Association between Adult Height and Risk of Colorectal, Lung, and Prostate Cancer: Results from Meta-analyses of Prospective Studies and Mendelian Randomization Analyses

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue 9, 2016, Pages

  Khankari, Nikhil K ^a   Shu, Xiao Ou ^a   Wen, Wanqing ^a   Kraft, Peter ^b,u,ag   Lindström, Sara ^b,u   Peters, Ulrike ^c,r   Schildkraut, Joellen ^d   Schumacher, Fred ^ae   Bofetta, Paolo ^f   Risch, Angela ^g,h,i,r   Bickeböller, Heike ^j,r   Amos, Christopher I ^k,r   Easton, Douglas F ^l,ab,ac   Eeles, Rosalind A ^m,n,ac   Gruber, Stephen B ^e,r   Haiman, Christopher A ^e,o,ae   Hunter, David J ^b,u,ag   Chanock, Stephen ^ai   Pierce, Brandon L ^q   Zheng, Wei ^a   Blalock, Kendra ^r   Campbell, Peter T ^r   Casey, Graham ^r   Conti, David V ^r   Edlund, Christopher K ^r   Figueiredo, Jane ^r   James Gauderman, W ^r   Gong, Jian ^r   Green, Roger C ^r   Harju, John F ^r   Harrison, Tabitha A ^r   Jacobs, Eric J ^r   Jenkins, Mark A ^r   Jiao, Shuo ^r   Li, Li ^r   Lin, Yi ^r   Manion, Frank J ^r   Moreno, Victor ^r   Mukherjee, Bhramar ^r   Raskin, Leon ^r   Seminara, Daniela ^r   Severi, Gianluca ^r,ac   Stenzel, Stephanie L ^r   Thomas, Duncan C ^r   Hopper, John L ^s   Southey, Melissa C ^s   Makalic, Enes ^s   Schmidt, Daniel F ^s   Fletcher, Olivia ^t   Peto, Julian ^t   Gibson, Lorna ^t   dos Santos Silva, Isabel ^t   Ahsan, Habib ^v   Whittemore, Alice ^v   Waisfisz, Quinten ^w   Meijers Heijboer, Hanne ^w   Adank, Muriel ^w   van der Luijt, Rob B ^w   Uitterlinden, Andre G ^w   Hofman, Albert ^w   Meindl, Alfons ^x   Schmutzler, Rita K ^x   Müller Myhsok, Bertram ^x   Lichtner, Peter ^x   Nevanlinna, Heli ^y   Muranen, Taru A ^y   Aittomäki, Kristiina ^y   Blomqvist, Carl ^y   Chang Claude, Jenny ^z   Hein, Rebecca ^z   Dahmen, Norbert ^z   Beckman, Lars ^z   Crisponi, Laura ^r   Hall, Per ^aa   Czene, Kamila ^aa   Irwanto, Astrid ^aa   Liu, Jianjun ^aa   Turnbull, Clare ^ab   Rahman, Nazneen ^ab   Kote Jarai, Zsofia ^ac   Muir, Kenneth ^ac   Giles, Graham ^ac   Neal, David ^ac   Donovan, Jenny L ^ac   Hamdy, Freddie C ^ac   Wiklund, Fredrik ^ad   Gronberg, Henrik ^ad   Travis, Ruth ^af   Riboli, Elio ^af   Gapstur, Susan ^ah   Berndt, Sonja ^ai   Han, Younghun ^r   Su, Li ^r   Wei, Yongyue ^r   Hung, Rayjean J ^r   Brhane, Yonathan ^r   McLaughlin, John ^r   Brennan, Paul ^r   McKay, James D ^r   Rosenberger, Albert ^r   Houlston, Richard S ^r   Caporaso, Neil ^r   Teresa Landi, Maria ^r   Heinrich, Joachim ^r   Wu, Xifeng ^r   Ye, Yuanqing ^r   Christiani, David C ^r   more..

^a VANDERBILT INGRAM CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c USA   (United States)

^d DUKE CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

^h GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

ⁱ German Center for Lung Research (DZL)   (Germany)

^j UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^k DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^m INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^o UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^p NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^q UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^r the Australian Breast Cancer Family Study ^*

^s the Australian Breast Cancer Family Study (ABCFS)   (Australia)

^t the British Breast Cancer Study (BBCS)   (United Kingdom)

^u The Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3)   (United States)

^v The Breast Cancer Family Registries (BCFR)   (United States)

^w The Dutch Familial Bilateral Breast Cancer Study (DFBBCS)   (Netherlands)

^x German Consortium for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (GC HBOC)   (Germany)

^y The Helsinki Breast Cancer Study (HEBCS)   (Finland)

^z The Mammary Carcinoma Risk Factor Investigation (MARIE)   (Germany)

^aa the Singapore and Sweden Breast Cancer Study (SASBAC)   (Sweden)

^ab the UK2   (United Kingdom)

^ac London Research Institute   (United Kingdom)

^ad CAPS1 and CAPS2   (United States)

^ae BPC3 MEC   (United States)

^af BPC3 EPIC   (United States)

^ag BPC3 Harvard   (United States)

^ah BPC3 ACS   (United States)

^ai PEGASUS   (Greece)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; COLORECTAL CANCER; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HEREDITY; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS; META ANALYSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROSTATE CANCER; PUBLICATION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADULT; AGED; BODY HEIGHT; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GENETIC VARIATION; GENETICS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTOR; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BODY HEIGHT; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GENETIC VARIATION; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MALE; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84989836123     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002118     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Palmer TM, Sterne JAC, Harbord RM, Lawlor DA, Sheehan NA, Meng S, et al. Instrumental variable estimation of causal risk ratios and causal odds ratios in Mendelian randomization analyses. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173:1392–1403. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr02621555716
2. Angrist JD, Imbens GW, Rubin DB, Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. J Am Stat Assoc. 1996;91:444–455.
3. Glymour MM, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Robins JM, Credible Mendelian randomization studies: approaches for evaluating the instrumental variable assumptions. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175:332–339. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr32322247045
4. VanderWeele TJ, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Cornelis M, Kraft P, Methodological challenges in Mendelian randomization. Epidemiology. 2014;25:427–435. doi: 10.1097/EDE.000000000000008124681576
5. Wood AR, Esko T, Yang J, Vedantam S, Pers TH, Gustafsson S, et al. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nat Genet. 2014;46:1173–1186. doi: 10.1038/ng.309725282103
6. Tang R, Zheng W, Li H, Gao Y, Shu X, Xiang Y, Prospective cohort study of body height and cancer incidence among adult men and women in Shanghai. Tumor. 2012;32:992–1000.
7. Albanes D, Jones DY, Schatzkin A, Micozzi MS, Taylor PR, Adult stature and risk of cancer. Cancer Res. 1988;48:1658–1662. 3345534
8. Drinkard C, Sellers T, Potter J, Zheng W, Bostick R, Nelson C, et al. Association of body-mass index and body-fat distribution with risk of lung-cancer in older women. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:600–607. 7653468
9. Hebert PR, Ajani U, Cook NR, Lee IM, Chan KS, Hennekens CH, Adult height and incidence of cancer in male physicians (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8:591–597. 9242474
10. Gunnell D, May M, Ben-Shlomo Y, Yarnell J, Smith GD, Height, leg length, and cancer: the Caerphilly Study. Nutr Cancer. 2003;47:34–39. doi: 10.1207/s15327914nc4701_414769535
11. Sung J, Song Y-M, Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Ebrahim S, Height and site-specific cancer risk: a cohort study of a Korean adult population. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170:53–64. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp08819403842
12. Green J, Cairns BJ, Casabonne D, Wright FL, Reeves G, Beral V, Height and cancer incidence in the Million Women Study: prospective cohort, and meta-analysis of prospective studies of height and total cancer risk. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:785–794. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70154-121782509
13. Kabat GC, Heo M, Kamensky V, Miller AB, Rohan TE, Adult height in relation to risk of cancer in a cohort of Canadian women. Int J Cancer. 2013;132:1125–1132. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2770422753236
14. Kabat GC, Anderson ML, Heo M, Hosgood HD, 3rdKamensky V, Bea JW, et al. Adult stature and risk of cancer at different anatomic sites in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22:1353–1363. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-030523887996
15. Walter RB, Brasky TM, Buckley SA, Potter JD, White E, Height as an explanatory factor for sex differences in human cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105:860–868. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djt10223708052
16. Kabat GC, Kim MY, Hollenbeck AR, Rohan TE, Attained height, sex, and risk of cancer at different anatomic sites in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2014;25:1697–1706. doi: 10.1007/s10552-014-0476-125307804
17. Suadicani P, Hein HO, Gyntelberg F, Height, weight, and risk of colorectal cancer. An 18-year follow-up in a cohort of 5249 men. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993;28:285–288. 8446855
18. Shimizu N, Nagata C, Shimizu H, Kametani M, Takeyama N, Ohnuma T, et al. Height, weight, and alcohol consumption in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: a prospective study. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:1038–1043. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.660084512671701
19. MacInnis RJ, English DR, Hopper JL, Haydon AM, Gertig DM, Giles GG, Body size and composition and colon cancer risk in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13:553–559. 15066919
20. Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Wu K, Rosner B, Fuchs CS, Willett WC, et al. Comparison of risk factors for colon and rectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2004;108:433–442. doi: 10.1002/ijc.1154014648711
21. Engeland A, Tretli S, Austad G, Bjorge T, Height and body mass index in relation to colorectal and gallbladder cancer in two million Norwegian men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:987–996. doi: 10.1007/s10552-005-3638-316132807
22. Otani T, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Body mass index, body height, and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women: Japan public health center-based prospective study. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:839–850. doi: 10.1007/s10552-005-4573-z16132794
23. Bowers K, Albanes D, Limburg P, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, et al. A prospective study of anthropometric and clinical measurements associated with insulin resistance syndrome and colorectal cancer in male smokers. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:652–664. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj25316877536
24. MacInnis RJ, English DR, Haydon AM, Hopper JL, Gertig DM, Giles GG, Body size and composition and risk of rectal cancer (Australia). Cancer Causes Control. 2006;17:1291–1297. doi: 10.1007/s10552-006-0074-y17111261
25. MacInnis RJ, English DR, Hopper JL, Gertig DM, Haydon AM, Giles GG, Body size and composition and colon cancer risk in women. Int J Cancer. 2006;118:1496–1500. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2150816187280
26. Pischon T, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Friedenreich C, Norat T, Tjonneland A, et al. Body size and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:920–931. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj24616818856
27. Oxentenko AS, Bardia A, Vierkant RA, Wang AH, Anderson KE, Campbell PT, et al. Body size and incident colorectal cancer: a prospective study of older women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010;3:1608–1620. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0116
28. Hughes LAE, Simons CCJM, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, van Engeland M, Weijenberg MP, Body size and colorectal cancer risk after 16.3 years of follow-up: an analysis from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174:1127–1139. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr24721984660
29. Shin A, Joo J, Bak J, Yang H-R, Kim J, Park S, et al. Site-specific risk factors for colorectal cancer in a Korean population. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e23196. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.002319621853085
30. Wiren S, Haggstrom C, Ulmer H, Manjer J, Bjorge T, Nagel G, et al. Pooled cohort study on height and risk of cancer and cancer death. Cancer Causes Control. 2014;25:151–159. doi: 10.1007/s10552-013-0317-724173535
31. Boursi B, Haynes K, Mamtani R, Yang Y-X, Height as an independent anthropomorphic risk factor for colorectal cancer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26:1422–1427. doi: 10.1097/MEG.000000000000020925264984
32. Severson RK, Grove JS, Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Body mass and prostatic cancer: a prospective study. BMJ. 1988;297:713–715. 3147735
33. Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Wilkens LR, Myers BC, Hirohata T, Animal fat consumption and prostate cancer: a prospective study in Hawaii. Epidemiology. 1994;5:276–282. 8038241
34. Tulinius H, Sigfusson N, Sigvaldason H, Bjarnadottir K, Tryggvadottir L, Risk factors for malignant diseases: a cohort study on a population of 22,946 Icelanders. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6:863–873. 9367058
35. Nilsen TI, Vatten LJ, Anthropometry and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study of 22,248 Norwegian men. Cancer Causes Control. 1999;10:269–275. 10482485
36. Habel LA, Van Den Eeden SK, Friedman GD, Body size, age at shaving initiation, and prostate cancer in a large, multiracial cohort. Prostate. 2000;43:136–143. 10754529
37. Putnam SD, Cerhan JR, Parker AS, Bianchi GD, Wallace RB, Cantor KP, et al. Lifestyle and anthropometric risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort of Iowa men. Ann Epidemiol. 2000;10:361–369. 10964002
38. Schuurman AG, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Anthropometry in relation to prostate cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151:541–549. 10733035
39. Engeland A, Tretli S, Bjorge T, Height, body mass index, and prostate cancer: a follow-up of 950000 Norwegian men. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:1237–1242. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.660120614520453
40. Gong Z, Neuhouser ML, Goodman PJ, Albanes D, Chi C, Hsing AW, et al. Obesity, diabetes, and risk of prostate cancer: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:1977–1983. 17035408
41. Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Otani T, Inoue M, Tsugane S, Association of body mass index and height with risk of prostate cancer among middle-aged Japanese men. Br J Cancer. 2006;94:740–742. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.660298316465189
42. Sequoia JSP, Wright ME, McCarron P, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, et al. A prospective investigation of height and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:2174–2178. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-046717119043
43. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:1571–1578. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2278817450530
44. Littman AJ, White E, Kristal AR, Anthropometrics and prostate cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:1271–1279. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm01317395597
45. Pischon T, Boeing H, Weikert S, Allen N, Key T, Johnsen NF, et al. Body size and risk of prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:3252–3261. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-060918990768
46. Zuccolo L, Harris R, Gunnell D, Oliver S, Lane JA, Davis M, et al. Height and prostate cancer risk: a large nested case-control study (ProtecT) and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:2325–2336. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-034218768501
47. Ahn J, Moore SC, Albanes D, Huang W-Y, Leitzmann MF, Hayes RB, Height and risk of prostate cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Br J Cancer. 2009;101:522–525. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.660515919568244
48. Hernandez BY, Park S-Y, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Relationship of body mass, height, and weight gain to prostate cancer risk in the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:2413–2421. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-029319723920
49. Wallstrom P, Bjartell A, Gullberg B, Olsson H, Wirfalt E, A prospective Swedish study on body size, body composition, diabetes, and prostate cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 2009;100:1799–1805. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.660507719436298
50. Stocks T, Hergens M-P, Englund A, Ye W, Stattin P, Blood pressure, body size and prostate cancer risk in the Swedish Construction Workers cohort. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:1660–1668. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2517120087861
51. Bassett JK, Severi G, Baglietto L, MacInnis RJ, Hoang HN, Hopper JL, et al. Weight change and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Int J Cancer. 2012;131:1711–1719. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2741422213024
52. Shafique K, McLoone P, Qureshi K, Leung H, Hart C, Morrison DS, Cholesterol and the risk of grade-specific prostate cancer incidence: evidence from two large prospective cohort studies with up to 37 years’ follow up. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:25. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-2522260413
53. Zhang B, Shu X-O, Delahanty RJ, Zeng C, Michailidou K, Bolla MK, et al. Height and breast cancer risk: evidence from prospective studies and Mendelian randomization. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107:djv219. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djv21926296642
54. Greenland S, Longnecker MP, Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:1301–1309. 1626547
55. Il’yasova D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Peters U, Berlin JA, Poole C, Choice of exposure scores for categorical regression in meta-analysis: a case study of a common problem. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:383–388. doi: 10.1007/s10552-004-5025-x15953980
56. Burgess S, Butterworth A, Thompson SG, Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet Epidemiol. 2013;37:658–665. doi: 10.1002/gepi.2175824114802
57. Hung RJ, Ulrich CM, Goode EL, Brhane Y, Muir K, Chan AT, et al. Cross cancer genomic investigation of inflammation pathway for five common cancers: lung, ovary, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107:djv246. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djv24626319099
58. Lango Allen H, Estrada K, Lettre G, Berndt SI, Weedon MN, Rivadeneira F, et al. Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height. Nature. 2010;467:832–838. doi: 10.1038/nature0941020881960
59. Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S, Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44:512–525. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv08026050253
60. Humerfelt S, Eide GE, Kvåle G, Gulsvik A, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) variability in asymptomatic never-smoking men. Clin Physiol. 1998;18:387–396. 9715766
61. Zacny JP, Stitzer ML, Brown FJ, Yingling JE, Griffiths RR, Human cigarette smoking: effects of puff and inhalation parameters on smoke exposure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987;240:554–564. 3806411
62. Tashkin DP, Clark VA, Coulson AH, Bourque LB, Simmons M, Reems C, et al. Comparison of lung function in young nonsmokers and smokers before and after initiation of the smoking habit. A prospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;128:12–16. 6870055
63. Pollak MN, Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE, Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4:505–518. doi: 10.1038/nrc138715229476
64. Yakar S, Rosen CJ, Beamer WG, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Wu Y, Liu J-L, et al. Circulating levels of IGF-1 directly regulate bone growth and density. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:771–781. doi: 10.1172/JCI1546312235108
65. Rosenfeld RG, Insulin-like growth factors and the basis of growth. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2184–2186. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp03815614657423
66. Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O’Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M, Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 2004;363:1346–1353. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16044-315110491
67. Fürstenberger G, Senn H-J, Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:298–302. 12067807
68. Huang XP, Zhou WH, Zhang YF, Genetic variations in the IGF-IGFR-IGFBP axis confer susceptibility to lung and esophageal cancer. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13:2107–2119. doi: 10.4238/2014.January.24.1724615087
69. Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR, Effects of caloric or protein restriction on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins in children and adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:443–449. doi: 10.1210/jcem.80.2.75317127531712
70. Kaaks R, Toniolo P, Akhmedkhanov A, Lukanova A, Biessy C, Dechaud H, et al. Serum C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding proteins, and colorectal cancer risk in women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1592–1600. 11018095
71. Boyle T, Fritschi L, Heyworth J, Bull F, Long-term sedentary work and the risk of subsite-specific colorectal cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173:1183–1191. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwq51321421743
72. Zhang H-J, Wang H-Y, Zhang H-T, Su J-M, Zhu J, Wang H-B, et al. Transforming growth factor-β1 promotes lung adenocarcinoma invasion and metastasis by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011;355:309–314. doi: 10.1007/s11010-011-0869-321695462
73. Shaw A, Gipp J, Bushman W, The Sonic Hedgehog pathway stimulates prostate tumor growth by paracrine signaling and recapitulates embryonic gene expression in tumor myofibroblasts. Oncogene. 2009;28:4480–4490. doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.29419784071
74. Yue D, Li H, Che J, Zhang Y, Tseng H-HK, Jin JQ, et al. Hedgehog/Gli promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung squamous cell carcinomas. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2014;33:34. doi: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-3424758269
75. Thrift AP, Gong J, Peters U, Chang-Claude J, Rudolph A, Slattery ML, et al. Mendelian randomization study of height and risk of colorectal cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44:662–672. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv08225997436
76. Davies NM, Gaunt TR, Lewis SJ, Holly J, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, et al. The effects of height and BMI on prostate cancer incidence and mortality: a Mendelian randomization study in 20,848 cases and 20,214 controls from the PRACTICAL consortium. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26:1603–1616. doi: 10.1007/s10552-015-0654-926387087
77. Burgess S, Sample size and power calculations in Mendelian randomization with a single instrumental variable and a binary outcome. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:922–929. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu00524608958