries of SE Asia. In: R. Hall & D. Blundell (eds.), Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia. - Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 106: 3-18.
253. Medway, Lord, 1972. Stegolophodon lydekkeri Osborn: a reassessment. - Sarawak Mus. Jour., N.S., 20: 339-354.
254. Medway, Lord, 1979. The Niah Excavations and an Assessment of the Impact of Early Man on Mammals in Borneo. - Asian Perspectives, 20, 1: 51-69.
255. Metz-Muller, F., 1995. Mise en évidence d'une variation intra-spécifique des caractères dentaires chez Anancus arvernensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) du gisement de Dorkovo (Pliocène ancien de Bulgarie, Biozone MN14). - Géobios, 28, 6: 737-743.
256. Middleton, G.V., 1990. A short historical review of clastic tidal sedimentology. In: D.G. Smith, G.E. Reinson, B.A. Zaitlin & R.A. Rahmani (eds.) Clastic Tidal Sedimentology. - Canad. Soc. Petrol. Geol., Mem., 16: ix-xv.
257. Mol, D., G.D. van den Bergh & J. de Vos, 1999. Fossil Proboscideans from The Netherlands, The North Sea and The Eastern Scheldt Estuary. In: G. Haynes, J. Klimowicz & J.W.F. Reumer (eds.) Mammoths and the Mammoth Fauna: Studies of an Extinct Ecosystem. - Deinsea, 6: 119-145.
258. Mol, D., J. de Vos, G.D. van den Bergh & P.Y. Sondaar, 1996. The taxonomy and ancestry of fossil elephants of Crete; faunal turnover and a comparison with proboscidean faunas of Indonesian islands. In: D.S. Reese (ed.) Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and Its First Settlers. -Mon. World Archaeol., 28: 81-98.
259. Moolengraaff, G.A.F., 1922. De Zeeën van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië. Geologie. - Kon. Ned. Aardrijksk. Genoot.: 272-357.
260. Morley, R.J. & J.R. Flenley, 1987. Late Cainozoic vegetational and environmental changes in the Malay Archipelago. In: T.C. Whitmore (ed.), Biogeographic Evolution of the Malay Archipelago. -Oxford Mon. Biogeogr., 4: 50-59.
261. Morwood, M.J., 1995. A preliminary report on stone material from Mata Menge, west central Flores, Indonesia. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, internal report.
262. Morwood, M.J., F. Aziz, G.D. van den Bergh, P.Y. Sondaar & J. de Vos, 1997. Stone artefacts from the 1994 excavation at Mata Menge, west central Flores, Indonesia. - Austral. Archaeol., 44: 26-34.
263. Morwood, M.J., P. O'Sullivan, F. Aziz, & A. Raza, 1998. Fission track age of stone tools and fossils on the East Indonesian Island of Flores. - Nature, 392 (12 March): 173-176.
264. Movius, H., 1944. Early man and Pleistocene stratigraphy in southern and eastern Asia. - Papers Peab. Mus. Am. Mus. Archaeol. Eth. Harvard Univ., 19: 1-125.
265. Mubroto, B., J.C. Briden, E. McClelland & R. Hall, 1994. Paleomagnetism of the Balantak ophiolite, Sulawesi. - Earth Planetary Sci. Letters, 125: 193-209.
266. Mubroto, B., Suminto & J. Kimura, 1995. Paleomagnetic analysis of sediments of the Kedung Brubus area. In: Sudijono, K. Mano & R. Wikarno (eds.) Geology of Quaternary Environment of the Solo-Madiun Area, Central-East Java. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 17: 100-104.
267. Musser, G.G., 1981. The giant rat of Flores and its relatives east of Borneo and Bali. - Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 169: 69-175.
268. Musser, G.G., 1987. The mammals of Sulawesi. In: T.C. Whitmore (ed.) Biogeographical evolution of the Malay Archipelago. - Clarendon Press, Oxford: 73-93.
269. Nio, S.-D. & C.-S. Yang, 1990. Diagnostic attributes of clastic tidal deposits: a review. In: D.G. Smith, G.E. Reinson, B.A. Zaitlin & R.A. Rahmani (eds.) Clastic Tidal Sedimentology. - Canad. Soc. Petrol. Geol., Mem., 16: 3-28.
270. Nishimura, S., Y. Otofuji, T. Ikeda, E. Abe, T. Yokoyama, Y. Kobayashi, S. Hadiwisatra, J. Sopohaluwakan & F. Hehuwat, 1981. Physical geology of the Sumba, Sumbawa and Flores Islands. In: A.J. Barber & S. Wiryosujono (eds.) The Geology and Tectonics of Eastern Indonesia. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 2: 105-113.
271. Nishimura, A. & S. Suparka, 1991. Tectonics of East Indonesia. - Tectonophysics, 181: 257-266.
272. Okada, H. & D. Bukry, 1980. Supplementary modification and introduction of code numbers to the low-latitude coccolith biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry 1973, 1975). - Mar. Micropal., 5: 312-323.
273. Oppenoorth, F., 1911. Arbeitsbericht ueber die Ausgrabungen. In: L. Selenka & Blanckenhorn (eds.), Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. - Engelmann, Leipzig: XXIX-XXXVIII.
274. Oppenoorth, W.F.F., 1932. Homo (Javanthropus) soloensis, een Plistoceene mensch van Java. Voorloopige Mededeeling. - Wet. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Ned.-Indië, 20: 49-75.
275. Osborn, H.F., 1910. A means of estimating the age of the mastodon and other Proboscidea. - Proc. 7th Int. Zool. Congr., Boston (MA), 1907: 782-784 (1912, separates issued in 1910).
276. Osborn, H.F., 1918. A long-jawed mastodon skeleton from South Dakota and phylogeny of the Proboscidea. - Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 29: 133-137.
277. Osborn, H.F., 1936. Proboscidea, Volume I. - Amer. Mus. Press, New York.
278. Osborn, H.F., 1942. Proboscidea, Volume II. - Amer. Mus. Press, New York.
279. Otofuji, Y, S. Sasajima, S. Nishimura, A. Dharma & F. Hehuwat, 1981b. Paleomagnetic evidence for clockwise rotation of the northern arm of Sulawesi, Indonesia. - Earth Planetary Sci. Letters, 54: 272-280.
280. Otofuji, Y., S. Sasajima, S. Nishimura, T. Yokoyama, S. Hadiwisastra & F. Hehuwat, 1981a. Paleomagnetic evidence for the paleoposition of Sumba Island, Indonesia. - Earth Planetary Sci. Letters, 52: 93-100.
281. Otsuka, H., 1984. Stratigraphic position of the Chochen vertebrate fauna of the T'ouk'oushan Group in the environs of the Chochen District, southwest Taiwan, with special references to its geologic age. - Journ. Taiwan Mus., 37: 37-56.
282. Pannekoek van Rheden, J.J., 1911. Eenige geologische gegevens omtrent het eiland Flores (with geological map 1:1.000.000). - Jaarb. Mijnw. Ned. Oost-Indië, Verh., 1911: 132-138.
283. Parkinson, C.D., 1991. The petrology, Structure and Geologic History of the Metamorphic rocks of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. - PhD Thesis, Univ. London.
284. Pei, W.C., 1987. Carnivora, Proboscidea, and Rodentia from Liucheng Gigantopithecus cave and other caves in Guangxi. - Mem. Inst. Vertebrate Paleont. Paleoanthropol., Acad. Sinica, 18: 5-119 (in Chinese with English summary).
285. Pfretzschner, H.U., 1992. Enamel microstructure and hypsodonty in large mammals. In: P. Smith & E. Tchernov (eds.) Structure Function and Evolution of Teeth. - Freund Publ. House, London/Tel Aviv: 147-162.
286. Pohlig, H., 1911. Zur Osteologie von Stegodon. In: L. Selenka & M. Blankenhorn, Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. - Engelmann, Leipzig: 196-213.
287. Potts, R., 1988. Early hominid activities at Olduvai. - A. de Gruyter, New York: 1-396.
288. Priadi, B., M. Polve, R.C. Maury, R. Soeria-Atmadja & H. Bellon, 1993. Geodynamic implications of Neogene potassic calc-alkaline magmatism in Central of Sulawesi: geochemical and isotopic constraints. - Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indonesian Assoc. Geol., 1: 59-81.
289. Radèn Salèh, 1967. Over ... fossiele beenderen van den Pandan. - Natuurk. Tijdschrift Ned. Indië, 29: 422-423.
290. Rangin, C., D. Dahrin, R. Quebral & the Modec Scientific Party, 1996. Collision and strike-slip faulting in the northern Molucca Sea (Philippines and Indonesia): preliminary results of a morphotectonic study. In: R. Hall & D. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia. - Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 106: 29-46.
291. Rangin, C., L. Jolivet, M. Pubellier & the Tethys Pacific working group, 1990. A simple model for the tectonic evolution of southeast Asia and Indonesia region for the past 43 m.y. - Bull. Soc. géol. France, VI, 6: 889-905.
292. Reese, D.S., G. Belluomini & M. Ikeya, 1996. Absolute Dates for the Pleistocene Fauna of Crete. In: D.S. Reese (ed.) Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and Its First Settlers. - Mon. World Archaeol., 28: 47-51.
293. Rensch, B., 1936. Die Geschichte des Sundabogens, eine tierbiographische Untersuchung. - Borntraeger, Berlin.
294. Roth, V.L., 1982. Dwarf mammoths from the Santa Barbara, California Channel Islands: size, shape, development and evolution. - PhD Thesis, Yale Univ.: 1-291.
295. Roth, V.L., 1984. How elephants grow: hctcrochrony and the calibration of developmental stages in some living and fossil species. - Jour. Vertebrate Paleont., 4, 1: 126-145.
296. Roth, V.L., 1989. Fabricational noise in elephant dentitions. - Paleobiology, 15, 2: 165-179.
297. Roth, V.L. 1990. Insular dwarf elephants: a case study in body mass estimation and ecological inference. In: J. Damuth & B.J. MacFadden (eds.) Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications. - Cambridge Univ. Press: 151-179.
298. Roth, V.L., 1992a. Quantitative variation in elephant dentitions: implications for the delineation of fossil species. - Paleobiology, 18, 2: 184-202.
299. Roth, V.L., 1992b. Inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands. - Oxford Surveys Evol. Biol., 8: 259-288.
300. Roth, V.L. & J. Shoshani, 1988. Dental identification and age determination in Elephas maximus. -Jour. Zool., London, 214: 567-588.
301. Ru, K. & J.D. Pigott, 1986. Episodic rifting and subsidence in the South China Sea. - Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 70: 1136-1155.
302. Saegusa, H., 1987. Cranial morphology and phylogeny of the stegodonts. - Compass, 64, 4: 221-243.
303. Saegusa, H., 1995. Phylogenetic Relationships of Stegodon and Sinomastodon (Proboscidea, mammalia) of the Mainland of East Asia. - Abstract Int. Symp. Biogeogr. Vertebrates in Indonesian Islands and adjacent Area & Comparative Anatomy of Early Hominids and other Mammals, Kashiwa, Japan, 1995.
304. Saegusa, H., 1996a. Stegodontidae: evolutionary relationships. In: J. Shoshani & P. Tassy (eds.) The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. - Oxford Univ. Press: 178-190.
305. Saegusa, H., 1996b. Sister group relationships within Elephantoidea as suggested by the occlusal direction of their teeth. - Proc. Int. Symp. Geol. Envir., Japan, 1996: 133-145.
306. Saller, A., R. Armin, L.O. Ichram & C. Glenn-Sullivan, 1992. Sequence stratigraphy of upper Eocene and Oligocene limestones, Teweh area, central Kalimantan. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 21th Ann. Conv.: 69-92.
307. Samodra, H., 1989. Kedudukan stratigrafi temuan fosil Stegodon di pulau Sangihe. - XVIII Ann. Meet. Assoc. Indonesian Geol., Yogyakarta, 1989, paper.
308. Sarasin, P. & F. Sarasin, 1901. Entwurf einer geografisch geologischen Beschreibung der Insel Celebes. - Wiesbaden.
309. Sartono, S., 1969. Stegodon timorensis: a pygmy species from Timor (Indonesia). - Proc. Kon. Akad. Wet., B, 72: 192-202.
310. Sartono, S., 1979a. The discovery of a pygmy Stegodon from Sumba, East Indonesia: an announcement. - Mod. Quatern. Res. SE Asia, 5: 57-63.
311. Sartono, S., 1979b. The age of the vertebrate fossils and artefacts from Cabenge in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. - Mod. Quatern. Res. SE Asia, 5: 65-81.
312. Sasajima, S., S. Nishimura, Y. Otofuji, K. Hirooka, Th.M. van Leeuwen & F. Hehuwat, 1981. Paleomagnetic studies combined with fission-track dating on the western arc of Sulawesi, East Indonesia. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center, Spec. Publ., 2: 305-311.
313. Schlesinger, G., 1917. Die Mastodonten des K.K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. - Denkschr. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus., 1, Geol.-Paläont. Reihe, 1: 1-230.
314. Selenka, L. & M. Blanckenhorn, 1911. Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. - Engelmann, Leipzig.
315. Sémah, A.-M., 1984. Palynology and Javanese Pithecanthropus Paleoenvironment. In: P. Andrews, & J.L. Franzen (eds.) The Early Evolution of Man with special Emphasis on Southeahst Asia and Africa. - Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg, 69: 237-243
316. Sémah, F., 1986. Le peuplement ancien de Java ébauche d'un cadre chronologique. - Anthropologie, 90: 359-400.
317. Shimizu, Y, B. Mubroto, H. Siagian & A. Untung, 1985. A paleomagnetic study in the Sangiran area. In: N. Watanabe and D. Kadar (eds.) Quaternary Geology of the Hominid Bearing Formations in Java. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 4: 275-308.
318. Shoshani, J. & J.F. Eisenberg, 1982. Elephas maximus. - Mammal. Spec., 182: 1-8.
319. Shutler, R. Jr, M.J. Head, D.J. Donahue, A.J. Jull, M.M. Barbetti, S. Matsu'ura, J. de Vos & P. Storm, 1996. Wadjak AMS bone apatite C-14 dates. - Indo-Pacific Prehist. Assoc. Bull., 14 (Chiang Mai Papers, 1).
320. Sikes, S.K., 1966. The African elephant, Loxodonta africana: a field method for the estimation of age. -Jour. Zool., London, 150: 279-295.
321. Sikes, S.K., 1967. The African elephant, Loxodonta africana: a field method for the estimation of age. -Jour. Zool., London, 154: 235-248.
322. Sikes, S.K., 1971. The natural history of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. - Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London.
323. Silver, E.A. & J.C. Moore, 1981. The Molucca Sea collision zone, Indonesia. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 2: 327-340.
324. Simandjuntak, T.O., 1992. Review of tectonic evolution of Central Indonesia. - Jurn. Geol. Sumberdaya Miner., 92: 2-18.
325. Simandjuntak, T.O. & A.J. Barber, 1996. Contrasting tectonic styles in the Neogene orogenic belts of Indonesia. In: R. Hall & D. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia. - Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 106: 185-201.
326. Simpson, G.G., 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. - Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., 85: 1-350.
327. Simpson, G.G., 1965. The Geography of Evolution. - Chilton Books, New York.
328. Simpson, G.G., 1977. Too many lines; The limits of the Oriental and Australian zoogeographic regions. - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 121: 107-120.
329. Singer, R. and D.A. Hooijer, 1958. A Stegolophodon from South Africa. - Nature 182: 101-102.
330. Situmorang, B., 1987. Seismic stratigraphy of the Makassar Basin. - Lemigas Sci. Contr.: 3-37.
331. Smith, G.A., 1987. The influence of explosive volcanism on fluvial sedimentation: The Deschutes Formation (Neogene) in central Oregon. - Jour. Sed. Petrol., 57: 613-629.
332. Smith, G. A., 1988. Sedimentology of proximal to distal volcanoclastics dispersed across an active foldbelt: Ellensburg Formation (late Miocene), central Washington. - Sedimentology, 35: 953-977.
333. Smith, G.A., 1991. Facies sequences and geometries in continental volcanoclastic sediments. In: R.V. Fisher & G.A. Smith (eds.) Sedimentation in volcanic settings. - SEPM Spec. Publ., 45: 109-121.
334. Smith, R.B. & E.A. Silver, 1991. Geology of a Miocene collission complex, Buton, eastern Indonesia. -Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 103: 660-678.
335. Soergel, W., 1912. Elephas trogontherii Pohlig und Elephas antiquus Falconer ihre Stammesgeschichte und ihre Bedeutung für die Gliederungen des deutschen Diluviums. - Palaeontographica, 60, 1-2: 1-114.
336. Soergel, W., 1914. Stegodonten aus den Kendengschichten auf Java. - Palaeontographica, suppl. IV, III: 1-24.
337. Sondaar, P.Y., 1977. Insularity and its effect on mammal evolution. In: M.K. Hecht, P.C. Goody & B.M. Hecht (eds.) Major Patterns in Vertebrate Evolution. - New York: 671-707.
338. Sondaar, P.Y., 1981. The Geochelone faunas of the Indonesian Archipelago and their paleogeographical and biostratigraphical significance. - Mod. Quaternary Res. SE Asia, 6: 111-120.
339. Sondaar, P.Y., 1984. Faunal evolution and the mammalian biostratigraphy of Java. - Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg, 69: 219-235.
340. Sondaar, P.Y., 1987. Pleistocene man and extinctions of islands endemics. - Mém. Soc. géol. France, N.S., 150: 159-165.
341. Sondaar, P.Y., 1989. Did man reach Australia via the giant rat and dingo route? - Publ. Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Paleontol., 5: 76-83.
342. Sondaar, P.Y., G.D. van den Bergh, B. Mubroto, F. Aziz, J. de Vos & U.L. Batu, 1994. Middle Pleistocene faunal turnover and colonization of Flores (Indonesia) by Homo erectus. - C. R. Ac. Sci. France, II, 319: 1255-1262.
343. Sondaar, P.Y., M. McMinn, B. Segui & J.A. Alcover, 1995. Paleontological interest of karstic deposits from the Gymnesic and Pityusic islands. - Mon. Soc. Hist. Nat. Balears, Palma de Mallorca, 3: 155-171.
344. Sondaar, P.Y., M.D. Dermitzakis & J. de Vos, 1996. The paleogeography and faunal evolution of the land mammals of Crete. In: D.S. Reese (ed.) Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and Its First Settlers. - Mon. World Archacol., 28: 61-68.
345. Steensma, K.J. and S.T. Hussain, 1992. Merycopotamus dissimilis [Artiodactyla, Mammalia] from the Upper Siwalik Subgroup and its affinities with Asian and African forms. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., 95, 1: 97-108.
346. Storm, P., 1995. The evolutionary significance of the Wajak skulls. - Scripta Geol, 110: 1-247.
347. Sudijono, K. Mano and R. Wikarno, 1995. Geology of the Quaternary Environment of the Solo-Madium Area, Central-East Java. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 17: 1-128.
348. Sukamto, R., 1975a. The structure of Sulawesi in the light of plate tectonics. - Proc. Region. Conf. Geol. Miner. Resources SE Asia, Jakarta: 1-25.
349. Sukamto, R., 1975b. Geological Map of Indonesia, sheet VIII, Ujung Pandang. scale: 1:1.000.000. -Geol. Res. Developm. Center, Bandung.
350. Sukamto, R., 1982. Geological map of the Pankajene and western part of Watampone quadrangles, Sulawesi, 1:250.000. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center, Bandung.
351. Sukamto, R. & T.O. Simandjuntak, 1983. Tectonic Relationship between geologic provinces of western Sulawesi, eastern Sulawesi and Bangai-Sula in the light of sedimentological aspects. - Bull. Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, 7: 1-12.
352. Suminto, 1991. Penelitian sedimentologi fasies sedimen klastika F. Walanae di daerah Lappariaja Sulawesi Selatan. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Internal Report.
353. Suzuki, M., Wikarno, Budisantoso, I. Saefudin & M. Itihara, 1985. Fission track Ages of Pumice Tuff, Tuff Layers and Javites of Hominid Fossil Bearing Formations in the Sangiran Area, Central Java. In: N. Watanabe & D. Kadar (eds.) Quaternary Geology of the Hominid Bearing Formations in Java. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 4: 309-357.
354. Swisher III, C.C., G.H. Curtis, T. Jacob, A.C. Getty, A. Suprijo & Widiasmoro, 1994. Age of the Earliest Known Hominids in Java, Indonesia. - Science, 263: 1118-1121.
355. Taruno, H., 1985. Genus Stegodon and genus Stegolophodon. - Bull. Osaka Mus. Nat. Hist., 38: 23-36.
356. Taruno, H., 1991. Systematic revision of genus "Parastegodon" from the Japanese Islands (Mammalia: Proboscidea). - Bull. Osaka Mus. Nat. Hist., 45: 5-16 (in Japanese, with English abstract).
357. Tassy, P., 1982. Les principales dichotomies dans l'histoire des proboscidea (mammalia): une approche phylogénétique. - Géobios, Mém. Spéc. 6: 225-245.
358. Tassy, P., 1983. Les Elephantoidea miocènes du Plateau du Potwar, Groupe de Siwalik, Pakistan. -Ann. Paléont., 69: 99-136, 317-354.
359. Tassy, P., 1988. The classification of the Proboscidea: How many cladistic classifications? - Cladistics, 4: 43-57.
360. Tassy, P., 1994. Gaps, parsimony, and early Miocene elephantoids (Mammalia), with a re-evaluation of Gomphotherium annectens (Matsumoto, 1925). - Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 112: 101-117.
361. Tassy, P., 1996. Who is who among the Proboscidea? In: J. Shoshani & P. Tassy (eds.) The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. - Oxford Univ. Press: 39-48.
362. Tassy, P., P. Anupandhanant, L. Ginsburg, P. Mein, B. Ratanasthien & V. Sutteethorn, 1992. A new Stegolophodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Northern Thailand. - Géobios, 25: 511-523.
363. Tassy, P. & P. Darlu, 1986. Analyse cladistique numérique et analyse de parcimonie; l'exemple des Elephantidae. - Géobios, 19: 587-600.
364. Tassy, P. & P. Darlu, 1987. Les Elephantidae: nouveau regard sur les analyses de parcimonie. - Géobios, 20: 487-494.
365. Tassy, P. & J. Shosani, 1988. The Tethytheria: elephants and their relatives. In: M.J. Benton (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2. - Systematics Assoc. Spec. Vol., 35B: 283-315.
366. Tchernov, E., L.K. Horwitz, A. Ronen & A. Lister, 1994. The faunal remains from Evron Quarry in relation to other Lower Paleolithic hominid sites in the southern Levant. - Quatern. Res., 42: 328-339.
367. Terra, H. de, 1943. Pleistocene Geology and Early Man in Java. - Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., N.S., 32: 437-464.
368. Theunissen, B., 1989. Eugène Dubois and the ape-man from Java; The history of the first "missing link" and its discoverer. - Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht.
369. Theunissen, B., J. de Vos, P.Y. Sondaar & F. Aziz, 1990. The establishment of a chronological framework for the hominid-bearing deposits of Java: A historical survey. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper, 242: 39-53.
370. Tjia, H.D., 1993. Quaternary paleogeography of the Indonesian Archipelago resulting from crustal movement. - Int. Conf. Human Paleoecol., Jakarta, 1993, Abstract.
371. Tobien, H., 1975. The Structure of the Mastodont Molar (Proboscidea, Mammalia) Part 2: The Zygodont and Zygobunodont Patterns. - Mainzer geowiss. Mitt., 4: 195-233.
372. Tobien, H., 1976. Zur paläontologischen Geschichte der Mastodonten (Proboscidea, Mammalia). -Mainzer geowiss. Mitt., 5: 143-225.
373. Tobien, H., 1978. An advanced Zygodont Mastodont (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Miocene of the Siwaliks of Pakistan. - Mainzer geowiss. Mitt., 7: 239-248.
374. Tobien, H., G. Chen & Y. Li, 1988. Mastodonts (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Neogene and Early Pleistocene of the People's Republic of China, part 2. - Mainzer geowiss. Mitt., 17: 1-220.
375. Tobien, H., C. Guanfang & Y. Li., 1986. Mastodonts (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Neogene and Early Pleistocene of the People's Republic of China. - Mainzer geowiss. Mitt., 15: 119-181.
376. Toepfer, V., 1957. Die Mammutfunde von Pfännerthall im Geiseltal. - Veröff. Landesmus. Vorgeschichte Halle, 16: 1-58.
377. Turkawski, S.J.J., 1988. Een reuzenschildpad van Flores (Geochelone spec.). - Internal report Univ. Utrecht: 1-22.
378. Tyrrell, W.W. & R.G. Davis, 1989. Miocene carbonate shelf margin, Bali-Flores Sea, Indonesia. In: A.W. Bally (ed.) Atlas of seismic stratigraphy. - Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Studies Geol., 27: 174-179.
379. Vail, P.R., R.M. Mitchum Jr., R.G. Todd, J.M. Widmier, S. Thompson, J.B. Sangree, J.N. Bubb & W.G. Hatlelid, 1977. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea-level, parts 1-6. In: C.E. Payton (ed.) Seismic stratigraphy - Applications to Hydrocarbon Research. - Mem. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 26: 49-133.
380. Veldkamp, A., 1991. Quaternary river terrace formation in the Allier Basin, France. - Doctor's Thesis, Agricult. Univ. Wageningen: 1-172.
381. Verdier, A.C., T. Oki & A. Suardy, 1980. Geology of the Handil Field (East Kalimantan-Indonesia) -Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem., 30: 399-421.
382. Verhoeven, Th., 1958. Neue Funde prähistorischer Fauna in Flores. - Anthropos, 53: 262-263.
383. Verhoeven, Th., 1958. Pleistozäne Funde in Flores. - Anthropos, 53: 264-265.
384. Verhoeven, Th., 1974. Overzicht van prehistorisch onderzoek op de Kleine Sunda Eilanden Flores, Sumba en Timor vanaf 1950. - Unpubl. Report.
385. Visser, M.J., 1980. Neap-spring cycles reflected in Holocene subtidal large-scale bedform deposits: a prelimanary note. - Geology, 8: 543-546.
386. Vos, J. de, 1983. The Pongo faunas from Java and Sumatra and their significance for biostratigraphical and paleo-ecological interpretations. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., B, 86: 417-425.
387. Vos, J. de, 1985. Faunal stratigraphy and correlation of the Indonesian Hominid sites. In: Delson, E. (ed.) Ancestors, the Hard Evidence. - Liss, New York: 215-220.
388. Vos, J. de, 1996. Faunal turnovers in Java in relation to faunas from the continent. In: Y. Kozawa (ed.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biogeography of vertebrates in Indonesian islands and adjacent areas; Kashiwa, Japan, 1995. - Odontology (Assoc. Compar. Odontol., Terajima cultural hall foundation, Japan), 1: 32-36.
389. Vos, J. de, S. Sartono, S. Hardja-Sasmita & P.Y. Sondaar, 1982. The fauna from Trinil, type locality of Homo erectus; a reinterpretation. - Geol. & Mijnbouw, 61: 207-211.
390. Vos, J. de & P.Y. Sondaar, 1982. The importance of the Dubois Collection reconsidered. - Mod. Quatern. Res. SE Asia, 7: 35-63.
391. Vos, J. de & P.Y. Sondaar, 1994. Dating hominid sites in Indonesia. - Science, 266: 1726-1727.
392. Vos, J. de, P.Y. Sondaar, G.D. van den Bergh & F. Aziz, 1994. The Homo bearing deposits of Java and its ecological context. - Courier Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg, 171: 129-140.
393. Vos, J. de, P.Y. Sondaar, G.D. van den Bergh & F. Aziz, in press. Dispersal and migration routes of faunas and man in SE-Asia. - Proc. III Int. Congr. Human Paleont., Israel, 1992.
394. Vrba, E.S., G.H. Denton & M.L. Prentice, 1989. Climatic Influences on Early Hominid Behavior. -Ossa, 14: 127-156.
395. Vroon, P.Z., M.J. van Bergen & E.J. Forde, 1996. Pb and Nd isotope constraints on the provenance of tectonically dispersed continental fragments in east Indonesia. In: R. Hall & D. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia. - Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 106: 445-453.
396. Wain, T. & B. Berod, 1989. The tectonic framework and paleogeographic evolution of the upper Kutei basin. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 18th Ann. Conv.: 55-78.
397. Wakita, K., J. Sopaheluwakan, K. Miyazaki, I. Zulkarnain & Munasri, 1996. Tectonic evolution of the Bantimala Complex, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: R. Hall & D. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia. - Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 106: 353-364.
398. Wallace, A.R., 1869. The Malay Archipelago. - Tynron Press (unabridged reprint 1922 edition).
399. Wasserzug, R.J., H. Yang, J.J. Sepkoski Jr. & D.M. Raup, 1979. The evolution of body size on islands: a computer simulation. - Amer. Natur., 114, 2: 287-295.
400. Watanabe, N. & D. Kadar, 1985. Quaternary Geology of the Hominid Bearing Formations in Java. -Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 4.
401. Weerd, A.A. van de & R.A. Armin, 1992. Origin and evolution of the
402. Weerd, A.A. van de, R.A. Armin, S. Mahadi & P.L.B. Ware, 1987. Geologic setting of the Kerendan gas and condensate discovery, Tertiary sedimentation and paleogeography of the northwestern part of the Kutei Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. - Proc. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 16th Ann. Conv.: 317-338.
403. Weissel, J.K., 1980. Evidence for Eocene oceanic crust in the Celebes basin. In: D.E. Hayes (ed.) The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands. - Amer. Geophys. Union, Geophys. Mon., 23: 37-47.
404. Weithofer, K.A., 1888. Einige Bemerkungen über der Proboscidier. - Morphol. Jahrb., 14: 507-516.
405. Wensink, H., 1994. Paleomagnetism of rocks from Sumba: tectonic implications since the late Cretaceous. - Jour. SE Asian Earth Sci., 9: 51-65.
406. Whitmore, T.C. (ed.), 1981. Wallace's line and plate tectonics. - Clarendon Press, Oxford: 1-88.
407. Whitmore, T.C. (ed.), 1987. Biogeographical Evolution of the Malay Archipelago. - Mon. Biogeogr., 4: 1-145.
408. Whitten, A.J., M. Mustafa & G.S. Henderson, 1988. The Ecology of Sulawesi. - Gadjah Mada Univ. Press: 1-777.
409. Wilson, M.E.J. & D.W.J. Bosence, 1996. The Tertiary evolution of South Sulawesi: a record in redeposited carbonates of the Tonasa Limestone Formation. In: R. Hall. & D.J. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia. - Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 106: 365-389.
410. Yoshikawa, S. & Suminto, 1985. Tuff layers and pumice tuff beds of the Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments in the Sangiran area. In: N. Watanabe & D. Kadar (eds.) Quaternary Geology of the Hominid Fossil Bearing Formations in Java. - Geol. Res. Developm. Center Bandung, Spec. Publ., 4: 97-104.
411. Zheng, S., W. Huang, G. Zong, X. Huang, J. Xie & Z. Gu, 1975. Huanghe Xiang. - Sci. Press, Beijing (in Chinese): 1-46.