Number As a Primary Perceptual Attribute: A Review

Perception

Volumn 45, Issue 1-2, 2016, Pages 5-31

  Anobile, Giovanni ^a   Cicchini, Guido Marco ^b   Burr, David C ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^b CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche   (Italy)

Author keywords

approximate number system; numerical cognition; Numerosity; subitizing; texture density

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; HUMAN; MATHEMATICAL PHENOMENA; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS; PERCEPTION;

EID: 84988228112     PISSN: 03010066     EISSN: 14684233     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0301006615602599     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. D.AlaisC.MorroneD.Burr (2006) Separate attentional resources for vision and audition. Proceedings of Bioogical Sciences273: 1339–1345. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3420.
2. J.AllikT.Tuulmets (1991) Occupancy model of perceived numerosity. Perception & Psychophysics49: 303–314.
3. M.L.AndersonM.Penner-Wilger (2013) Neural reuse in the evolution and development of the brain: Evidence for developmental homology?Developmental Psychobiology55: 42–51. doi: 10.1002/Dev.21055.
4. G.AnobileG.M.CicchiniD.C.Burr (2014) Separate mechanisms for perception of numerosity and density. Psychological Science25: 265–270. doi: 10.1177/0956797613501520.
5. G.AnobileP.StievanoD.C.Burr (2013) Visual sustained attention and numerosity sensitivity correlate with math achievement in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology116: 380–391. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.06.006.
6. G.AnobileM.TuriG.M.CicchiniD.C.Burr (2012) The effects of cross-sensory attentional demand on subitizing and on mapping number onto space. Vision Research74: 102–109. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2012.06.005. S0042-6989(12)00176-9.
7. G.AnobileM.TuriG.M.CicchiniD.C.Burr (2015) Mechanisms for perception of numerosity or texture-density are governed by crowding-like effects. Journal of Vision15. doi:10.1167/15.5.4.
8. S.M.Anstis (1974) Size adaptation to visual texture and print: Evidence for spatial-frequency analysis. American Journal of Psychology87: 261–267.
9. D.ApthorpJ.Bell (2015) Symmetry is less than meets the eye. Current Biology25: R267–R268. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.017.
10. R.ArrighiR.LunardiD.Burr (2011) Vision and audition do not share attentional resources in sustained tasks. Frontiers in Psychology2: 56. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00056.
11. R.ArrighiI.TogoliD.C.Burr (2014) A generalized sense of number. Proceedings of Biological Sciences281. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1791.
12. H.B.BarlowP.Foldiak (1989) Adaptation and decorrelation in the cortex. In: (eds) The computing neuron, Wokingham, England: Addison-Wesley, pp. 54–72.
13. C.BlakemoreF.W.Campbell (1969) On the existence of neurones in the human visual system selectively sensitive to the orientation and size of retinal images. The Journal of Physiology203: 237–260.
14. G.M.Boynton (2004) Adaptation and attentional selection. Nature Neuroscience7: 8–10. doi:10.1038/nn0104-8.
15. D.C.BurrG.AnobileM.Turi (2011) Adaptation affects both high and low (subitized) numbers under conditions of high attentional load. Seeing Perceiving24: 141–150. doi:10.1163/187847511X570097.
16. D.C.BurrJ.Ross (2008) A visual sense of number. Current Biology18: 425–428. doi:10.1016/J.Cub.2008.02.052.
17. D.C.BurrM.TuriG.Anobile (2010) Subitizing but not estimation of numerosity requires attentional resources. Journal of Vision10: 20. doi: 10.1167/10.6.20, 10.6.20 [pii].
18. V.CamosB.Tillmann (2008) Discontinuity in the enumeration of sequentially presented auditory and visual stimuli. Cognition107: 1135–1143. doi: 10.1016/J.Cognition.2007.11.002.
19. E.CastaldiD.Aagten-MurphyM.TosettiD.BurrM.C.Morrone (2014) Effects of adaptation on numerosity decoding in the human brain [Abstract]. 9th FENS Forum of Neuroscience. Abstract Number: 1723, page 383 [FENS 2014: Poster].
20. A.ChinelloV.CattaniC.BonfiglioliS.DehaeneM.Piazza (2013) Objects, numbers, fingers, space: Clustering of ventral and dorsal functions in young children and adults. Developmental Science16: 377–393. doi: 10.1111/desc.12028.
21. S.C.ChongK.K.Evans (2011) Distributed versus focused attention (count vs estimate). Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science2: 634–638. doi: 10.1002/Wcs.136.
22. H.ChooS.L.Franconeri (2014) Enumeration of small collections violates Weber's law. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review21: 93–99. doi: 10.3758/s13423-013-0474-4.
23. C.W.G.CliffordG.Rhodes (2005) Fitting the mind to the world: Adaptation and after-effects in high-level vision, (1st ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
24. S.C.DakinM.S.TibberJ.A.GreenwoodF.A.A.KingdomM.J.Morgan (2011) A common visual metric for approximate number and density. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America108: 19552–19557. doi: 10.1073/Pnas.1113195108.
25. S.Dehaene (2009) Origins of mathematical intuitions the case of arithmetic. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences1156: 232–259. doi: 10.1111/J.1749-6632.2009.04469.X.
26. S.Dehaene (2011) The number sense: How the mind creates mathematics, (Rev. and updated ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
27. S.DehaeneJ.P.Changeux (1993) Development of elementary numerical abilities: A neuronal model. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience5: 390–407. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1993.5.4.390.
28. R.DesimoneJ.Duncan (1995) Neural mechanisms of selective visual-attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience18: 193–222. doi:10.1146/Annurev.Neuro.18.1.193.
29. F.H.Durgin (1995) Texture density adaptation and the perceived numerosity and distribution of texture. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance21: 149–169. doi:10.1037//0096-1523.21.1.149.
30. F.H.Durgin (2008) Texture density adaptation and visual number revisited. Current Biology18: R855–R856. doi:10.1016/J.Cub.2008.07.053.
31. H.E.EgethC.J.LeonardM.Palomares (2008) The role of attention in subitizing: Is the magical number 1?Visual Cognition16: 463–473. doi:10.1080/13506280801937939.
32. S.L.FranconeriD.K.BemisG.A.Alvarez (2009) Number estimation relies on a set of segmented objects. Cognition113: 1–13. doi:10.1016/J.Cognition.2009.07.002.
33. J.HalberdaM.M.MazzoccoL.Feigenson (2008) Individual differences in non-verbal number acuity correlate with maths achievement. Nature455: 665–668. doi:10.1038/nature07246.
34. S.T.HammettR.A.ChampionP.G.ThompsonA.B.Morland (2007) Perceptual distortions of speed at low luminance: Evidence inconsistent with a Bayesian account of speed encoding. Vision Research47: 564–568. doi:10.1016/J.Visres.2006.08.013.
35. B.M.HarveyB.P.KleinN.PetridouS.O.Dumoulin (2013) Topographic Representation of Numerosity in the Human Parietal Cortex. Science341: 1123–1126. doi:10.1126/Science.1239052.
36. L.X.HeJ.ZhangT.G.ZhouL.Chen (2009) Connectedness affects dot numerosity judgment: Implications for configural processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review16: 509–517. doi:10.3758/Pbr.16.3.509.
37. G.E.HintonR.R.Salakhutdinov (2006) Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science313: 504–507. doi:10.1126/science.1127647.
38. W.S.Jevons (1871) The power of numerical discrimination. Nature3: 363–372.
39. E.L.KaufmanM.W.Lord (1949) The discrimination of visual number. American Journal of Psychology62: 498–525.
40. A.Kohn (2007) Visual adaptation: Physiology, mechanisms, and functional benefits. Journal of Neurophysiology97: 3155–3164. doi:10.1152/jn.00086.2007.
41. P.KramerM.G.Di BonoM.Zorzi (2011) Numerosity estimation in visual stimuli in the absence of luminance-based cues. PLoS One6. doi:ARTN e17378; 10.1371/journal.pone.0017378.
42. D.K.LeeL.IttiC.KochJ.Braun (1999) Attention activates winner-take-all competition among visual filters. Nature Neuroscience2: 375–381.
43. M.S.MatellW.H.Meck (2004) Cortico-striatal circuits and interval timing: Coincidence detection of oscillatory processes. Brain Research Cognitive Brain Research21: 139–170. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.012.
44. J.L.MilneC.S.ChapmanJ.P.GallivanD.K.WoodJ.C.CulhamM.A.Goodale (2013) Connecting the dots: Object connectedness deceives perception but not movement planning. Psychological Science24: 1456–1465. doi:10.1177/0956797612473485.
45. J.D.Mollon (1974) After-effects and the brain. New Scientist61: 479–482.
46. M.J.MorganS.RaphaelM.S.TibberS.C.Dakin (2014) A texture-processing model of the ‘visual sense of number’. Proceedings of Biological Sciences281. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1137.
47. M.C.MorroneV.DentiD.Spinelli (2002) Color and luminance contrasts attract independent attention. Current Biology12: 1134–1137.
48. A.Nieder (2012) Supramodal numerosity selectivity of neurons in primate prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America109: 11860–11865. doi:10.1073/Pnas.1204580109.
49. A.NiederI.DiesterO.Tudusciuc (2006) Temporal and spatial enumeration processes in the primate parietal cortex. Science313: 1431–1435. doi:10.1126/Science.1130308.
50. A.NiederD.J.FreedmanE.K.Miller (2002) Representation of the quantity of visual items in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science297: 1708–1711. doi:10.1126/Science.1072493.
51. C.N.L.OliversD.G.Watson (2008) Subitizing requires attention. Visual Cognition16: 439–462. doi:10.1080/13506280701825861.
52. M.Piazza (2010) Neurocognitive start-up tools for symbolic number representations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences14: 542–551. doi:10.1016/J.Tics.2010.09.008.
53. M.PiazzaA.FumarolaA.ChinelloD.Melcher (2011) Subitizing reflects visuo-spatial object individuation capacity. Cognition121: 147–153. doi:10.1016/J.Cognition.2011.05.007.
54. M.PiazzaV.IzardP.PinelD.Le BihanS.Dehaene (2004) Tuning curves for approximate numerosity in the human intraparietal sulcus. Neuron44: 547–555. doi: S0896627304006786; 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.014.
55. M.PiazzaP.PinelD.Le BihanS.Dehaene (2007) A magnitude code common to numerosities and number symbols in human intraparietal cortex. Neuron53: 293–305. doi:10.1016/J.Neuron.2006.11.022.
56. M.A.PlaisierW.M.B.TiestA.M.L.Kappers (2009) One, two, three, many—Subitizing in active touch. Acta Psychologica131: 163–170. doi:10.1016/J.Actpsy.2009.04.003.
57. A.PooresmaeiliR.ArrighiL.BiagiM.C.Morrone (2013) Blood oxygen level-dependent activation of the primary visual cortex predicts size adaptation illusion. Journal of Neuroscience33: 15999–16008. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1770-13.2013.
58. H.RailoM.KoivistoA.RevonsuoM.M.Hannula (2008) The role of attention in subitizing. Cognition107: 82–104. doi:10.1016/J.Cognition.2007.08.004.
59. B.H.Repp (2007) Perceiving the numerosity of rapidly occurring auditory events in metrical and nonmetrical contexts. Perception & Psychophysics69: 529–543. doi:10.3758/Bf03193910.
60. S.K.RevkinM.PiazzaV.IzardL.CohenS.Dehaene (2008) Does subitizing reflect numerical estimation?Psychological Science19: 607–614. doi:10.1111/J.1467-9280.2008.02130.X.
61. K.J.RiggsL.FerrandD.LancelinL.FryzielG.DumurA.Simpson (2006) Subitizing in tactile perception. Psychological Science17: 271–272. doi:10.1111/J.1467-9280.2006.01696.X.
62. J.D.RoitmanE.M.BrannonM.L.Platt (2007) Monotonic coding of numerosity in macaque lateral intraparietal area. PLoS Biology5: e208. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050208.
63. J.D.RoitmanE.M.BrannonM.L.Platt (2012) Representation of numerosity in posterior parietal cortex. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience6. doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00025.
64. J.Ross (2003) Visual discrimination of number without counting. Perception32: 867–870. doi:10.1068/P5029.
65. J.RossD.C.Burr (2010) Vision senses number directly. Journal of Vision10: 10.11–18. doi: 10.1167/10.2.10; 10/2/10 [pii].
66. H.SawamuraK.ShimaJ.Tanji (2002) Numerical representation for action in the parietal cortex of the monkey. Nature415: 918–922. doi:10.1038/415918a.
67. B.SchachterN.Ahuja (1979) Random pattern generation processes. Computer Graphics and Image Processing10: 95–114.
68. R.SenguptaB.R.SurampudiD.Melcher (2014) A visual sense of number emerges from the dynamics of a recurrent on-center off-surround neural network. Brain Research1582: 114–124. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.014.
69. S.G.SolomonA.Kohn (2014) Moving sensory adaptation beyond suppressive effects in single neurons. Current Biology24: R1012–R1022. doi:10.1016/J.Cub.2014.09.001.
70. J.E.StaddonJ.J.Higa (1999) Time and memory: Towards a pacemaker-free theory of interval timing. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior71: 215–251. doi:10.1901/jeab.1999.71-215.
71. I.StoianovM.Zorzi (2012) Emergence of a ‘visual number sense’ in hierarchical generative models. Nature Neuroscience15: 194–196. doi:10.1038/Nn.2996.
72. P.ThompsonD.Burr (2009) Visual aftereffects. Current Biology19: R11–R14. doi:10.1016/J.Cub.2008.10.014.
73. M.S.TibberJ.A.GreenwoodS.C.Dakin (2012) Number and density discrimination rely on a common metric: Similar psychophysical effects of size, contrast, and divided attention. Journal of Vision12. doi:Artn 8; 10.1167/12.6.8.
74. M.S.TibberG.S.L.ManassehR.C.ClarkeG.GaginS.N.SwanbeckB.ButterworthS.C.Dakin (2013) Sensitivity to numerosity is not a unique visuospatial psychophysical predictor of mathematical ability. Vision Research89: 1–9. doi:10.1016/J.Visres.2013.06.006.
75. L.M.TrickZ.W.Pylyshyn (1994) Why are small and large numbers enumerated differently? A limited-capacity preattentive stage in vision. Psychological Review101: 80–102.
76. M.Vaziri-PashkamP.Cavanagh (2008) Apparent speed increases at low luminance. Journal of Vision8. doi:Artn 9; 10.1167/8.16.9.
77. T.VergutsW.Fias (2004) Representation of number in animals and humans: A neural model. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience16: 1493–1504. doi:10.1162/0898929042568497.
78. P.VetterB.ButterworthB.Bahrami (2008) Modulating attentional load affects numerosity estimation: evidence against a pre-attentive subitizing mechanism. PLoS One3: e3269. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003269.
79. P.ViswanathanA.Nieder (2013) Neuronal correlates of a visual “sense of number” in primate parietal and prefrontal cortices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences110: 11187–11192. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308141110.
80. J.WhalenC.R.GallistelR.Gelman (1999) Nonverbal counting in humans: The psychophysics of number representation. Psychological Science10: 130–137. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00120.
81. X.XuC.Liu (2008) Can subitizing survive the attentional blink? An ERP study. Neuroscience Letters440: 140–144. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.063.
82. D.ZipserR.A.Andersen (1988) A back-propagation programmed network that simulates response properties of a subset of posterior parietal neurons. Nature331: 679–684. doi:10.1038/331679a0.