Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

Volumn 68, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 265-277

  Moosavian, Seyedeh Parisa ^a,b   Haghighatdoost, Fahimeh ^a,b   Surkan, Pamela J ^c   Azadbakht, Leila ^a,b,d,e  

^a ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^e TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

abdominal obesity; body mass index; obesity; Salt; waist circumference

Indexed keywords

SALT INTAKE;

ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; BLOOD; BODY MASS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; OBESITY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; SALT INTAKE; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

BODY MASS INDEX; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; HUMANS; OBESITY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AS TOPIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

EID: 84990222247     PISSN: 09637486     EISSN: 14653478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1239700     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A., 2008. Fast foods and risk of chronic diseases. J Res Med Sci. 131:1–2.
2. Baudrand R, Campino C, Carvajal C, Olivieri O, Guidi G, Faccini G, Vöhringer PA, Cerda J, Owen G, Kalergis AM, Fardella CE., 2014. High sodium intake is associated with increased glucocorticoid production, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 80:677–684.
3. Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Candeias V, Elliott P., 2009. Salt intakes around the world:implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 38:791–813.
4. Campbell S., 2004. Dietary reference intakes:water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Clin Nutr Insight. 30:1.
5. Commission E [Internet]. 2015. Implementation of the EU Salt Reduction Framework. 2015; [cited 2015 Jun 15]. Available from:http://ec.europa.eu/health/nutrition_physical_activity/docs/salt_report_en.pdf
6. Ellison RC, Sosenko J, Harper GP, Gibbons L, Pratter FE, Miettinen OS., 1980. Obesity, sodium intake, and blood pressure in adolescents. Hypertension. 2:78–I82.
7. Fonseca‐Alaniz MH, Brito LC, Borges‐Silva CN, Takada J, Andreotti S, Lima FB., 2007. High dietary sodium intake increases white adipose tissue mass and plasma leptin in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring). 15:2200–2208.
8. Grimes CA, Riddell LJ, Campbell KJ, Nowson CA., 2013b. Dietary salt intake, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and obesity risk. Pediatrics. 131:14–21.
9. Grimes CA, Wright JD, Liu K, Nowson CA, Loria CM., 2013a. Dietary sodium intake is associated with total fluid and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in US children and adolescents aged 2–18 y:NHANES 2005-2008. Am J Clin Nutr. 98:189–196.
10. Han SY, Hong JW, Noh JH, Kim D-J., 2014. Association of the estimated 24-H urinary sodium excretion with albuminuria in adult Koreans:the 2011 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. PLoS One. 9:e109073.
11. He FJ, MacGregor GA., 2009. A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programs. J Hum Hypertens. 23:363–384.
12. He FJ, Marrero NM, MacGregor GA., 2008. Salt intake is related to soft drink consumption in children and adolescents:a link to obesity? Hypertension. 51:629–634.
13. Hoffmann IS, Cubeddu LX., 2009. Salt and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 19:123–128.
14. Hu G, Jousilahti P, Peltonen M, Lindström J, Tuomilehto J., 2005. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and the risk of type 2 diabetes:a prospective study in Finland. Diabetologia. 48:1477–1483.
15. Huh JH, Lim JS, Lee MY, Chung CH, Shin JY., 2015. Gender-specific association between urinary sodium excretion and body composition:analysis of the 2008-2010 Korean national health and nutrition examination surveys. Metab Clin Exp. 64:837–844.
16. Hulthén L, Aurell M, Klingberg S, Hallenberg E, Lorentzon M, Ohlsson C., 2010. Salt intake in young Swedish men. Public Health Nutr. 13:601–605.
17. Jablonski KL, Gates PE, Pierce GL, Seals DR., 2009. Low dietary sodium intake is associated with enhanced vascular endothelial function in middle-aged and older adults with elevated systolic blood pressure. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 3:347–356.
18. Jain N, Minhajuddin AT, Neeland IJ, Elsayed EF, Vega GL, Hedayati SS., 2014. Association of urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio with obesity in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 99:992–998.
19. Larsen SC, Ängquist L, Sørensen TI, Heitmann BL., 2013. 24h urinary sodium excretion and subsequent change in weight, waist circumference and body composition. PLoS One. 8:e69689.
20. Lee S, Kim M., 2016. Relationship of sodium intake with obesity among Korean children and adolescents:Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Br J Nutr. 115:834–841.
21. Libuda L, Kersting M, Alexy U., 2012. Consumption of dietary salt measured by urinary sodium excretion and its association with body weight status in healthy children and adolescents. Public Health Nutr. 15:433–441.
22. Ma Y, He FJ, MacGregor GA., 2015. High Salt intake:independent risk factor for obesity? Hypertension. 66:843–849.
23. McLean RM., 2014. Measuring population sodium intake:a review of methods. Nutrients. 6:4651–4662.
24. Murata A, Fujino Y, Pham T-M, Kubo T, Mizoue T, Tokui N, Matsuda S, Yoshimura T., 2010. Prospective cohort study evaluating the relationship between salted food intake and gastrointestinal tract cancer mortality in Japan. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 19:564.
25. Ogna A, Ogna VF, Bochud M, Paccaud F, Gabutti L, Burnier M., 2014. Prevalence of obesity and overweight and associated nutritional factors in a population-based Swiss sample:an opportunity to analyze the impact of three different European cultural roots. Eur J Nutr. 53:1281–1290.
26. Otsuka T, Kato K, Ibuki C, Kodani E, Kusama Y, Kawada T., 2013. Does subjective evaluation of the frequency of salty food intake predict the risk of incident hypertension? A 4-year follow-up study in a middle-aged population. Intern Med J. 43:1316–1321.
27. Pfister R, Michels G, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT., 2014. Estimated urinary sodium excretion and risk of heart failure in men and women in the EPIC‐Norfolk study. Eur J Heart Fail. 16:394–402.
28. Polonia JJ, Magalhaes M-T, Senra D, Barbosa L, Silva J-AR, Ribeiro SM., 2013. Association of 24-h urinary salt excretion with central haemodynamics and assessment of food categories contributing to salt consumption in Portuguese patients with hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 18:303–310.
29. Ponzo V, Ganzit G, Soldati L, De Carli L, Fanzola I, Maiandi M, Durazzo M, Bo S., 2015. Blood pressure and sodium intake from snacks in adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr. 69:681–686.
30. Radhika G, Sathya R, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V., 2007. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban south Indian population–[CURES-53]. J Assoc Physicians India. 55:405–411.
31. Räisänen JP, Silaste M-L, Kesäniemi YA, Ukkola O., 2012. Increased daily sodium intake is an independent dietary indicator of the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged subjects. Ann Med. 44:627–634.
32. Rouhani MH, Mirseifinezhad M, Omrani N, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L., 2012. Fast food consumption, quality of diet, and obesity among Isfahanian adolescent girls. J Obesity 2012:597924.
33. Shikata K, Kiyohara Y, Kubo M, Yonemoto K, Ninomiya T, Shirota T, Tanizaki Y, Doi Y, Tanaka K, Oishi Y, et al. 2006. A prospective study of dietary salt intake and gastric cancer incidence in a defined Japanese population:the Hisayama study. Int J Cancer. 119:196–201.
34. Song HJ, Cho YG, Lee HJ., 2013. Dietary sodium intake and prevalence of overweight in adults. Metab Clin Exp. 62:703–708.
35. Stachenfeld NS., 2008. Acute effects of sodium ingestion on thirst and cardiovascular function. Curr Sport Med Rep. 7:S7.
36. Umesawa M, Iso H, Date C, Yamamoto A, Toyoshima H, Watanabe Y, Kikuchi S, Koizumi A, Kondo T, JACC Study Group, et al. 2008. Relations between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and mortality from cardiovascular disease:the Japan collaborative cohort study for evaluation of cancer risks. Am J Clin Nutr. 88:195–202.
37. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2001. The surgeon general’scall to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity. Washington (DC):US Government Printing Office.
38. Verhave JC, Hillege HL, Burgerhof JG, Janssen WM, Gansevoort RT, Navis G, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE, PREVEND Study Group. 2004. Sodium intake affects urinary albumin excretion especially in overweight subjects. J Intern Med. 256:324–330.
39. Visser FW, Krikken JA, Muntinga JH, Dierckx RA, Navis GJ., 2009. Rise in extracellular fluid volume during high sodium depends on BMI in healthy men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 17:1684–1688.
40. Wang Y, Lobstein T., 2006. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes. 1:11–25.
41. World Health Organization (WHO). 2002. The world health report 2002:reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Switzerland:World Health Organization.
42. World Health Organization (WHO). 2014. Obesity:situation and trends. Geneva (CH):World Health Organization.
43. Yi SS, Firestone MJ, Beasley JM., 2015. Independent associations of sodium intake with measures of body size and predictive body fatness. Obesity (Silver Spring). 23:20–23.
44. Yi SS, Kansagra SM., 2014. Associations of sodium intake with obesity, body mass index, waist circumference, and weight. Am J Prevent Med. 46:e53–ee5.
45. Yoon YS, Oh SW., 2013. Sodium density and obesity; the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2007-2010. Eur J Clin Nutr. 67:141–146.
46. Zhao X, Yang X, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhao X, Ren L, Wang L, Gu C, Zhu Z, Han Y., 2014. Dietary salt intake and coronary atherosclerosis in patients with prehypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 16:575–580.
47. Zhu H, Pollock NK, Kotak I, Gutin B, Wang X, Bhagatwala J, Parikh S, Harshfield GA, Dong Y., 2014. Dietary sodium, adiposity, and inflammation in healthy adolescents. Pediatrics. 133:e635–ee42.