메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 61, Issue , 2017, Pages 348-360

Online and offline handwritten Chinese character recognition: A comprehensive study and new benchmark

Author keywords

Adaptation; Chinese characters; Convolutional neural network; Directional feature map; Handwriting recognition; Offline; Online

Indexed keywords

CONVOLUTION; NEURAL NETWORKS;

EID: 84988504068     PISSN: 00313203     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2016.08.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (296)

References (83)
  • 1
    • 0023148717 scopus 로고
    • Modified quadratic discriminant functions and the application to Chinese character recognition
    • [1] Kimura, F., Takashina, K., Tsuruoka, S., Miyake, Y., Modified quadratic discriminant functions and the application to Chinese character recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 1 (1987), 149–153.
    • (1987) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.1 , pp. 149-153
    • Kimura, F.1    Takashina, K.2    Tsuruoka, S.3    Miyake, Y.4
  • 2
    • 34250311763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chinese character recognition: history, status and prospects
    • [2] Dai, R.-W., Liu, C.-L., Xiao, B.-H., Chinese character recognition: history, status and prospects. Front. Comput. Sci. China 1:2 (2007), 126–136.
    • (2007) Front. Comput. Sci. China , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 126-136
    • Dai, R.-W.1    Liu, C.-L.2    Xiao, B.-H.3
  • 3
  • 4
    • 0036859709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lexicon-driven segmentation and recognition of handwritten character strings for Japanese address reading
    • [4] Liu, C.-L., Koga, M., Fujisawa, H., Lexicon-driven segmentation and recognition of handwritten character strings for Japanese address reading. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24:11 (2002), 1425–1437.
    • (2002) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.24 , Issue.11 , pp. 1425-1437
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Koga, M.2    Fujisawa, H.3
  • 5
    • 84883165322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handwritten Chinese/Japanese text recognition using semi-Markov conditional random fields
    • [5] Zhou, X.-D., Wang, D.-H., Tian, F., Liu, C.-L., Nakagawa, M., Handwritten Chinese/Japanese text recognition using semi-Markov conditional random fields. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 35:10 (2013), 2484–2497.
    • (2013) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.35 , Issue.10 , pp. 2484-2497
    • Zhou, X.-D.1    Wang, D.-H.2    Tian, F.3    Liu, C.-L.4    Nakagawa, M.5
  • 6
    • 84862652667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handwritten Chinese text recognition by integrating multiple contexts
    • [6] Wang, Q.-F., Yin, F., Liu, C.-L., Handwritten Chinese text recognition by integrating multiple contexts. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34:8 (2012), 1469–1481.
    • (2012) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.34 , Issue.8 , pp. 1469-1481
    • Wang, Q.-F.1    Yin, F.2    Liu, C.-L.3
  • 7
    • 12844284750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of classifier structures and training regimes on integrated segmentation and recognition of handwritten numeral strings
    • [7] Liu, C.-L., Sako, H., Fujisawa, H., Effects of classifier structures and training regimes on integrated segmentation and recognition of handwritten numeral strings. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26:11 (2004), 1395–1407.
    • (2004) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.26 , Issue.11 , pp. 1395-1407
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Sako, H.2    Fujisawa, H.3
  • 8
    • 78651433994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chinese handwriting recognition contest 2010, in: Proceedings of Chinese Conference on Pattern Recognition (CCPR), 2010
    • [8] C.-L. Liu, F. Yin, D.-H. Wang, Q.-F. Wang, Chinese handwriting recognition contest 2010, in: Proceedings of Chinese Conference on Pattern Recognition (CCPR), 2010.
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Yin, F.2    Wang, D.-H.3    Wang, Q.-F.4
  • 9
    • 82355169298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICDAR 2011 Chinese handwriting recognition competition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)
    • [9] C.-L. Liu, F. Yin, Q.-F. Wang, D.-H. Wang, ICDAR 2011 Chinese handwriting recognition competition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2011, pp. 1464–1469.
    • (2011) , pp. 1464-1469
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Yin, F.2    Wang, Q.-F.3    Wang, D.-H.4
  • 10
    • 84889574049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICDAR 2013 Chinese handwriting recognition competition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)
    • [10] F. Yin, Q.-F. Wang, X.-Y. Zhang, C.-L. Liu, ICDAR 2013 Chinese handwriting recognition competition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2013, pp. 1095–1101.
    • (2013) , pp. 1095-1101
    • Yin, F.1    Wang, Q.-F.2    Zhang, X.-Y.3    Liu, C.-L.4
  • 11
    • 84881039921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flexible, high performance convolutional neural networks for image classification, in: Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)
    • [11] D. Ciresan, U. Meier, J. Masci, L. Gambardella, J. Schmidhuber, Flexible, high performance convolutional neural networks for image classification, in: Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), 2011, pp. 1237–1242.
    • (2011) , pp. 1237-1242
    • Ciresan, D.1    Meier, U.2    Masci, J.3    Gambardella, L.4    Schmidhuber, J.5
  • 12
    • 84988499977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sparse arrays of signatures for online character recognition, >〈arXiv:1308.0371〉
    • [12] B. Graham, Sparse arrays of signatures for online character recognition, 2013, 〈arXiv:1308.0371〉.
    • (2013)
    • Graham, B.1
  • 14
    • 84962582760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved deep convolutional neural network for online handwritten Chinese character recognition using domain-specific knowledge, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2015
    • [14] W. Yang, L. Jin, Z. Xie, Z. Feng, Improved deep convolutional neural network for online handwritten Chinese character recognition using domain-specific knowledge, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2015.
    • Yang, W.1    Jin, L.2    Xie, Z.3    Feng, Z.4
  • 15
    • 84962585201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High performance offline handwritten Chinese character recognition using GoogLeNet and directional feature maps, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2015
    • [15] Z. Zhong, L. Jin, Z. Xie, High performance offline handwritten Chinese character recognition using GoogLeNet and directional feature maps, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2015.
    • Zhong, Z.1    Jin, L.2    Xie, Z.3
  • 16
    • 0024171115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification of handprinted Chinese characters using non-linear normalization and correlation methods, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 1988, pp
    • [16] J. Tsukumo and H. Tanaka, Classification of handprinted Chinese characters using non-linear normalization and correlation methods, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 1988, pp. 168–171.
    • Tsukumo, J.1    Tanaka, H.2
  • 17
    • 0742311729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handwritten Chinese character recognition: alternatives to nonlinear normalization, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)
    • [17] C.-L. Liu, H. Sako, H. Fujisawa, Handwritten Chinese character recognition: alternatives to nonlinear normalization, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2003, pp. 524–528.
    • (2003) , pp. 524-528
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Sako, H.2    Fujisawa, H.3
  • 18
    • 25144509599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudo two-dimensional shape normalization methods for handwritten Chinese character recognition
    • [18] Liu, C.-L., Marukawa, K., Pseudo two-dimensional shape normalization methods for handwritten Chinese character recognition. Pattern Recognit. 38:12 (2005), 2242–2255.
    • (2005) Pattern Recognit. , vol.38 , Issue.12 , pp. 2242-2255
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Marukawa, K.2
  • 19
    • 84866013178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online and offline handwritten Chinese character recognition: benchmarking on new databases
    • [19] Liu, C.-L., Yin, F., Wang, D.-H., Wang, Q.-F., Online and offline handwritten Chinese character recognition: benchmarking on new databases. Pattern Recognit. 46:1 (2013), 155–162.
    • (2013) Pattern Recognit. , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 155-162
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Yin, F.2    Wang, D.-H.3    Wang, Q.-F.4
  • 20
    • 0030705503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-line handwriting character recognition method with directional features and directional change features, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)
    • [20] M. Okamoto, A. Nakamura, K. Yamamoto, On-line handwriting character recognition method with directional features and directional change features, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 1997, pp. 926–930.
    • (1997) , pp. 926-930
    • Okamoto, M.1    Nakamura, A.2    Yamamoto, K.3
  • 21
    • 33947424805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study on the use of 8-directional features for online handwritten Chinese character recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2005, pp
    • [21] Z. Bai, Q. Huo, A study on the use of 8-directional features for online handwritten Chinese character recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2005, pp. 262–266.
    • Bai, Z.1    Huo, Q.2
  • 22
    • 34447273338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normalization-cooperated gradient feature extraction for handwritten character recognition
    • [22] Liu, C.-L., Normalization-cooperated gradient feature extraction for handwritten character recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29:8 (2007), 1465–1469.
    • (2007) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 1465-1469
    • Liu, C.-L.1
  • 23
    • 84876231242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks, in: Proceedings of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)
    • [23] A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, G. Hinton, ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks, in: Proceedings of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 2012, pp. 1097–1105.
    • (2012) , pp. 1097-1105
    • Krizhevsky, A.1    Sutskever, I.2    Hinton, G.3
  • 25
    • 85083953063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2015
    • [25] K. Simonyan, A. Zisserman, Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2015.
    • Simonyan, K.1    Zisserman, A.2
  • 26
    • 13344275837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Style consistent classification of isogenous patterns
    • [26] Sarkar, P., Nagy, G., Style consistent classification of isogenous patterns. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 27:1 (2005), 88–98.
    • (2005) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-98
    • Sarkar, P.1    Nagy, G.2
  • 27
    • 0036522405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Writer adaptation for online handwriting recognition
    • [27] Connell, S., Jain, A., Writer adaptation for online handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24:3 (2002), 329–346.
    • (2002) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 329-346
    • Connell, S.1    Jain, A.2
  • 28
  • 29
    • 0019009104 scopus 로고
    • Automatic recognition of handprinted characters: the state of the art, in: Proceedings of IEEE, vol
    • 68, no. 4
    • [29] C. Suen, M. Berthod, S. Mori, Automatic recognition of handprinted characters: the state of the art, in: Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 68, no. 4, 1980, pp. 469–487.
    • (1980) , pp. 469-487
    • Suen, C.1    Berthod, M.2    Mori, S.3
  • 31
    • 0027542176 scopus 로고
    • Optical recognition of handwritten Chinese characters: advances since 1980
    • [31] Hildebrandt, T., Liu, W., Optical recognition of handwritten Chinese characters: advances since 1980. Pattern Recognit. 26:2 (1993), 205–225.
    • (1993) Pattern Recognit. , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 205-225
    • Hildebrandt, T.1    Liu, W.2
  • 32
    • 0033640745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online and offline handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey
    • [32] Plamondon, R., Srihari, S., Online and offline handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22:1 (2000), 63–84.
    • (2000) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-84
    • Plamondon, R.1    Srihari, S.2
  • 33
    • 42749094384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forty years of research in character and document recognition: an industrial perspective
    • [33] Fujisawa, H., Forty years of research in character and document recognition: an industrial perspective. Pattern Recognit. 41:8 (2008), 2435–2446.
    • (2008) Pattern Recognit. , vol.41 , Issue.8 , pp. 2435-2446
    • Fujisawa, H.1
  • 34
    • 33746600649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks
    • [34] Hinton, G., Salakhutdinov, R., Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science 313:5786 (2006), 504–507.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , Issue.5786 , pp. 504-507
    • Hinton, G.1    Salakhutdinov, R.2
  • 35
    • 84930630277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep learning
    • [35] LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., Hinton, G., Deep learning. Nature 521:7553 (2015), 436–444.
    • (2015) Nature , vol.521 , Issue.7553 , pp. 436-444
    • LeCun, Y.1    Bengio, Y.2    Hinton, G.3
  • 36
    • 0032203257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition, in: Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 86, no. 11
    • [36] Y. LeCun, L. Bottou, Y. Bengio, P. Haffner, Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition, in: Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 86, no. 11, 1998, pp. 2278–2324.
    • (1998) , pp. 2278-2324
    • LeCun, Y.1    Bottou, L.2    Bengio, Y.3    Haffner, P.4
  • 37
    • 84866714584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-column deep neural networks for image classification, in: Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
    • [37] D. Ciresan, U. Meier, J. Schmidhuber, Multi-column deep neural networks for image classification, in: Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2012, pp. 3642–3649.
    • (2012) , pp. 3642-3649
    • Ciresan, D.1    Meier, U.2    Schmidhuber, J.3
  • 38
    • 84988455030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-column deep neural networks for offline handwritten Chinese character classification, >〈arXiv:1309.0261〉
    • [38] D. Ciresan, J. Schmidhuber, Multi-column deep neural networks for offline handwritten Chinese character classification, 2013, 〈arXiv:1309.0261〉.
    • (2013)
    • Ciresan, D.1    Schmidhuber, J.2
  • 39
    • 84988513468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatially-sparse convolutional neural networks, >〈arXiv:1409.6070〉
    • [39] B. Graham, Spatially-sparse convolutional neural networks, 2014, 〈arXiv:1409.6070〉.
    • (2014)
    • Graham, B.1
  • 40
    • 84942244321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handwritten character recognition by alternately trained relaxation convolutional neural network, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR), 2014, pp
    • [40] C. Wu, W. Fan, Y. He, J. Sun, S. Naoi, Handwritten character recognition by alternately trained relaxation convolutional neural network, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR), 2014, pp. 291–296.
    • Wu, C.1    Fan, W.2    He, Y.3    Sun, J.4    Naoi, S.5
  • 41
    • 84978829341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond human recognition: A CNN-based framework for handwritten character recognition, in: Proceedings of Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition (ACPR), 2015
    • [41] L. Chen, S. Wang, W. Fan, J. Sun, S. Naoi, Beyond human recognition: A CNN-based framework for handwritten character recognition, in: Proceedings of Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition (ACPR), 2015.
    • Chen, L.1    Wang, S.2    Fan, W.3    Sun, J.4    Naoi, S.5
  • 42
    • 84923053679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handwritten Hangul recognition using deep convolutional neural networks
    • [42] Kim, I.-J., Xie, X., Handwritten Hangul recognition using deep convolutional neural networks. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 18:1 (2015), 1–13.
    • (2015) Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-13
    • Kim, I.-J.1    Xie, X.2
  • 43
    • 84988499999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DropSample: a new training method to enhance deep convolutional neural networks for large-scale unconstrained handwritten Chinese character recognition, #x003E;〈arXiv:1505.05354〉
    • [43] W. Yang, L. Jin, D. Tao, Z. Xie, Z. Feng, DropSample: a new training method to enhance deep convolutional neural networks for large-scale unconstrained handwritten Chinese character recognition, 2015, 〈arXiv:1505.05354〉.
    • (2015)
    • Yang, W.1    Jin, L.2    Tao, D.3    Xie, Z.4    Feng, Z.5
  • 44
    • 84962538652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Character-level Chinese writer identification using path signature feature, dropstroke and deep CNN, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2015
    • [44] W. Yang, L. Jin, M. Liu, Character-level Chinese writer identification using path signature feature, dropstroke and deep CNN, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2015.
    • Yang, W.1    Jin, L.2    Liu, M.3
  • 45
    • 85119544356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An MQDF-CNN hybrid model for offline handwritten Chinese character recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR)
    • [45] Y. Wang, X. Li, C. Liu, X. Ding, Y. Chen, An MQDF-CNN hybrid model for offline handwritten Chinese character recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR), 2014.
    • (2014)
    • Wang, Y.1    Li, X.2    Liu, C.3    Ding, X.4    Chen, Y.5
  • 46
    • 84962552999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition confidence analysis of handwritten Chinese character with CNN, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2015
    • [46] M. He, S. Zhang, H. Mao, L. Jin, Recognition confidence analysis of handwritten Chinese character with CNN, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2015.
    • He, M.1    Zhang, S.2    Mao, H.3    Jin, L.4
  • 47
    • 84919933364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition of handwritten characters in Chinese legal amounts by stacked autoencoders, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 2014
    • [47] M. Wang, Y. Chen, X. Wang, Recognition of handwritten characters in Chinese legal amounts by stacked autoencoders, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 2014.
    • Wang, M.1    Chen, Y.2    Wang, X.3
  • 48
    • 84988496433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep features for text spotting, in: Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2014
    • [48] M. Jaderberg, A. Vedaldi, A. Zisserman, Deep features for text spotting, in: Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2014.
    • Jaderberg, M.1    Vedaldi, A.2    Zisserman, A.3
  • 49
    • 0029411630 scopus 로고
    • LeRec: a NN/HMM hybrid for on-line handwriting recognition
    • [49] Bengio, Y., LeCun, Y., Nohl, C., Burges, C., LeRec: a NN/HMM hybrid for on-line handwriting recognition. Neural Comput. 7:6 (1995), 1289–1303.
    • (1995) Neural Comput. , vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp. 1289-1303
    • Bengio, Y.1    LeCun, Y.2    Nohl, C.3    Burges, C.4
  • 50
    • 71249112130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offline handwriting recognition with multidimensional recurrent neural networks, in: Proceedings of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 2008, pp
    • [50] A. Graves, J. Schmidhuber, Offline handwriting recognition with multidimensional recurrent neural networks, in: Proceedings of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 2008, pp. 545–552.
    • Graves, A.1    Schmidhuber, J.2
  • 51
    • 84962554879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segmentation-free handwritten Chinese text recognition with LSTM-RNN, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)
    • [51] R. Messina, J. Louradour, Segmentation-free handwritten Chinese text recognition with LSTM-RNN, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2015.
    • (2015)
    • Messina, R.1    Louradour, J.2
  • 52
    • 84988466821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reading scene text in deep convolutional sequences, 〈arXiv:1506.04395〉
    • [52] P. He, W. Huang, Y. Qiao, C. Loy, X. Tang, Reading scene text in deep convolutional sequences, 2015, 〈arXiv:1506.04395〉.
    • (2015)
    • He, P.1    Huang, W.2    Qiao, Y.3    Loy, C.4    Tang, X.5
  • 53
    • 84988496393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An end-to-end trainable neural network for image-based sequence recognition and its application to scene text recognition, 〈arXiv:1507.05717〉
    • [53] B. Shi, X. Bai, C. Yao, An end-to-end trainable neural network for image-based sequence recognition and its application to scene text recognition, 2015, 〈arXiv:1507.05717〉.
    • (2015)
    • Shi, B.1    Bai, X.2    Yao, C.3
  • 54
    • 84875736280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A discriminative linear regression approach to adaptation of multi-prototype based classifiers and its applications for Chinese OCR
    • [54] Du, J., Huo, Q., A discriminative linear regression approach to adaptation of multi-prototype based classifiers and its applications for Chinese OCR. Pattern Recognit. 46:8 (2013), 2313–2322.
    • (2013) Pattern Recognit. , vol.46 , Issue.8 , pp. 2313-2322
    • Du, J.1    Huo, Q.2
  • 55
    • 84903716812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical Chinese character recognition method based on style transfer mapping, in: International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS)
    • [55] B. Li, L. Peng, J. Ji, Historical Chinese character recognition method based on style transfer mapping, in: International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS), 2014, pp. 96–100.
    • (2014) , pp. 96-100
    • Li, B.1    Peng, L.2    Ji, J.3
  • 56
    • 84923975148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gaussian process style transfer mapping for historical Chinese character recognition, in: Proceedings of SPIE, Document Recognition and Retrieval, 2015
    • [56] J. Feng, L. Peng, F. Lebourgeois, Gaussian process style transfer mapping for historical Chinese character recognition, in: Proceedings of SPIE, Document Recognition and Retrieval, 2015.
    • Feng, J.1    Peng, L.2    Lebourgeois, F.3
  • 57
    • 0035283342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of prototype learning algorithms for nearest neighbor classifier in application to handwritten character recognition
    • [57] Liu, C.-L., Nakagawa, M., Evaluation of prototype learning algorithms for nearest neighbor classifier in application to handwritten character recognition. Pattern Recognit. 34:3 (2001), 601–615.
    • (2001) Pattern Recognit. , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 601-615
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Nakagawa, M.2
  • 58
    • 84988515477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One-shot adaptation of supervised deep convolutional models, 〈arXiv:1312.6204〉
    • [58] J. Hoffman, E. Tzeng, J. Donahue, Y. Jia, K. Saenko, T. Darrell, One-shot adaptation of supervised deep convolutional models, 2013, 〈arXiv:1312.6204〉.
    • (2013)
    • Hoffman, J.1    Tzeng, E.2    Donahue, J.3    Jia, Y.4    Saenko, K.5    Darrell, T.6
  • 59
    • 84919881041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DeCAF: a deep convolutional activation feature for generic visual recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)
    • [59] J. Donahue, Y. Jia, O. Vinyals, J. Hoffman, N. Zhang, E. Tzeng, T. Darrell, DeCAF: a deep convolutional activation feature for generic visual recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2014.
    • (2014)
    • Donahue, J.1    Jia, Y.2    Vinyals, O.3    Hoffman, J.4    Zhang, N.5    Tzeng, E.6    Darrell, T.7
  • 60
    • 0043166439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handwritten digit recognition: benchmarking of state-of-the-art techniques
    • [60] Liu, C.-L., Nakashima, K., Sako, H., Fujisawa, H., Handwritten digit recognition: benchmarking of state-of-the-art techniques. Pattern Recognit. 36:10 (2003), 2271–2285.
    • (2003) Pattern Recognit. , vol.36 , Issue.10 , pp. 2271-2285
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Nakashima, K.2    Sako, H.3    Fujisawa, H.4
  • 61
    • 84988454895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online Japanese character recognition using trajectory-based normalization and direction feature extraction, in: Proceedings of International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR)
    • [61] C.-L. Liu, X.-D. Zhou, Online Japanese character recognition using trajectory-based normalization and direction feature extraction, in: Proceedings of International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), 2006, pp. 217–222.
    • (2006) , pp. 217-222
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Zhou, X.-D.2
  • 62
    • 71249144811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of imaginary stroke technique for cursive online handwriting Chinese character recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2009, pp
    • [62] K. Ding, G. Deng, L. Jin, An investigation of imaginary stroke technique for cursive online handwriting Chinese character recognition, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2009, pp. 531–535.
    • Ding, K.1    Deng, G.2    Jin, L.3
  • 63
    • 0031061906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The box-cox metric for nearest neighbor classification improvement
    • [63] Heiden, R., Gren, F., The box-cox metric for nearest neighbor classification improvement. Pattern Recognit. 30:2 (1997), 273–279.
    • (1997) Pattern Recognit. , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 273-279
    • Heiden, R.1    Gren, F.2
  • 64
    • 84876699815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of weighted Fisher criteria for large category dimensionality reduction in application to Chinese handwriting recognition
    • [64] Zhang, X.-Y., Liu, C.-L., Evaluation of weighted Fisher criteria for large category dimensionality reduction in application to Chinese handwriting recognition. Pattern Recognit. 46:9 (2013), 2599–2611.
    • (2013) Pattern Recognit. , vol.46 , Issue.9 , pp. 2599-2611
    • Zhang, X.-Y.1    Liu, C.-L.2
  • 65
    • 34047229533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High accuracy handwritten Chinese character recognition using quadratic classifiers with discriminative feature extraction, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 2006, pp
    • [65] C.-L. Liu, High accuracy handwritten Chinese character recognition using quadratic classifiers with discriminative feature extraction, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 2006, pp. 942–945.
    • Liu, C.-L.1
  • 66
    • 2442596064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discriminative learning quadratic discriminant function for handwriting recognition
    • [66] Liu, C.-L., Sako, H., Fujisawa, H., Discriminative learning quadratic discriminant function for handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 15:2 (2004), 430–444.
    • (2004) IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 430-444
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Sako, H.2    Fujisawa, H.3
  • 67
    • 84889593518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locally smoothed modified quadratic discriminant function, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2013, pp
    • [67] X.-Y. Zhang, C.-L. Liu, Locally smoothed modified quadratic discriminant function, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2013, pp. 8–12.
    • Zhang, X.-Y.1    Liu, C.-L.2
  • 69
    • 84893676344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rectifier nonlinearities improve neural network acoustic models, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2013
    • [69] A. Maas, A. Hannun, A. Ng, Rectifier nonlinearities improve neural network acoustic models, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2013.
    • Maas, A.1    Hannun, A.2    Ng, A.3
  • 70
    • 84988460705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delving deep into rectifiers: surpassing human-level performance on ImageNet classification, 〈arXiv:1502.01852〉
    • [70] K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, J. Sun, Delving deep into rectifiers: surpassing human-level performance on ImageNet classification, 2015, 〈arXiv:1502.01852〉.
    • (2015)
    • He, K.1    Zhang, X.2    Ren, S.3    Sun, J.4
  • 71
    • 84988498049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Batch normalization: accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift, 〈arXiv:1502.03167〉
    • [71] S. Ioffe, C. Szegedy, Batch normalization: accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift, 2015, 〈arXiv:1502.03167〉.
    • (2015)
    • Ioffe, S.1    Szegedy, C.2
  • 72
    • 84988454946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical evaluation of rectified activations in convolution network, 〈arXiv:1505.00853〉
    • [72] B. Xu, N. Wang, T. Chen, M. Li, Empirical evaluation of rectified activations in convolution network, 2015, 〈arXiv:1505.00853〉.
    • (2015)
    • Xu, B.1    Wang, N.2    Chen, T.3    Li, M.4
  • 73
    • 84862277874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), 2010, pp
    • [73] X. Glorot, Y. Bengio, Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), 2010, pp. 249–256.
    • Glorot, X.1    Bengio, Y.2
  • 74
    • 0022471098 scopus 로고
    • Learning representations by back-propagating errors
    • [74] Rumelhart, D., Hinton, G., Williams, R., Learning representations by back-propagating errors. Nature 323:9 (1986), 533–536.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.323 , Issue.9 , pp. 533-536
    • Rumelhart, D.1    Hinton, G.2    Williams, R.3
  • 75
    • 84969549144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning transferable features with deep adaptation networks, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2015
    • [75] M. Long, Y. Cao, J. Wang, M. Jordan, Learning transferable features with deep adaptation networks, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2015.
    • Long, M.1    Cao, Y.2    Wang, J.3    Jordan, M.4
  • 76
    • 82355187632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • offline Chinese handwriting databases, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)
    • [76] C.-L. Liu, F. Yin, D.-H. Wang, Q.-F. Wang, CASIA online and offline Chinese handwriting databases, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2011, pp. 37–41.
    • (2011) , pp. 37-41
    • Liu, C.-L.1    Yin, F.2    Wang, D.-H.3    Wang, Q.-F.4    CASIA5
  • 77
    • 84988455017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AdaDelta: an adaptive learning rate method, 〈arXiv:1212.5701〉
    • [77] M. Zeiler, AdaDelta: an adaptive learning rate method, 2012, 〈arXiv:1212.5701〉.
    • (2012)
    • Zeiler, M.1
  • 78
    • 85083951076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adam: a method for stochastic optimization, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)
    • [78] D. Kingma, J. Ba, Adam: a method for stochastic optimization, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2015.
    • (2015)
    • Kingma, D.1    Ba, J.2
  • 81
    • 84954314676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deeply-supervised nets, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS)
    • [81] C.-Y. Lee, S. Xie, P. Gallagher, Z. Zhang, Z. Tu, Deeply-supervised nets, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), 2015, pp. 562–570.
    • (2015) , pp. 562-570
    • Lee, C.-Y.1    Xie, S.2    Gallagher, P.3    Zhang, Z.4    Tu, Z.5
  • 82
    • 70349284484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supervised sequence labeling with recurrent neural networks, in: Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer, 2012
    • [82] A. Graves, Supervised sequence labeling with recurrent neural networks, in: Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer, 2012.
    • Graves, A.1
  • 83
    • 84988466876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep residual learning for image recognition, 〈arXiv:1512.03385〉
    • [83] K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, J. Sun, Deep residual learning for image recognition, 2015, 〈arXiv:1512.03385〉.
    • (2015)
    • He, K.1    Zhang, X.2    Ren, S.3    Sun, J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.