Neogene history of the indonesian throughflow

Geophysical Monograph Series

Volumn 149, Issue , 2004, Pages 299-320

  Kuhnt, Wolfgang ^a   Holbourn, Ann ^a   Hall, Robert ^b   Zuvela, Maja ^c   Käse, Rolf ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85040107162     PISSN: 00658448     EISSN: 23288779     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1029/149GM16     Document Type: Chapter

References (117)

1. Ahmad, S. M., F. Guichard, K. Hardjawidjaksana, M. K. Adisaputra, and L.D. Labeyrie, Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the Banda Sea, Mal: Geol, 122, 385-397, 1995.
2. Ali, J. R., S. J. Roberts, and S. J. Hall, The closure of the Indo-Pacific Gateway: a new plate tectonic perspective, in Proceedings of the international workshop on Neogene evolution of Pacific Ocean gateways, edited by F. Hehuwat, E. Utomo, and A. Dharma, pp. 10-20, Nishimura, Kyoto, 1994.
3. An, Z., J. E. Kutzbach, W. L. Prell, S. C. Porter, Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the HimalayaTibetan plateau since Late Miocene times, Nature, 411, 62-66, 2001.
4. Audley-Charles, M. G., Indonesian and Philippine archipelagoes, in The Phanerozoic Geology of the World II: The Mesozoic, edited by M. Moullade, and A. E. M. Nairn, pp. 165-207, A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1978.
5. Bemis, B. E., H. J. Spero, J. Bijma, and D. W. Lea, Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera: experimental results and revised paleotemperature equations, Paleoceanography 13, 150-160, 1998.
6. Bacastov, R. B., The effect of temperature change of the warm surface waters of the oceans on atmospheric C02, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 70, 319-333, 1996.
7. Barmawidjaja, B. M., E. J. Rohling, W. A. Van der Kaars, C. Vergnaud Grazzini, and W. J. Zachariasse, Glacial conditions in the northern Molucca Sea (Indonesia). Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol, Palaeoecol, 101, 147-167, 1993.
8. Bice, K. L., C. R. Scotese, D. Seidov, and E. J. Barron, Quantifying the role of geographic change in Cenozoic ocean heat transport using uncoupled atmosphere and ocean models, Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol, Palaeoecol, 161, 295-310, 2000.
9. Bjerknes, X, Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163-172, 1969.
10. Briais, A., Patriat, P., and P. Tapponnier, Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and sea floor spreading stages in the South China Sea: implications for the Tertiary tectonics of Southeast Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6299-6328.
11. Calvert, S. J., The Cenozoic evolution of the Lariang and Karama basins, Sulawesi, Proc. Indonesian Petroleum Assoc., 27th Annual Convention, 505-511, 2000.
12. Cane, M. A., and P. Molnar, Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridif ication around 3-4 million years ago, Nature, 411, 157-162, 2001.
13. Chong, J. C, J. Sprintall, S. Hautala, W. L. Morawitz, N. A. Bray, and W. Pandoe, Shallow throughflow variability in the outflow straits of Indonesia, Geophys. Res. Lett, 27, 125-128, 2000.
14. Clark, P. U, and A. Mix, Ice sheets and sea level of the Last Glacial Maximum, Quat. Sci. Rev., 21, 1-7, 2002..
15. Cloke, I. R., J. Milsom, and D. J. B. Blundell, Implications of gravity data from east Kalimantan and the Makassar Straits: a solution to the origin of the Makassar Straits?, J. Asian Earth Sci., 17, 61-78, 1999.
16. Conkright, M., S. Levitus, T. O'Brien, T. Boyer, J. Antonov, and C. Stephens, World Ocean Atlas 1998 CD-ROM Data Set Documentation. Tech. Rep. 15, NODC Intern. Rep., Silver Spring, MD, 1998. 16pp.
17. Cresswell, G., A. Frische, J. Peterson, and D. Quadfasel, Circulation in the Timor Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C8), 14379-14389, 1993.
18. Da Silva, A., A. C. Young, and S. Levitus, Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994, Volume 1: Algorithms and Procedures. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1994.
19. De Deckker, P., N. J. Tapper, and S. Van der Kaars, The status of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and adjacent land at the Last Glacial Maximum, Global and Planetary Change, 35, 25-35, 2002.
20. Dickens, G. R., and R. M. Owens, Late-Miocene-early Pliocene manganese redirection in the central Indian Ocean: Expansion of the intermediate water oxygen minimum zone. Paleoceanography, 9, 169-181, 1994..
21. Dow, D. B., A geological synthesis of Papua New Guinea, BMR Australia, Geol. Geophys. Bull., 201, 41pp, 1977.
22. Duplessy, J.-C, L. Labeyrie, A. Juillet-Leclerc, F. Maitre, J. Duprat, and M. Sarnthein, Surface salinity reconstruction of the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial maximum, Oceanologica Acta, 74, 311-324, 1991.
23. Flower, B. P., and J. P. Kennett, Middle Miocene ocean-climate transition: high resolution oxygen and carbon isotopic records from
24. DSDP Site 588A, southwest Pacific, Paleoceanography, 8, 811-843, 1993.
25. Ganachaud, A., and C. Wunsch, Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data, Nature, 408, 453-457, 2000.
26. Gingele, F. X., P. De Deckker, and C.-D. Hillenbrand, Clay mineral distribution in surface sediments between Indonesia and NW Australia— source and transport by ocean currents, Mar. Geol, 179, 135-146, 2001.
27. Gingele, F. X., P. De Deckker, and C.-D. Hillenbrand, Late Quaternary fluctuations in the Leeuwin Current and palaeoclimates on the adjacent land masses: clay mineral evidence, Australian J. Earth Sci., 48, 867-874, 2001.
28. Godfrey J. S., The effect of the Indonesian throughflow on ocean circulation and heat exchange with the atmosphere: A review, J. Geophys. Res., 101(C5), 12217-12237, 1996.
29. Gordon, A. L., Interocean Exchange, in Ocean Circulation and Climate, edited by G. Siedler, J. Church and J. Gould, 303-314, Academic Press, 2001.
30. Gordon, A. L., and R. A. Fine, Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Indonesian Seas, Nature, 379, 146-149, 1996.
31. Gordon, A. L., R. D. Susanto, and K. Vranes, Cool Indonesian throughflow as a consequence of restricted surface layer flow, Nature, 425, 824-828, 2003.
32. Gordon, A. L., R. D. Susanto, A. Ffield, and D. Pillsbury, Makassar Strait transport: preliminary Arlindo results from MAK-1 and MAK-2, Int. WOCE Newslett, 33, 30-32, 1998.
33. Gordon, A. L., R. D. Susanto, and A. Ffield, Throughflow within Makassar Strait, Geophys. Res. Lett, 26, 3325-3328, 1999.
34. Hall, R., Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia, In Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia, edited by R. Hall and D. Blundell, Geol. Soc. Spec. Pub., 106, 153-184, 1996.
35. Hall, R., The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea, in Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia, edited by R. Hall, and J.D. Holloway, pp. 99-131, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1998.
36. Hall, R., Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations, J. Asian Earth Sci., 20, 353-434, 2002.
37. Hall, R., J. R. Ali, and C. D. Anderson, Cenozoic motion of the Philippine Sea Plate—paleomagnetic evidence from eastern Indonesia, Tectonics, 14, 1117-1132, 1995.
38. Hall, R., and M. E. J. Wilson, Neogene sutures in eastern Indonesia, J. Asian Earth Sci., 18, 787-814, 2000.
39. Hanebuth, T, K. Stattegger, and P. M. Grootes, Rapid flooding of the Sunda Shelf—a late glacial sea-level record, Science, 288, 1033-1035, 2000.
40. Hardenbol, J., J. Thierry, M. B. Farley, T. Jacquin, P.-C. De Graciansky, and P. R. Vail, Cenozoic sequence chronostratigraphy. In: Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence chronostratigraphic framework of European Basins, edited by P.-C. De Graciansky, J. Hardenbol, T. Jacquin, and P. R. Vail, SEPM Spec. Pub. 60, 3-13, Charts 1-8, 1998
41. Hautala, S. L., J. Sprintall, J. Potemra, J. C. C. C. Chong, W. Pandoe, N. Bray, and A. G. Ilahude, Velocity structure and transport of the Indonesian throughflow in the major straits restricting flow into the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 19527-19546, 2001.
42. Hautala, S., J. L. Reid, and N. Bray, The distribution and mixing of Pacific water masses in the Indonesian seas, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12375-12389, 1996.
43. Hill, K. C. and R. Hall, Mesozoic-Cainozoic evolution of Australia's New Guinea margin in a West Pacific context. In: Defining Australia: The Australian Plate, edited by Hillis, R. and R. D. Muller, Planet Earth. Geol. Soc. Australia Spec. Pub., 22 and GSA Spec. Paper, 372, 259-283, 2003.
44. Hill, K. C, and A. Raza, Arc-continent collision in Papua New Guinea: Constraints from fission track thermochronology, Tectonics, 18, 950-966, 1999.
45. Holbourn, A. E., W. Kuhnt, and M. Schulz, Orbitally paced climate variability during the middle Miocene: High resolution benthic foraminiferal stable-isotope records from the tropical western Pacific, in Continent-Ocean Interactions in the East Asian Marginal Seas, AGU Monograph, this volume.
46. Holbourn, A. E., W. Kuhnt, J. A. Simo, and Q. Li, Middle Miocene isotope stratigraphy and paleoceanographic evolution of the northwest and southwest Australian margins (Wombat Plateau and Great Australian Bight), Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol, Palaeoecol, 208, 1-22, 2004.
47. Honthaas, C, R. C. Maury, B. Priadi, H. Bellon, and J. Cotten, The Plio-Quaternary Ambon arc, eastern Indonesia, Tectonophysics, 307, 261-281, 1999.
48. Jaques, A. L., and G. P. Robinson, The continent/island-arc collision in northern Papua New Guinea, BMR J. Australian Geol. Geophys., 2, 289-303, 1977.
49. Kennett, J. P., G. Keller, and M. S. Srinivasan, Miocene planktonic foraminiferal biogeography and paleogeographic development of the Indo-Pacific region, in The Miocene Ocean: Paleoceanography and Biogeography, edited by J. P. Kennett, pp. 197-236, 1985.
50. Kienast, M., S. Steinke, K. Stattegger, and S. Calvert, Synchronous tropical South China Sea SST change and Greenland warming during deglaciation, Science, 291, 2132-2134, 2001.
51. Kiindig, E., Geology and ophiolite problems of East Celebes, Verhandelingen KoninklijkNederlands Geologisch en Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap, Geologische Serie, 75, 210-235, 1956.
52. Kuhnt, W, Holbourn, A., and Q. Zhao, The early history of the South China Sea: Evolution of Oligocene-Miocene deep water environments, Rev. de Micropaleontologie, 45, 99-159, 2002.
53. Lambeck, K., Y. Yokoyama, A. Pucell, and P. Johnston, Reply to the comment by WR. Peltier, Quat. Sci. Rev., 21, 415-118, 2002.
54. Lea, D. W, D. K. Pak, and H. J. Spero, Climate Impact of Late Quaternary Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Variations, Science, 289, 1719-1724, 2000.
55. Linthout, K., H. Helmers, and J. Sopaheluwakan, Late Miocene obduction and microplate migration around the southern Banda Sea and the closure of the Indonesian Seaway, Tectonophysics, 281, 17-30, 1997.
56. Linthout, K., H. Helmers, J. R. Wijbrans, and J. D. A. M. van Wees, 4 0Ar/3 9Ar constraints on obduction of the Seram Ultramafic Complex: consequences for the evolution of the southern Banda Sea, in Tectonic Evolution of SEAsia, edited by R. Hall, and D. J. Blundell, pp. 455-464, Geol. Soc. Spec. Pub., 106, 1996.
57. Macdonald, A. M., and C. Wunsch, An estimate of global ocean and heat fluxes, Nature, 382, 436-439, 1996.
58. Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey, A finite volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5753-5766, 1997a.
59. Marshall, J., C. Hill, L. Perelman, and A. Adcroft, Hydrostatic, quasihydrostatic and nonhydrostatic ocean modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5733-5752, 1997b.
60. Martinez, J. I., P. De Deckker, and T. T. Barrows, Palaeoceanography of the last glacial maximum in the eastern Indian Ocean: planktonic foraminiferal evidence, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol, Palaeoecol, 147, 73-99, 1999.
61. Martinez, J. I., P. De Deckker, and T. T. Barrows, Palaeoceanography of the Western Pacific Warm Pool during the Last Glacial Maximum: Long-term climatic monitoring of the Maritime Continent, in Bridging Wallace s Line edited by P. Kershaw, B. David, N. Tapper, D. Penny, and J. Brown. Advances in Geoecology 34, Catena-Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, 147-172, 2002..
62. Martinez, J. I., P. De Deckker, and A. R. Chivas, New estimates for salinity changes in the Western Pacific Warm Pool during the Last Glacial Maximum: oxygen isotope evidence, Mar. Micropaleontol, 32, 311-340, 1997.
63. McBride, J., Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Tropical Australia: the southern Hemsiphere Monsoon, in Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere, edited by Vincent, D., and D. Karoly, Am. Meterological Soc, Boston, 89-99, 1999.
64. Meyers, G., Variations of Indonesian throughflow and El Nino-Southern Oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 101(C5), 12255-12263, 1996.
65. Miller, K. G., J. M. Wright, and R. G. Fairbanks. Unlocking the Ice House: Oligocene-Miocene oxygen isotopes, eustasy, and margin erosion, J. Geophys. Res., 96, B4, 6829-6848, 1991.
66. Molcard, R., M. Fieux, and F. Syamsudin, The throughflow within Ombai Strait, Deep-Sea Res., 148, 1237-1253, 2001.
67. Molcard, R., M. Fieux, and A.G. Ilahude, The Indo-Pacific throughflow in the Timor Passage, J. Geophys. Res., 101 (C5), 12411-12420, 1996.
68. Molcard, R., M. Fieux, J. C. Swallow, A. G. Ilahude, and J. Banjarnahor, Low frequency variability of the currents in Indonesian Channels, Deep-Sea Res., 41, 1643-1661, 1994.
69. Moss, S. J., and I L. C. Chambers, Tertiary facies architecture in the Kutai Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia, J. Asian Earth Sci., 17 (1-2), 157-181, 1999.
70. Muller, A., and B. N. Opdyke, Glacial-interglacial changes in nutrient utilization and paleoproductivity in the Indonesian Throughflow sensitive Timor Trough, easternmost Indian Ocean, Paleoceanography, 15, 85-94, 2000.
71. Murray, S. P., and D. Arief, Throughflow into the Indian Ocean through the Lombok Strait. January 1985-January 1986, Nature, 333, 444-47, 1988.
72. Nichols, N, The Southern Oscillation and Indonesian Sea surface temperature, Mow. Weather Rev., 112, 424-32, 1984.
73. Nichols, G. J., and R. Hall, History of the Celebes Sea Basin based on its stratigraphic and sedimentological record. J. Asian Earth Sci., 17, 47-59, 1999.
74. Nishimura, S., Tectonic approach to changes in surface water circulation between the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, in Pacific Neogene: Environment, Evolution and Events, edited by R. Tsuchi, and J.C. Ingle, pp. 1570-1167, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1992.
75. Oppo, D. W., B. K. Linsley, Y. Rosenthal, S. Dannenmann and L. Beaufort, Orbital and suborbital climate variability in the Sulu Sea, western tropical Pacific, Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems (G3), 4(1), doi: 10.1029/2001GC000260, 2003.
76. Palmer, M. R, and P. N. Pearson, A 23, 000-Year Record of Surface Water pH and PC02 in the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Science, 300, 480-482, 2003.
77. Parkinson, C D., The petrology, structure and geologic history of the metamorphic rocks of central Sulawesi, Indonesia, Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 337 pp., 1991.
78. Parkinson, C D., Emplacement of the East Sulawesi ophiolite: evidence from subophiolite metamorphic rocks, J. Asian Earth Sci., 16, 13-28, 1998.
79. Patrick, A. and R. C. Thunell, Tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures and upper water column thermal structure during the last glacial maximum, Paleoceanography, 12, 649-657, 1997.
80. Paul, A. and C. Schafer-Neth, Modeling the water masses of the Atlantic Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum, Paleoceanography, 75, 1058, 2003.
81. Pelejero, C, J. O. Grimalt, M. Sarnthein, L. Wang, and J.-A. Flores, Molecular biomarker record of sea surface temperature and climatic change in the South China Sea during the last 140, 000 years, Mar. Geol, 156, 109-121, 1999.
82. Peltier, W. R., Comments on the paper of Yokoyama et al. (2000), entitled "Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea level minima", Quat. Sci. Rev., 21, 409-414, 2002.
83. Pigram, C. J., and H. L. Davies, Terranes and the accretion history of the New Guinea orogen, BMR J. Australian Geol. Geophys., 10, 1 193-212, 1987.
84. Potemra, J. T, S. L. Hautala, and J. Sprintall, Interaction between the Indonesian seas and the Indian Ocean in observations and numerical models, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 32, 1838-1854, 2002.
85. Rosenthal, Y, D. W Oppo, and B. K. Linsley, The amplitude and phasing of climate change during the last deglaciation in the Sulu Sea, western equatorial Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1428, doi:10.1029/2002GL016612, 2003.
86. Schneider, N., The Indonesian Throughflow and the global climate system,. J Climate, 11, 676-689, 1998.
87. Schott, F. A, and J. P. McCreary, The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean, Progress Oceanogr., 51, 1-123, 2001.
88. Sprintall, J., Potemra, J. T., Hautala, S. L., Bray, N. A., and W. W. Pandoe. Temperature and salinity variability in the exit passages of the Indonesian Throughflow. Deep Sea Res. II, 50, 2183-2204, 2003.
89. Srinivasan, M. S., and D. K. Sinha, Early Pliocene closure of the Indonesian Seaway: evidence from north-east Indian Ocean and Tropical Pacific deep sea cores, J. Asian Earth Sci., 1, 29-44, 1998.
90. Stott, L., C. Poulsen, S. Lund, and R. Thunell, Super ENSO and global climate oscillations at millennial time scales, Science, 297, 222-226, 2002.
91. Sturman, A.P., and N. Tapper, The Weather and Climate of Australia and New Zealand, 476 pp., Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1996.
92. Sugden, D., and G. Denton, Evolution of the Antarctic climate system: a synthesis of land and offshore records from southern Victoria Land, Eos Trans., AGU, 84(46), Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract PP32D-04, 2003.
93. Surono and Sukarna, Sedimentology of the Tolitoli Conglomerate Member of the Langkowala Formation, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, J. Geol. Mineral Resources, GRDC Bandung, Indonesia, 5, 1-7, 1995.
94. Tapper, N., Climate, climatic variability and atmospheric circulation patterns in the Maritime Continent region, in Bridging Wallace 's Line edited by P. Kershaw, B. David, N. Tapper, D. Penny, and J. Brown, pp. 12-30, Advances in GeoEcology, 34, Catena Verlag, 35447 Reiskirchen, 2002.
95. Villeneuve, M., J. J. Cornee, W. Gunawan, M. C. Janin, J. Butterlin, P. Saint-Marc, and H. Samodra, Continental block collision in the eastern arm of Sulawesi (Indonesia). Structure and geodynamic interpretation, C. R. Acad. Sci, Paris, 330, 371-378, 2000.
96. Visser, K., R. Thunell, and L. Stott, Magnitude and timimg of temperature change in the Indo-Pacific warm pool during deglaciation, Nature, 421, 152-155, 2003.
97. Vranes, K., A. L. Gordon, and A. Ffield., The heat transport of the Indonesian Throughflow and implications for the Indian Ocean heat budget. Deep-Sea Res., II, 49, 1391-1410, 2002.
98. Wajsowicz, R. C, Air-sea interaction over the Indian Ocean due to variations in the Indonesian Throughflow. Climate Dynamics, 18, 437-153, 2002.
99. Wajsowicz, R. C, and E. K. Schneider, The Indonesian throughflow's effect on global climate determined from the COLA coupled climate system, J. Climate, 14, 3029-3042, 2001.
100. Wajsowicz, R. C, A. L. Gordon, A. Ffield, D. R. Susanto, Estimating transport in Makassar Strait, Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 2163-2181, 2003.
101. Wang, L., M. Sarnthein, H. Erlenkeuser, J. Grimalt, P. Grootes, S. Heilig, E. Ivanova, M. Kienast, C. Pelejero, and U. Pflaumann, East Asian monsoon climate during the Late Pleistocene: high resolution sediment records from the South China Sea, Mar. Geol., 156, 245-284, 1999
102. Webb, R. S., D. H. Rind, S. J. Lehmann, R. J. Healy, and D. Siegmann, Influence of ocean heat transport on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum, Nature, 385, 695-699, 1997.
103. Webster, R J., Monsoons: processes, predictability and the prospects of prediction, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14451-14510, 1998.
104. Wijbrans, J. R., H. Helmers, and J. Sopaheluwakan, The age and thermal evolution of blueschists from South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia: the case of slowly cooled phengites, Mineralogical Mag., 58A (L-Z), 975-976, 1994.
105. Wilson, M. E. J., 2000. Tectonic and volcanic influences on the development and diachronous termination of a Tertiary tropical carbonate platform, J Sedimentary Res., 70, 310-324, 2000.
106. Woodruff, F, and S.M. Savin, Miocene deep water oceanography. Paleoceanography, 4, 87-140, 1989.
107. Woodruff, E, S. M. Savin, and L. Abel, Miocene benthic foraminifer oxygen and carbon isotopes, Site 709, Indian Ocean, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results edited by R. A. Duncan, J. Backman, & L. C. Peterson, pp. 519-528. College Station, Texas: Ocean Drilling Program, 1990.
108. Woodruff, E, and S. M. Savin, Mid-Miocene isotope stratigraphy in the deep-sea: high resolution correlations, plaeoclimatic cycles, and sediment preservation, Paleoceanography, 6, 755-806, 1991.
109. Wyrtki, K., An estimate of equatorial upwelling in the Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 11, 1205-1214, 1981.
110. Wyrtki, K., Indonesian throughflow and the associated pressure gradient, J Geophys. Res., P2(C12), 12941-12946, 1987.
111. Yan, X.-H., C.-R. Ho, Q. Zheng, and V Klemas, Temperature and size variabilities of the Western Pacific Warm Pool, Science, 258, 1643-1645, 1992.
112. Yokoyama, Y, K. Lambeck, P. De Deckker, P. Johnston, L. K. Fifield, Timing of last glacial maximum from observed sea level minima, Nature 406, 713-716, 2000.
113. You, Y. and M. Tomczak, Thermocline circulation and ventilation in the Indian Ocean derived from water mass analysis, Deep-Sea Res. I, 40, 13-56, 1993.
114. Zachos, J. C, D. K. Rea, K. Seto, R. Nomura, and N. Niitsuma, Paleogene and Early Neogene Deep Water Paleoceanography of the Indian Ocean as Determined from Benthic Foraminifer Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Records. Geophys. Monogr, 70, 351-385, 1992.
115. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present, Science, 292, 686-693, 2001.
116. Zhao, Q., P. Wang, X. Cheng, J. Wang, B. Huang, J. Xu, Z. Zhou, and Z. Jian, A record of Miocene carbon excurison in the South China Sea, Sci. China (Series D), 44, 943-951, 2001a.
117. Zhao, Q. Z. J., Wang, J., Cheng, X., Huang, B., Xu, J., Zhou, Z., Fang, D., & Wang, P., Neogene oxygen isotopic stratigraphy, ODP Site 1148, northern South China Sea, Sci. China (Series D), 44, 934-942, 2001b.