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European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter ECtHR), Cyprus v. Turkey, Judgment of 10 May 2001, Reports of Judgments and Decisions (hereinafter Reports) 2001-IV.
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Horst Fischer, Ulrike Froissart, Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg and Christian Raap Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin
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24 April 1863, reprinted in Dietrich Schindler and Jiri Toman See, e.g 3rd edn
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First used as a motto on the title page of the “Mémorial des vingt-cinq premières années de la Croix-Rouge, 1863–1888,” published by the International Committee of the Red Cross on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the Committee; the wording was adopted by the Committee on 18 September 1888 following a suggestion by Gustave Moynier. This is now the motto of the International Committee of the Red Cross: see Article
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First used as a motto on the title page of the “Mémorial des vingt-cinq premières années de la Croix-Rouge, 1863–1888,” published by the International Committee of the Red Cross on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the Committee; the wording was adopted by the Committee on 18 September 1888 following a suggestion by Gustave Moynier. This is now the motto of the International Committee of the Red Cross: see Statutes of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1973, Article 3(2).
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See Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 31 (hereinafter First Geneva Convention)
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Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
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Article 72 of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Relating to the 12 December hereinafter Additional Protocol I
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Article 72 of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 12 December 1977, 1125 UNTS 3 (hereinafter Additional Protocol I)
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Preamble of Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 12 December hereinafter Protocol II
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E/CN.4/RES/2003/15 (17 April 2003)(Congo)
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The omission of the term “war” in the ICCPR does not mean that derogations were not meant for situations of armed conflict, as the drafting history shows. Indeed, the drafters included a non-discrimination clause in Article 4, but deliberately left out discrimination on the ground of nationality in order to permit discrimination against enemy aliens paras. 279–280
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The omission of the term “war” in the ICCPR does not mean that derogations were not meant for situations of armed conflict, as the drafting history shows. Indeed, the drafters included a non-discrimination clause in Article 4, but deliberately left out discrimination on the ground of nationality in order to permit discrimination against enemy aliens, UN SCOR, 14th Sess, Supp No. 4, paras. 279–280
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98
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Application of human rights treaties extraterritorially in times of armed conflict and military occupation
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85022975734
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above note 51, para. 12.3
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López Burgos v. Uruguay, above note 51, para. 12.3
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113
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Annex I: Territorial Scope of the Application of the Covenant, 2nd and 3rd periodic reports of the United States of America, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under Article 40 of the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/USA/3, 28 November 2005; Summary Record of the 2380th meeting, 18 July 2006, Second and third periodic reports of the United States of America, UN Doc. CCPR/C/ SR.2380, 27 July 2006
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Compilation of the Comments of Governments on the Draft International Covenant on Human Rights and on the Proposed Additional Articles
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United States proposal
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UN ESCOR Hum Rts Comm, 6th Sess, UN Doc. E/CN.4/365
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79951988714
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Summary Record of the Hundred and Thirty-Eighth Meeting
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UN ESCOR Hum Rts Comm, 6th Sess, 138th mtg, UN Doc. E/CN.4/SR.138
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84901822816
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of 23 March 1995, Series A No. 310, para. 62
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ECtHR, Loizidou v. Turkey (Preliminary Objections), Judgment of 23 March 1995, Series A No. 310, para. 62
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Judgment
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136
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Loizidou v. Turkey, Judgment of 18 December 1996, Reports 1996-VI, para. 56
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Judgment
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137
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85022970610
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above note 3, para. 77
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Cyprus v. Turkey, application No. 25781/99 above note 3, para. 77.
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application No. 25781/99
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138
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85022925417
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above note 3, para. 78
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Cyprus v. Turkey, above note 3, para. 78.
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139
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85022966217
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Banković and others v. Belgium and others, above note 67, para. 75
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ECtHR, Banković and others v. Belgium and others, above note 67, para. 75.
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ECtHR
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140
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85022970843
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para. 80
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ECtHR., para. 80.
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ECtHR
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141
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57349127568
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La protection des droits de l'Homme lors d'actions militaires menées à l'étranger
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See the severe criticism of the Banković judgment by
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See the severe criticism of the Banković judgment by Luigi Condorelli, “La protection des droits de l'Homme lors d'actions militaires menées à l'étranger”, Collegium 32 (2005), p. 100.
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Condorelli, L.1
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Öcalan v. Turkey, Judgment of 12 March para. 93
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ECtHR
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Issa and others v. Turkey, Judgment of 16 November para. 71
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ECtHR, Issa and others v. Turkey, Judgment of 16 November 2004, para. 71
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ECtHR
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above note 74, para. 71
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Issa and others v. Turkey, above note 74, para. 71.
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146
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85023000116
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Including cases such as
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Including cases such as Eur Comm HR, Sánchez Ramirez v. France, 86-A DR 155, 1996
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DR
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147
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Freda v. Italy, 21 DR 250, 1980
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DR
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148
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Hess v. the United Kingdom, 2 DR 72, 1975.
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DR
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149
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85022936429
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As described in above note 67, para. 73
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As described in Banković and others v. Belgium and others, above note 67, para. 73.
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150
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85022931450
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Judgment of 13 June 2007 paras. 61–83, 91, 105–132
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UKHL
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151
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84860491174
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Judgment of 21 December 2005 the Court of Appeals had interpreted the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights to be broader and cover both overall control over a territory and control over a person paras. 62–112
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the Court of Appeals had interpreted the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights to be broader and cover both overall control over a territory and control over a person: R v. the Secretary of State for Defence, ex parte Al-Skeini and others, Judgment of 21 December 2005, [2005] EWCA Civ 1609, paras. 62–112.
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153
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Sir Elihu Lauterpacht and Daniel Bethlehem, “The scope and content of the principle of non-refoulement: opinion”, in Erika Feller, Volker Türk and Frances Nicholson (eds.), Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR's Global Consultations On International Protection 87, 2003, para. 67.
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Elihu Lauterpacht, S.1
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154
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57349131293
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Extraterritorial application of the human rights instruments of the Inter-American system
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For an overview of its jurisprudence see Fons Coomans and Menno Kamminga
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Cerna, C.1
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above note 45, para. 37
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Coard v. the United States, above note 45, para. 37.
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157
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Case No. 10.573, 14 October 1993, Annual Report 1993, OEA/Ser.L/V85, Doc. 9 rev., 11 February 1994, para. 6
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Salas v. the United States, Report No. 31/93, Case No. 10.573, 14 October 1993, Annual Report 1993, OEA/Ser.L/V85, Doc. 9 rev., 11 February 1994, para. 6.
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Report No. 31/93
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158
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85022924888
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OEA/Ser.L/V/II.66, Doc.17, 9 September 1985, Chapter III, paras. 81–91
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Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Chile, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.66, Doc.17, 9 September 1985, Chapter III, paras. 81–91, 181.
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Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Chile
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160
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85022947252
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Report of the Working Group on A Draft Convention against Torture and Other Cruel
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UN Doc. E/CN.4/L.1470, 12 March para. 32
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Report of the Working Group on A Draft Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, UN Doc. E/CN.4/L.1470, 12 March 1979, para. 32
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Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
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163
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84953714832
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above note 47, para. 112
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Wall case, above note 47, para. 112.
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Wall case
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165
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84953714832
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above note 47, para. 113
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Wall case, above note 47, para. 113.
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Wall case
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166
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85022961045
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ICJ, Case Concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
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Georgia v. Russian Federation Order of 15 October 2008, para No. 109
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ICJ, Case Concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008, para No. 109.
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Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures
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concerning the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 10 May 2001 in the case of Cyprus against Turkey (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 7 June 2005, at the 928th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)
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Interim Resolution ResDH(2005)44, concerning the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 10 May 2001 in the case of Cyprus against Turkey (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 7 June 2005, at the 928th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies).
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Interim Resolution ResDH
, pp. 44
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168
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85022953855
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concerning the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 8 July 2004 (Grand Chamber) in the case of Ilaşcu and others against Moldova and the Russian Federation (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 10 May 2006 at the 964th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies).
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Interim Resolution ResDH(2006)26 concerning the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 8 July 2004 (Grand Chamber) in the case of Ilaşcu and others against Moldova and the Russian Federation (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 10 May 2006 at the 964th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies).
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Interim Resolution ResDH
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169
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85022961261
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12 December See above note 14
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GA Resolution 1312 (XIII), 12 December 1958. See above note 14.
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GA Resolution
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170
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of 14 June 1967, preambular paragraph 2. See above note 5
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SC Resolution 237 (1967) of 14 June 1967, preambular paragraph 2. See above note 5.
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171
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of 21 December
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UN Doc. S/RES/1649 of 21 December 2005.
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UN Doc. S/RES/1649
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Government of the Netherlands to the Concerns Expressed by the Human Rights Committee
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See Replies of the Government of the Netherlands to the Concerns Expressed by the Human Rights Committee, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/72/NET/Add.1, 29 April 2003, para. 19
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UN Doc. CCPR/CO/72/NET/Add.1
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173
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4 December para. 8
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Second periodic report of Israel to the Human Rights Committee, UN Doc. CCPR/C/ISR/2001/2, 4 December 2001, para. 8
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UN Doc. CCPR/C/ISR/2001/2
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174
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85022968717
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Second periodic report of Israel to the Committee on Economic
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16 October para. 5
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Second periodic report of Israel to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. E/1990/6/Add.32, 16 October 2001, para. 5
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Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. E/1990/6/Add.32
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177
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2nd and 3rd periodic reports of the United States of America, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under Article 40 of the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/USA/3, 28 November
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Annex I: Territorial Scope of the Application of the Covenant, 2nd and 3rd periodic reports of the United States of America, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under Article 40 of the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/USA/3, 28 November 2005.
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See, e.g Judgment of 18 April
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See, e.g., Marab v. IDF Commander in the West Bank, HCJ 3239/02, Judgment of 18 April 2002.
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179
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85022936385
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Al-Skeini and others v. Secretary of State for Defence, [2004] EWHC 2911 (Admin), No. CO/2242/2004, 14 December 2004
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EWHC
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180
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84860491174
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181
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International Law Association, Final Report of the Committee on Formation of Customary International Law
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The importance of court decisions in forming customary law when conflicting with positions of the executive is subject to debate: see
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The importance of court decisions in forming customary law when conflicting with positions of the executive is subject to debate: see International Law Association, Final Report of the Committee on Formation of Customary International Law, Statement of principles applicable to the formation of general customary international law, pp. 17, 18.
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Statement of principles applicable to the formation of general customary international law
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184
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85022926239
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For the extraterritorial scope of the customary right to life, see
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For the extraterritorial scope of the customary right to life, see Nils Melzer, Targeted Killing, 2007, pp. 287 f.
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Melzer, N.1
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24144497157
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Targeted killing of suspected terrorists: extra-judicial executions or legitimate means of defence?
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David Kretzmer, “ Targeted killing of suspected terrorists: extra-judicial executions or legitimate means of defence?”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16 (2005), pp. 171, 185
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European Journal of International Law
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Kretzmer, D.1
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186
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Living in denial: the application of human rights in the occupied territories
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Orna Ben Naftali and Yuval Shany, “ Living in denial: the application of human rights in the occupied territories”, Israel Law Review, Vol. 37 (2004), pp. 17, 87.
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Ben Naftali, O.1
Shany, Y.2
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187
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above note 4
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Bothe, above note 4, pp. 37.
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Bothe1
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188
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85022917385
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Article 2
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Article 2 ICCPR
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ICCPR
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189
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85022938187
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Article 1
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Article 1 ECHR
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ECHR
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190
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85022972465
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Article 1
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Article 1 ACHR
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ACHR
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192
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85022947112
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See Article 4
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See Article 4 ICCPR
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ICCPR
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193
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85022927998
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Article 15
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Article 15 ECHR
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ECHR
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194
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85022980734
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Article 27
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Article 27 ACHR.
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ACHR
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196
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24144471116
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The principle of systemic integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention
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Campbell McLachlan, “The principle of systemic integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 54 (2005), pp. 279–320
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McLachlan, C.1
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198
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0346418072
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Treaty, Custom and the Cross-fertilization of International Law
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see also
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Sands, P.1
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84937209339
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above note 46, para. 25
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Nuclear Weapons case, above note 46, para. 25.
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Nuclear Weapons case
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200
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84953714832
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above note 47, para. 106
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Wall case, above note 47, para. 106.
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Wall case
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201
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85022932043
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above note 48, para. 216
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DRC v. Uganda, above note 48, para. 216.
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202
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85022951633
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above note 45, para. 42
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Coard v. the United States, above note 45, para. 42.
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203
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above note 50 para. 11
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Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 31, above note 50, para. 11.
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General Comment No. 31
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204
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0040270195
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Le Droit Des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle
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Book II, ch xvii, para. 316 (reproduction of Books I and II edn 1758, in Geneva, Slatkine Reprints, Henry Dunant Institute
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Emerich de Vattel, Le Droit Des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle, Book II, ch xvii, para. 316 (reproduction of Books I and II edn 1758, in: The Classics of International Law, Geneva, Slatkine Reprints, Henry Dunant Institute, 1983).
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(1983)
The Classics of International Law
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de Vattel, E.1
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205
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84937577021
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De Jure Belli Ac Pacis
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Book II, section XXIX
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Hugo Grotius, De Jure Belli Ac Pacis, Book II, section XXIX. Library Ires.
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Library Ires
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Grotius, H.1
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206
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Addressing the norm conflicts in a fragmented system: the doctrine of lex specialis
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Anja Lindroos, “Addressing the norm conflicts in a fragmented system: the doctrine of lex specialis”, Nordic Journal of International Law, Vol. 74 (2005), p. 28.
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Lindroos, A.1
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International Law Commission
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See, e.g above note 108
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See, e.g., International Law Commission, Report of the Study Group, above note 108
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Report of the Study Group
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208
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85022962352
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above note 117
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Lindroos, above note 117, pp. 27–28.
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Lindroos1
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209
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84904648099
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Lex specialis: oversimplifying a more complex and multifaceted relationship?
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Nancie Prud'homme, “Lex specialis: oversimplifying a more complex and multifaceted relationship?”, Israel Law Review, Vol. 40 (2) (2007), pp. 356
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Prud'homme, N.1
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210
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A right to life in armed conflicts? The contribution of the European Court of Human Rights
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Israel Yearbook on Human Rights
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Gaggioli, G.1
Kolb, R.2
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211
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57349189658
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International humanitarian law and the International Court of Justice on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons
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January- February
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Louise Doswald-Beck, “International humanitarian law and the International Court of Justice on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons”, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 316 (January- February 1997), p. 35.
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Doswald-Beck, L.1
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above note 119
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215
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85022913151
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above note 109
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Sands, above note 109, pp. 85–105.
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Sands
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216
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85022918367
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above note 103
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Kretzmer, above note 103, p. 171.
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Kretzmer1
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217
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84941758453
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Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of “ Self Contained Regimes”
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and Add.1
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Martti Koskenniemi, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of “ Self Contained Regimes”, UN Doc. ILC(LVI)/SG/FIL/CRD.1 and Add.1 (2004), p. 4.
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Koskenniemi, M.1
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219
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85022971261
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above note 117
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Lindroos, above note 117, p. 44.
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Lindroos1
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220
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1842783740
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Controlling the use of force: a role for human rights norms in contemporary armed conflict
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Watkin, K.1
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See Principles 9 and 10 of the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials; see also Oxford University Press, Oxford
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above note 103
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Kretzmer, above note 103, p. 179.
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Kretzmer1
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223
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85022932864
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McCann and Others v. United Kingdom, 18984/91 paras. 202–213
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ECtHR, McCann and Others v. United Kingdom, 18984/91, 1995, paras. 202–213
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ECtHR
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-
224
-
-
84901822816
-
-
of 9 October 1997, Reports 1997-VI, paras. 181–186
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Andronicou and Constantinou v. Cyprus, Judgment of 9 October 1997, Reports 1997-VI, paras. 181–186, 191–193
-
Judgment
, pp. 191-193
-
-
-
225
-
-
85022815519
-
-
of 4 May paras. 103–104
-
Hugh Jordan v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 4 May 2001, paras. 103–104
-
(2001)
Judgment
-
-
-
226
-
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85022983184
-
-
above note 43, para. 79
-
Ergi v. Turkey, above note 43, para. 79
-
-
-
-
227
-
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85022977192
-
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above note 43, paras. 169–171
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Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia, above note 43, paras. 169–171
-
-
-
-
228
-
-
85022920967
-
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above note 43, para. 189
-
Isayeva v. Russia, above note 43, para. 189.
-
-
-
-
230
-
-
85022882188
-
Challenges in applying human rights law to armed conflict
-
See the discussion on the principle of proportionality in December
-
See the discussion on the principle of proportionality in Noam Lubell, “Challenges in applying human rights law to armed conflict”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 87 No. 860 (December 2005), pp. 737, 745–46.
-
(2005)
International Review of the Red Cross
, vol.87
, Issue.860
-
-
Lubell, N.1
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231
-
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85022926934
-
-
above note 119
-
Gaggioli and Kolb, above note 119, p. 138.
-
-
-
Gaggioli1
Kolb2
-
232
-
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85022961990
-
-
For an in-depth analysis of the concept of military necessity and its use in modern military manuals see above note 103
-
For an in-depth analysis of the concept of military necessity and its use in modern military manuals see Melzer, above note 103, pp. 336–356
-
-
-
Melzer1
-
233
-
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85022967833
-
-
above note 119
-
Gaggioli and Kolb, above note 119, p. 136.
-
-
-
Gaggioli1
Kolb2
-
234
-
-
0039947228
-
-
Article 23(c)
-
1907 Hague Regulations, Article 23(c)
-
(1907)
Hague Regulations
-
-
-
238
-
-
85022956741
-
-
above note 103 in the words of Jean Pictet: “If we can put a soldier out of action by capturing him, we should not wound him; if we can obtain the same result by wounding him, we must not kill him
-
Nils Melzer, above note 103, p. 347; in the words of Jean Pictet: “If we can put a soldier out of action by capturing him, we should not wound him; if we can obtain the same result by wounding him, we must not kill him.
-
-
-
Melzer, N.1
-
239
-
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2442749509
-
-
If there are two means to achieve the same military advantage, we must choose the one which causes the lesser evil”
-
If there are two means to achieve the same military advantage, we must choose the one which causes the lesser evil”. Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law, p. 75 f. (1985).
-
(1985)
Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law
, pp. 75 f
-
-
-
240
-
-
85022930875
-
-
See above note 133
-
See Henckaerts and Doswald-Beck, above note 133, Rules 1, 2, 5–24.
-
Rules
, vol.1
, Issue.2
, pp. 5-24
-
-
Henckaerts1
Doswald-Beck2
-
241
-
-
85022984104
-
-
above note 23, para. 4789
-
Sandoz, Swinarski and Zimmerman, above note 23, para. 4789.
-
-
-
Sandoz, S.1
Zimmerman2
-
242
-
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85022954683
-
Third Expert Meeting on Direct Participation in Hostilities
-
See available at http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/participation-hostilities-ihl-311205/$File/ Direct_participation_in_hostilities_2005_eng.pdf (hereinafter DPH Report 2005)
-
See Third Expert Meeting on Direct Participation in Hostilities, Summary Report 2005, pp. 48–9, available at http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/participation-hostilities-ihl-311205/$File/ Direct_participation_in_hostilities_2005_eng.pdf (hereinafter DPH Report 2005).
-
(2005)
Summary Report
, pp. 48-49
-
-
-
243
-
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85022921674
-
-
This seems to be the approach of the Supreme Court of Israel in the above note 144, para. 39: “a civilian who has joined a terrorist organization which has become his ‘home’, and in the framework of his role in that organization he commits a chain of hostilities, with short periods of rest between them, loses his immunity from attack ‘for such time’ as he is committing the chain of acts.” But the Supreme Court also recognizes that between this situation and a civilian who only once or sporadically participates in hostilities and can only be attacked at those times, there is a grey area “about which customary international law has not yet crystallized”, para. 40
-
This seems to be the approach of the Supreme Court of Israel in the Targeted Killings case, above note 144, para. 39: “a civilian who has joined a terrorist organization which has become his ‘home’, and in the framework of his role in that organization he commits a chain of hostilities, with short periods of rest between them, loses his immunity from attack ‘for such time’ as he is committing the chain of acts.” But the Supreme Court also recognizes that between this situation and a civilian who only once or sporadically participates in hostilities and can only be attacked at those times, there is a grey area “about which customary international law has not yet crystallized”, para. 40.
-
Targeted Killings case
-
-
-
245
-
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85022948974
-
-
above note 103
-
Kretzmer, above note 103, pp. 197–198
-
-
-
Kretzmer1
-
246
-
-
85022977957
-
-
above note 23, para. 4789
-
Sandoz, Swinarski and Zimmermann, above note 23, para. 4789
-
-
-
Sandoz, S.1
Zimmermann2
-
248
-
-
78649250710
-
The right to life in armed conflict: does international humanitarian law provide all the answers?
-
December
-
Louise Doswald-Beck, “The right to life in armed conflict: does international humanitarian law provide all the answers?”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 88 (864) (December 2006), p. 885.
-
(2006)
International Review of the Red Cross
, vol.88
, Issue.864
, pp. 885
-
-
Doswald-Beck, L.1
-
249
-
-
85022940564
-
-
See above note 145
-
See DPH Report 2005, above note 145, pp. 45–46.
-
(2005)
DPH Report
, pp. 45-46
-
-
-
250
-
-
85022847759
-
-
UN Doc. Supp. No. 40(A/37/40), 31 March
-
Human Rights Committee, Communication No. R.11/45, UN Doc. Supp. No. 40(A/37/40), 31 March 1992.
-
(1992)
Communication No. R.11/45
-
-
-
253
-
-
85022940035
-
-
above note 132, para. 194
-
McCann and others v. the United Kingdom, above note 132, para. 194
-
-
-
-
254
-
-
85022960969
-
-
of 14 December para. 84
-
Gül v. Turkey, Appl. No. 22676/93, Judgment of 14 December 2000, para. 84.
-
(2000)
Appl. No. 22676/93, Judgment
-
-
-
255
-
-
80052170462
-
-
See the latest case of of 14 November para. 100
-
See the latest case of Akhmadov and others v. Russia, Judgement of 14 November 2008, para. 100.
-
(2008)
Judgement
-
-
-
256
-
-
85022909075
-
-
of 27 July Reports 1998-IV, para. 67
-
Güleç v. Turkey, Judgment of 27 July 1998, Reports 1998-IV, para. 67.
-
(1998)
Judgment
-
-
-
257
-
-
85022931640
-
-
paras. 71–73
-
Reports., paras. 71–73.
-
Reports
-
-
-
258
-
-
85022935714
-
-
above note 152, para. 82
-
Gülv. Turkey, above note 152, para. 82.
-
-
-
-
259
-
-
85023025263
-
-
of 20 May Reports 1999-III, paras. 82–84
-
Oğurv. Turkey, Judgment of 20 May 1999, Reports 1999-III, paras. 82–84.
-
(1999)
Judgment
-
-
-
260
-
-
85022863592
-
-
of 13 September para. 50
-
Hamiyet Kaplan v. Turkey, Judgment of 13 September 2005, para. 50.
-
(2005)
Judgment
-
-
-
261
-
-
84901822816
-
-
paras. 51–55
-
Judgment., paras. 51–55.
-
Judgment
-
-
-
262
-
-
85010184120
-
-
See also of 14 November 2008, para. 99
-
See also Akhmadov and others v. Russia, Judgement of 14 November 2008, para. 99.
-
Judgement
-
-
-
263
-
-
85022938670
-
-
above note 43, para. 79
-
Ergiv. Turkey, above note 43, para. 79
-
-
-
-
264
-
-
85022926467
-
-
above note 43, para. 297. In Ergi the Court went very far in its requirement of precautionary measures, which included protection against firepower against civilians by PKK member caught in the ambush: Ergi, paras. 79, 80
-
Ahmed Özkan and others v. Turkey, above note 43, para. 297. In Ergi the Court went very far in its requirement of precautionary measures, which included protection against firepower against civilians by PKK member caught in the ambush: Ergi, paras. 79, 80.
-
-
-
-
265
-
-
85022962800
-
-
above note 43, para. 305; however, the Court found that the security forces should have verified after the combat operations whether any civilians were injured, para. 307
-
Ahmed Özkan and others v. Turkey, above note 43, para. 305; however, the Court found that the security forces should have verified after the combat operations whether any civilians were injured, para. 307.
-
-
-
-
266
-
-
85022913567
-
-
above note 43, para. 171
-
Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia, above note 43, para. 171
-
-
-
-
267
-
-
85022936619
-
-
above note 43, paras. 175–176, the Court cites both standards
-
Isayeva v. Russia, above note 43, paras. 175–176, the Court cites both standards.
-
-
-
-
268
-
-
85022918733
-
-
above note 43, para. 175
-
Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia, above note 43, para. 175.
-
-
-
-
269
-
-
85022983451
-
-
above note 43, para. 180
-
Isayeva v. Russia, above note 43, para. 180.
-
-
-
-
270
-
-
84901822816
-
-
para. 191
-
Judgment., para. 191.
-
Judgment
-
-
-
271
-
-
84901822816
-
-
para. 191
-
Judgment., para. 191.
-
Judgment
-
-
-
272
-
-
84901822816
-
-
paras. 193–200
-
Judgment., paras. 193–200.
-
Judgment
-
-
-
273
-
-
80052170462
-
-
It appears, however, to require that illegal fighters posed a danger to the military in of 14 November para. 101
-
It appears, however, to require that illegal fighters posed a danger to the military in Akhmadov and others v. Russia, Judgement of 14 November 2008, para. 101.
-
(2008)
Judgement
-
-
-
274
-
-
84901822816
-
-
para. 187
-
Judgment., para. 187.
-
Judgment
-
-
-
275
-
-
85022954361
-
-
above note 43, para. 79
-
Ergi v. Turkey, above note 43, para. 79.
-
-
-
-
277
-
-
84901822816
-
-
para. 39
-
Judgment., para. 39.
-
Judgment
-
-
-
278
-
-
84901822816
-
-
para. 40, citations omitted
-
Judgment., para. 40, citations omitted.
-
Judgment
-
-
-
279
-
-
85022923445
-
-
Colombia, above note 38
-
Such as in Guerrerov. Colombia, above note 38
-
Such as in Guerrerov
-
-
-
280
-
-
85022932083
-
-
above note 152
-
Gül v. Turkey, above note 152
-
-
-
-
281
-
-
85022911086
-
-
above note 157
-
Oğurv. Turkey, above note 157.
-
-
-
-
282
-
-
85022968122
-
-
Such as in above note 154
-
Such as in Gülecv. Turkey, above note 154.
-
-
-
-
283
-
-
85022953147
-
-
Such as above note 119
-
Such as Gaggioli and Kolb, above note 119, pp. 148–149
-
-
-
Gaggioli1
Kolb2
-
284
-
-
84877355124
-
The united use of force rule: amplifications in light of the comments of Professors Green and Paust
-
Francisco Forrest Martin, “The united use of force rule: amplifications in light of the comments of Professors Green and Paust”, Saskatchewan Law Review, Vo. 65 (2002), p. 405
-
(2002)
Saskatchewan Law Review
, vol.65
, pp. 405
-
-
Forrest Martin, F.1
-
285
-
-
85022923120
-
The united use of force rule revisited: the penetration of the law of armed conflict by international human rights law
-
Francisco Forrest Martin, “The united use of force rule revisited: the penetration of the law of armed conflict by international human rights law ”, Saskatchewan Law Review, Vol. 65 (2002), p. 451.
-
(2002)
Saskatchewan Law Review
, vol.65
, pp. 451
-
-
Forrest Martin, F.1
-
286
-
-
85022924808
-
-
See above note 153, para. 100
-
See Akhmadov and others v. Russia, above note 153, para. 100.
-
-
-
-
287
-
-
85022980519
-
-
Appeals Chamber), Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October para. 68
-
Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadić, Case IT-94–1 (Appeals Chamber), Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995, para. 68.
-
(1995)
Case IT-94–1
-
-
-
288
-
-
85022908005
-
-
12 June paras. 55–60
-
Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al, IT-96–23&23/1, Appeals Chamber, 12 June 2002, paras. 55–60.
-
(2002)
IT-96–23&23/1, Appeals Chamber
-
-
-
289
-
-
85022908005
-
-
12 June para. 60
-
Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al., IT-96–23&23/1, Appeals Chamber, 12 June 2002, para. 60.
-
(2002)
IT-96–23&23/1, Appeals Chamber
-
-
-
290
-
-
84918863985
-
La Cour Européenne des Droits de L'homme et les Conflits Armés
-
In this sense see also Stephan Breitenmoser, Bernhard Ehrenzeller, Marco Sassòli, Walter Stoffel and Beatrice Wagner Pfeifer
-
In this sense see also Marco Sassòli, “La Cour Européenne des Droits de L'homme et les Conflits Armés”, in Stephan Breitenmoser, Bernhard Ehrenzeller, Marco Sassòli, Walter Stoffel and Beatrice Wagner Pfeifer (eds.), Droits de L'homme, Democratie et Etat De Droit, Liber Amicorum Luzius Wilhaber, Dike, Zürich, 2007, pp. 709, 721
-
(2007)
Droits de L'homme, Democratie et Etat De Droit, Liber Amicorum Luzius Wilhaber, Dike, Zürich
-
-
Sassòli, M.1
-
291
-
-
85022950788
-
Le Droit International Humanitaire, une Lex Specialis par Rapport aux Droits Humains?
-
in Andreas Auer, Alexandre Flückiger and Michel Hottelier
-
Marco Sassòli, “Le Droit International Humanitaire, une Lex Specialis par Rapport aux Droits Humains?”, in Andreas Auer, Alexandre Flückiger and Michel Hottelier (eds.), Etudes en l'honneur du Professeur Giorgio Malinverni: Les Droits Humains et la Constitution, 2007, p. 394.
-
(2007)
Etudes en l'honneur du Professeur Giorgio Malinverni: Les Droits Humains et la Constitution
, pp. 394
-
-
Sassòli, M.1
-
292
-
-
84937209339
-
-
above note 46, para. 25
-
Nuclear Weapons case, above note 46, para. 25
-
Nuclear Weapons case
-
-
-
293
-
-
84921287408
-
The ‘unified use of force rule’ and the law of armed conflict: a reply to Professor Martin
-
however, the dictum of the International Court of Justice does not make any differentiation between situations or types of armed conflict and was probably meant, without further thought, to imply that humanitarian law is always the lex specialis in armed conflict; see, e.g.
-
however, the dictum of the International Court of Justice does not make any differentiation between situations or types of armed conflict and was probably meant, without further thought, to imply that humanitarian law is always the lex specialis in armed conflict; see, e.g., Leslie Green, “The ‘unified use of force rule’ and the law of armed conflict: a reply to Professor Martin”, Saskatchewan Law Review, Vol. 65 (2002), p. 427.
-
(2002)
Saskatchewan Law Review
, vol.65
, pp. 427
-
-
Green, L.1
-
294
-
-
85022957755
-
-
above note 119 These authors consider, for instance, that the jurisprudence of the ECtHR provides interpretation for the principle of precaution
-
Gaggioli and Kolb, above note 119, pp. 141, 148f. These authors consider, for instance, that the jurisprudence of the ECtHR provides interpretation for the principle of precaution.
-
-
-
Gaggioli1
Kolb2
-
295
-
-
85022920247
-
Human rights and humanitarian law in internal conflicts
-
in Michael Meyer Armed Conflict and the New Law: Aspects of the 1977 Geneva Protocols and the 1981 Weapons Convention London
-
Françoise Hampson, “Human rights and humanitarian law in internal conflicts”, in Michael Meyer (ed.) Armed Conflict and the New Law: Aspects of the 1977 Geneva Protocols and the 1981 Weapons Convention, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, London, 1989, p. 60.
-
(1989)
British Institute of International and Comparative Law
, pp. 60
-
-
Hampson, F.1
-
296
-
-
85022981120
-
-
above note 147
-
Doswald-Beck, above note 147, p. 890.
-
-
-
Doswald-Beck1
-
297
-
-
85022958839
-
-
As was the case in Banković and others v. Belgium and others, above note 67
-
As was the case in ECtHR, Banković and others v. Belgium and others, above note 67.
-
ECtHR
-
-
-
298
-
-
27844535440
-
Legislation and maintenance of public order and civil life by occupying powers
-
Marco Sassòli, “Legislation and maintenance of public order and civil life by occupying powers”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16 (2005), p. 665.
-
(2005)
European Journal of International Law
, vol.16
, pp. 665
-
-
Sassòli, M.1
-
301
-
-
85022949722
-
-
In this sense, see above note 134
-
In this sense, see Lubell, above note 134, pp. 52–53
-
-
-
Lubell1
-
302
-
-
85022934506
-
-
above note 103 see also on the basis that humanitarian law itself leads to this result
-
see also Melzer, above note 103, pp. 224–30 on the basis that humanitarian law itself leads to this result.
-
-
-
Melzer1
-
303
-
-
85022975923
-
University Centre for International Humanitarian Law
-
1–2 September 2005 (hereinafter UCIHL Meeting Report), available at www.adh-geneva.ch/events/expert meetings.php (last visited 23 July 2008)
-
University Centre for International Humanitarian Law, Expert Meeting on the Right to Life in Armed Conflict and Situations of Occupation, 1–2 September 2005 (hereinafter UCIHL Meeting Report), available at www.adh-geneva.ch/events/expert meetings.php (last visited 23 July 2008).
-
Expert Meeting on the Right to Life in Armed Conflict and Situations of Occupation
-
-
-
304
-
-
27844541278
-
-
2 October para. 70: “protracted violence between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups within a State”
-
Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadić, Case IT-94–1 (Appeals Chamber), Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995, para. 70: “protracted violence between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups within a State”.
-
(1995)
Case IT-94–1 (Appeals Chamber), Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction
-
-
-
305
-
-
85022932704
-
-
See also Article 1(2), according to which “situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence” do not amount to an armed conflict
-
See also Additional Protocol II, Article 1(2), according to which “situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence” do not amount to an armed conflict.
-
Additional Protocol
, vol.2
-
-
-
307
-
-
85022958348
-
-
above note 78, para. 119
-
Al-Skeini case (CA), above note 78, para. 119.
-
Al-Skeini case (CA)
-
-
-
309
-
-
85022946810
-
-
The House of Lords arrived at the same result as the majority in the Court of Appeals, but on the basis that the above note 78, esp. paras. 26 and 109–132
-
The House of Lords arrived at the same result as the majority in the Court of Appeals, but on the basis that the Human Rights Act had no extraterritorial application. Al-Skeini case [UKHL], above note 78, esp. paras. 26 and 109–132.
-
Human Rights Act had no extraterritorial application. Al-Skeini case [UKHL]
-
-
-
310
-
-
85022961194
-
-
See also above note 129
-
See also Watkin, above note 129, p. 24
-
-
-
Watkin1
-
311
-
-
85022931796
-
-
above note 187
-
Sassòli, above note 187, p. 668.
-
-
-
Sassòli1
-
316
-
-
85022949048
-
-
Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; among the vast body of jurisprudence, see para. 9, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/81/SEMO, 12 August
-
Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; among the vast body of jurisprudence, see Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Serbia and Montenegro, para. 9, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/81/SEMO, 12 August 2004
-
(2004)
Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Serbia and Montenegro
-
-
-
318
-
-
85022969460
-
-
Concluding Observations: Colombia, para. 32 and 34 5 May
-
Concluding Observations: Colombia, para. 32 and 34, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 76, 5 May 1997
-
(1997)
UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add
, vol.76
-
-
-
319
-
-
85022964818
-
-
Committee against Torture: Conclusions and Recommendations: Colombia, para. 10(f) 4 February
-
Committee against Torture: Conclusions and Recommendations: Colombia, para. 10(f), UN Doc. CAT/C/CR/31/1, 4 February 1997
-
(1997)
UN Doc. CAT/C/CR/31/1
-
-
-
320
-
-
84901822816
-
-
of 25 November 2003, Series C No. 101
-
I/A Court H R, Myrna Mack-Chang v. Guatemala, Judgment of 25 November 2003, Series C No. 101
-
Judgment
-
-
-
321
-
-
85012471956
-
-
of 29 August Series C No. 95
-
Caracazo v. Venezuela (Reparation), Judgment of 29 August 2002, Series C No. 95
-
(2002)
Judgment
-
-
-
322
-
-
85022885516
-
-
of 26 November Series C No. 99, para. 186
-
Juan Humberto Sánchez v. Honduras, Judgment of 26 November 2003, Series C No. 99, para. 186
-
(2003)
Judgment
-
-
-
323
-
-
80755133257
-
-
Amnesty International et al. v. Sudan, 26th and 27th Ordinary Sessions, May para. 51
-
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Amnesty International et al. v. Sudan, 26th and 27th Ordinary Sessions, May 2000, para. 51
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(2000)
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
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325
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85022863592
-
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of 24 March paras. 208–211
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Akkum v. Turkey, Judgment of 24 March 2005, paras. 208–211.
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(2005)
Judgment
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-
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326
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84901822816
-
-
para. 211
-
Judgment., para. 211.
-
Judgment
-
-
-
327
-
-
85022907752
-
-
Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia, above note 43, paras. 208–213
-
ECtHR, Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia, above note 43, paras. 208–213
-
ECtHR
-
-
-
328
-
-
85022911736
-
-
5 May 1997, para. 32
-
Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Colombia, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 76, 5 May 1997, para. 32.
-
UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add
, vol.76
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-
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330
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85022964651
-
-
above note 103
-
Melzer, above note 103, pp. 526 f.
-
-
-
Melzer1
-
331
-
-
85022914245
-
-
As happened in above note 152, paras. 81, 89, or in Oğur v. Turkey, above note 157, para. 80
-
As happened in Gül v. Turkey, above note 152, paras. 81, 89, or in Oğur v. Turkey, above note 157, para. 80.
-
-
-
-
332
-
-
85022975751
-
-
As happened in of July 4, 2007, Series C No. 165, para. 39
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As happened in I/A Court H R, Escué-Zapata v. Colombia, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of July 4, 2007, Series C No. 165, para. 39.
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Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment
-
-
-
333
-
-
85022920286
-
-
above note 129
-
Watkin, above note 129, p. 34.
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-
-
Watkin1
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334
-
-
85022950964
-
-
above note 119
-
Gaggioli and Kolb, above note 119, p. 126.
-
-
-
Gaggioli1
Kolb2
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335
-
-
85022934915
-
-
above note 103
-
Kretzmer, above note 103, pp. 201, 204.
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-
-
Kretzmer1
-
338
-
-
85022978837
-
-
26 February 1999, Ch. V, paras. 17–60
-
I/A Commission H R, Third Report on the Human Rights Situation in Colombia, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.102, Doc. 9 rev 1, 26 February 1999, Ch. V, paras. 17–60
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Third Report on the Human Rights Situation in Colombia, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.102, Doc. 9 rev 1
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-
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340
-
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85022969625
-
-
above note 103
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Ben Naftali and Shany, above note 103, pp. 17, 31.
-
-
-
Naftali, B.1
Shany2
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342
-
-
84870938404
-
The international law of inter-state wars and human rights
-
see in particular the discussion on Common Article 6/6/6/7 to the four Geneva Conventions
-
see in particular the discussion on Common Article 6/6/6/7 to the four Geneva Conventions; Yoram Dinstein, “The international law of inter-state wars and human rights”, Israel Yearbook of Human Rights, Vol. 1 (1971), pp. 139, 147.
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(1971)
Israel Yearbook of Human Rights
, vol.1
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-
Dinstein, Y.1
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343
-
-
85022939401
-
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic
-
And see now the newly adopted 9 June
-
And see now the newly adopted Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. A/HRC/8/L.2, 9 June 2008.
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(2008)
Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. A/HRC/8/L.2
-
-
-
344
-
-
85022937412
-
-
See Article 2(3)
-
See ICCPR, Article 2(3)
-
ICCPR
-
-
-
345
-
-
85022915228
-
-
Article 13
-
ECHR, Article 13
-
ECHR
-
-
-
346
-
-
85022953091
-
-
Article 25
-
ACHR, Article 25
-
ACHR
-
-
-
349
-
-
33748100674
-
Remedies for victims of violations of international humanitarian law
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September
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Liesbeth Zegveld, “Remedies for victims of violations of international humanitarian law”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 84 (851) (September 2003), pp. 497–528.
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(2003)
International Review of the Red Cross
, vol.84
, Issue.851
, pp. 497-528
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Zegveld, L.1
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350
-
-
85022921674
-
-
This was, for instance, the argument by the State Attorney's Office in the above note 144, para. 47
-
This was, for instance, the argument by the State Attorney's Office in the Targeted Killings case, above note 144, para. 47.
-
Targeted Killings case
-
-
-
351
-
-
84858477729
-
Human rights in armed conflict, the inter-relationship between the humanitarian law and the law of human rights
-
Sean MacBride, “Human rights in armed conflict, the inter-relationship between the humanitarian law and the law of human rights”, IX Revue de Droit Pénal Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre, 1970, p. 388.
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Revue de Droit Pénal Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre
, vol.9
, pp. 388
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MacBride, S.1
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353
-
-
85022937264
-
-
above note 23, paras. 3600–3602
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Sandoz, Swinarski and Zimmermann, above note 23, paras. 3600–3602
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-
-
Sandoz, S.1
Zimmermann2
-
355
-
-
85022975222
-
-
above note 184
-
Hampson, above note 184, p. 71
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-
-
Hampson1
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356
-
-
0012648479
-
Human rights and humanitarian law: interrelationship of the laws
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Dietrich Schindler, “Human rights and humanitarian law: interrelationship of the laws”, American University Law Review, Vol. 31 (1982), p. 941.
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(1982)
American University Law Review
, vol.31
, pp. 941
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-
Schindler, D.1
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357
-
-
85022935957
-
-
At the 1949 Geneva Conference, not quite with the same idea but in the same direction, France proposed the establishment of a “High International Committee” to “supervise the application of and ensure respect for the Convention[s]” annex No. 21 and vol. 2, sec. B
-
At the 1949 Geneva Conference, not quite with the same idea but in the same direction, France proposed the establishment of a “High International Committee” to “supervise the application of and ensure respect for the Convention[s]”. Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949, 1963, vol. 3 annex No. 21 and vol. 2, sec. B, p. 61.
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(1963)
Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949
, vol.3
, pp. 61
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360
-
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85022968763
-
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available at www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/WCC/List4.htm (last visited 4 August 2008)
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Wilhelm List case (Hostages Trial), United Nations War Crimes Commission. Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, Volume VIII, 1949, p. 69, available at www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/WCC/List4.htm (last visited 4 August 2008).
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(1949)
Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals
, vol.8
, pp. 69
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361
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77953353909
-
-
UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Working paper by Ms. Hampson and Mr. Salama on the UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/14, 21 June paras. 9–37
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UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Working paper by Ms. Hampson and Mr. Salama on the Relationship between Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/14, 21 June 2005, paras. 9–37.
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(2005)
Relationship between Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law
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-
-
362
-
-
85022923836
-
-
above note 4
-
Bothe, above note 4, p. 45
-
-
-
Bothe1
-
363
-
-
85022942452
-
-
above note 9 see also who writes that “their very idealism and näiveté are their greatest strength”
-
see also Meron, above note 9, p. 247, who writes that “their very idealism and näiveté are their greatest strength”
-
-
-
Meron1
-
364
-
-
85022956486
-
-
above note 44
-
Reidy, above note 44, p. 529.
-
-
-
Reidy1
-
365
-
-
27944490822
-
A human rights law of internal armed conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya
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William Abresch, “A human rights law of internal armed conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16 (2005), p. 741
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(2005)
European Journal of International Law
, vol.16
, pp. 741
-
-
Abresch, W.1
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366
-
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85022963584
-
-
see also above note 4
-
see also Bothe, above note 4, p. 90.
-
-
-
Bothe1
-
367
-
-
85022975909
-
-
above note 221
-
Schindler, above note 221, p. 941.
-
-
-
Schindler1
-
368
-
-
0012706321
-
-
An interesting assessment of different mechanisms can be found in Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
-
An interesting assessment of different mechanisms can be found in Lindsay Moir, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, pp. 232–277.
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(2002)
The Law of Internal Armed Conflict
, pp. 232-277
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-
Moir, L.1
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369
-
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34447511602
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Human proportions: are human rights the emperor's new clothes of the international law of occupation?
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Aeyal M. Gross, “Human proportions: are human rights the emperor's new clothes of the international law of occupation?”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 18 (2007), p. 35.
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(2007)
European Journal of International Law
, vol.18
, pp. 35
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Gross, A.M.1
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370
-
-
84961957429
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The interplay between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in situations of armed conflict
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On the more protective aspect of some humanitarian law provisions see
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On the more protective aspect of some humanitarian law provisions see Cordula Droege, “The interplay between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in situations of armed conflict”, Israel Law Review, Vol. 40 (2007), p. 350.
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(2007)
Israel Law Review
, vol.40
, pp. 350
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-
Droege, C.1
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371
-
-
85022964305
-
-
above note 119
-
Gaggioli and Kolb, above note 119, p. 126 (2007).
-
(2007)
, pp. 126
-
-
Gaggioli1
Kolb2
-
372
-
-
84901822816
-
-
of 24 July 2008, para. 122
-
Koronov v. Latvia, Judgment of 24 July 2008, para. 122.
-
Judgment
-
-
-
375
-
-
85022978292
-
-
doc 6 rev, 1997, paras. 157–171
-
Abella v. Argentina, Case 11.137, I/A Cm HR Report No. 55/97, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.98, doc 6 rev, 1997, paras. 157–171.
-
Case 11.137, I/A Cm HR Report No. 55/97, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.98
-
-
-
376
-
-
85022950859
-
-
See the UN Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law. In different treaties, this right is derived from norms with varying wordings but essentially the same content; see, e.g. Article 2(3)
-
See the UN Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law. In different treaties, this right is derived from norms with varying wordings but essentially the same content; see, e.g., ICCPR, Article 2(3)
-
ICCPR
-
-
-
377
-
-
85022919259
-
-
Article 41
-
ECHR, Article 41
-
ECHR
-
-
-
378
-
-
85022913485
-
-
Article 14
-
CAT, Article 14
-
CAT
-
-
-
379
-
-
85022947370
-
-
Article 63
-
ACHR, Article 63.
-
ACHR
-
-
-
382
-
-
33846965845
-
Reparation for violations of international humanitarian law
-
see September
-
see Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, “ Reparation for violations of international humanitarian law”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 85 (851) (September 2003), pp. 529–554.
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(2003)
International Review of the Red Cross
, vol.85
, Issue.851
, pp. 529-554
-
-
Gillard, E.-C.1
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383
-
-
85022927031
-
-
above note 224, paras. 20, 49
-
Hampson/Salama, above note 224, paras. 20, 49.
-
-
-
Hampson/Salama1
-
384
-
-
85022949975
-
-
of 16 December
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GA Res. 60/147 of 16 December 2005.
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(2005)
GA Res
, vol.60-147
-
-
-
385
-
-
84953714832
-
-
above note 47, para. 106
-
Wall case, above note 47, para. 106.
-
Wall case
-
-
-
386
-
-
84953805855
-
Compliance, cessation, reparation and restitution in the Wall Advisory Opinion
-
One can speculate whether it held so in the absence of another state to which Israel could have paid compensation. See in Pierre-Marie Dupuy et al
-
One can speculate whether it held so in the absence of another state to which Israel could have paid compensation. See Pierre d'Argent, “Compliance, cessation, reparation and restitution in the Wall Advisory Opinion”, in Pierre-Marie Dupuy et al. (eds.), Völkerrecht Als Wertordnung - Common Values In International Law, Festschrift For Christian Tomuschat, 2006, pp. 463, 475.
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(2006)
Völkerrecht Als Wertordnung - Common Values In International Law, Festschrift For Christian Tomuschat
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-
d'Argent, P.1
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387
-
-
85022969723
-
-
See above note 236
-
See Gillard, above note 236, p. 540.
-
-
-
Gillard1
-
388
-
-
27244442459
-
The new programs for payments to victims of National Socialist injustice
-
On Germany, see
-
On Germany, see Roland Bank, “The new programs for payments to victims of National Socialist injustice”, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 44 (2001), pp. 307–352
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(2001)
German Yearbook of International Law
, vol.44
, pp. 307-352
-
-
Bank, R.1
-
389
-
-
35248869014
-
-
the most comprehensive description of national reparations programmes can be found in Oxford University Press, Oxford
-
the most comprehensive description of national reparations programmes can be found in Pablo de Greiff (ed.), The Handbook on Reparations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
-
(2006)
The Handbook on Reparations
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-
de Greiff, P.1
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391
-
-
33645883235
-
Wrongs of the past, history of the future
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Pierre d'Argent, “Wrongs of the past, history of the future”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 17 (2006), pp. 279, 286.
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(2006)
European Journal of International Law
, vol.17
-
-
d'Argent, P.1
|