The interplay between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in situations of armed conflict

Israel Law Review

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 310-355

  Droege, Cordula ^a  

^a Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84961957429     PISSN: 00212237     EISSN: 20479336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0021223700013376     Document Type: Article

References (322)

1. See, e.g., Report of the European Commission of Human Rights, Cyprus v. Turkey, Appl. No. 6780/74 & 6950/75, Eur. Comm'n H.R.Dec. & Rep. 125
2. European Court of Human Rights: Cyprus v. Turkey, 2001-IV Eur. Ct. H.R.
3. See, e.g., Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, 22 April-13 May 1968, UN Doc. A/Conf.32/41 (1968)
4. HCJ 3239/02 Marab v. the IDF Commander in the West Bank [2002] IsrSC 52(2) 349.
5. Al-Skeini v. Sec. of State for Defence [2005] EWCA (Civ) 1609, para. 48 [hereinafter Al-Skeini (CA)].
6. Isayeva, Yusupova and Basayea v. Russia, Eur. Ct. H.R. Judgement of Feb. 24, 2005, available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkpl97/view.asp?item=l&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=Isayeva%2C%20%7C%20Yusupova&sessionid=1751995&skin=hudoc-en (last visited August 12, 2007)
7. Isayeva v. Russia, Eur. Ct. H.R. Judgement of Oct. 14, 2005, at paras. 172–178, available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp 197/view.asp?item=2&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=Isayeva%2C%20%7C%20Yusupova&sessionid=1751995&skin=hudoc-en (last visited August 12, 2007).
8. Michael Bothe, The Historical Evolution of International Humanitarian Law, International Human Rights Law, Refugee Law and International Criminal Law, in Crisis Management and Humanitarian Protection 37 (H. Fischer, Ulrike Froissart, Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, & Christian Raap eds., 2004).
9. See for a brief account Louise Doswald-Beck & Sylvain Vité, International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law, 293 Int'l Rev. Red Cross 94–119 (1993).
10. See, e.g., the Lieber Code: U.S. War Department, Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, General Orders No 100,24 April 1863, reprinted in The Laws of Armed Conflicts 3 (Dietrich Schindler & Jiri Toman eds., 1988).
11. First used as a motto on the title page of the “Mémorial des vingt-cinq premières années de la Croix-Rouge, 1863–1888,” published by the International Committee of the Red Cross on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the Committee; the wording was adopted by the Committee on 18 September 1888 following a suggestions by Gustave Moynier. This is now the motto of the International Committee of the Red Cross: see Statutes of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1973, Article 3, at para. 2
12. Dietrich Schindler, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Interrelationship of the Laws, 31 Am. Univ. L. Rev. 935, 941 (1982).
13. See Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Aug. 12, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 31 [hereinafter First Geneva Convention].
14. Theodor Meron, On the Inadequate Reach of Humanitarian and Human Rights Law and the Need for a New Instrument, 77 Am. J. Int'l L. 554, 592 (1983).
15. Theodor Meron, The Humanization of Humanitarian Law, 94 Am. J. Int'l L. 239, 243 (2000).
16. Robert Kolb, The Relationship between International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: A Brief History of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1949 Geneva Convention, 324 Int'l Rev. Red Cross 409–419 (1998).
17. Johannes Morsink, World War Two and the Universal Declaration, 15 Hum. Rts. Q 357, 358 (1993).
18. Droit des conflits armés, reprinted in Droit des Conflicts Armés 251 (Dietrich Schindler & Jiri Toman eds., 1996).
19. GA Res. 804 (VIII), UN Doc. A804/VIII (Dec. 3, 1953)(on the treatment of captured soldiers and civilians in Korea by North Korean and Chinese forces).
20. GA Res. 1312 (XIII), UN Doc. A38/49 (Dec. 12, 1958).
21. GA Res. 237,¶ 2, preambular ¶ 2, UN Doc. A237/1967, (June 14, 1967)
22. see also GA Res. 2252 (ES-V), UN Doc. A2252/ESV, (July 4, 1967), which refers to this resolution.
23. Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, UN Doc. A/Conf.32/41 (Apr. 22-May 13, 1968).
24. Report on Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflict, UN Doc. A/7729 (Nov. 20, 1969) see especially ch. 3
25. Report on Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflict, ¶ 20–29, annex 1, UN Doc. A/8052 (Sept. 18,1970).
26. Id. at ¶ 29.
27. GA Res. 2675 (XXV), Principles for the Protection of Civilian Populations in Armed Conflict UN Doc. A/8028Basic (Dec. 9, 1970).
28. G.I.A.D. Draper, The Relationship between the Human Rights Regime and the Laws of Armed Conflict, 1 Isr. Y.B. Hum. Rts. 191 (1971).
29. ICRC, Draft Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949— Commentary 131 (1973)
30. see also Jean S. Pictet, Humanitarian Law and the Protection of War Victims 15 (1975).
31. Commentary on the Additional Protocols (Y. Sandoz, C. Swinarski, & B. Zimmermann eds., 1987) see especially para. 4429.
32. S.C. Res. 1019, UN Doc. S/RES/1019 (Nov. 9, 1995)
33. S.C. Res. 1034, UN Doc. S/RES/1034 (Dec. 21, 1995)(in regard to Former Yugoslavia)
34. S.C. Res. UN Doc. S/RES/1635 (Oct. 28, 2005)
35. S.C. Res. 1653, UN Doc. S/RES/1653 (Jan. 27, 2006)(Great Lakes region)
36. G.A. Res. 50/193, UN Doc. A/RES/50/193 (Dec. 22, 1995)(Former Yugoslavia)
37. G.A. Res. 3525 (XXX), UN Doc. A/3525 (Dec. 15, 1975)(territories occupied by Israel)
38. G.A. Res. 46/135, UN Doc. A/RES/46/135 (Dec. 19, 1991)(Kuwait under Iraqi occupation)
39. G.A. Res. 52/145, UN Doc. A/RES/52/145 (Dec. 12, 1997)(Afghanistan)
40. Commission on Human Rights Resolutions and decisions see, e.g., Resolutions and: UN Docs. E/CN.4/1992/84 (Mar. 3, 1992)(Iraq)
41. E/CN.4/2003/77 (April 25,2003)(Afghanistan); A/E/CN.4/RES/2003/16 (Apr. 17,2003)(Burundi); E/CN.4/RES/2001/24 (Apr. 20, 2001)(Russian Federation); E/CN.4/RES/2003/15 (Apr. 17, 2003)(Congo); OHCRH/STM/CHR/03/2 (2003)(Colombia); OHCHR/STM/CHR/03/3 (2003) Timor-Leste; see also the Report of the Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Kuwait under Iraqi Occupation, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1992/26 (Jan. 16, 1992).
42. The Secretary-General, Progress Report on UNOMIL, UN Doc. S/1996/47 (Jan. 23, 1996).
43. The Secretary-General, Progress Report on UNOMSIL, UN Doc. S/1998/750 (Aug. 12, 1998).
44. Commission on Human Rights Resolution, UN Doc. E/CN.4/S5/1 (Oct. 19, 2000).
45. Commission on Human Right Resolution, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1991/67 (Mar. 6, 1991).
46. SC Res. 1635, UN Doc. S/RES/1635 (Oct. 28, 2005)(The situation concerning the Democratic Republic of Congo)
47. 1653, UN Doc. S/RES/1653 (Jan. 27, 2006)(Great Lakes Region).
48. GA Res. 804 (VIII)
49. GA Res.
50. GA Res. 2546 (XXIV), UN Doc. A/RES/2546/XXIV (Dec. 11, 1969)
51. GA Res. 3525 (XXX), UN Doc. A/RES/3525/XXX (Dec. 15,1975)(territories occupied by Israel)
52. GA Res. 46/135, UN Doc. A/RES/46/135 (Dec. 19, 1991)(Kuwait under Iraqi occupation)
53. see also the Report of the Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights on the situation of human rights in Kuwait under Iraqi occupation, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1992/26 (Jan. 16, 1992).
54. Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, art. 38, Nov. 20,1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter CROC].
55. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, July 1, 2002, 2187 U.N.T.S. 3.
56. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict 2000, Nov. 20, 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3.
57. G.A. Res. 60/147, UN Doc. A/RES/60/147 (Dec. 16, 2005).
58. Adopted by G.A. Res 61/106, UN Doc. A/RES/61/106 (Dec. 13,2006), see especially Article 11.
59. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 4, March 23, 1976, 99 U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR] (emphasis added CD.)
60. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 15, Sept. 3, 1953, 213 U.N.T.S. 222 [hereinafter ECHR]
61. American Convention on Human Rights, art 27 Nov. 22,1969, 1144 U.N.T.S. 123 [hereinafter ACHR]. Article 27 of the ACHR has a virtually identical wording to Article 4 ICCPR.
62. Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Eleventh Session, Supplement No. 5, UN Doc. E/1681, Annex I, Article 2.
63. ¶ 23, UN Doc. E/CN.4/SR.195 (1950)
64. ¶ 3, UN Doc. E/CN.4/SR.196 (1950)
65. ¶ 5, UN Doc. E/CN.4/SR. 196 (1950).
66. The drafters included a non-discrimination clause without the factor of nationality in order to permit discrimination against enemy aliens, UN SCOR, 14th Sess., Supp. No. 4, at ¶¶ 279–280
67. UN Doc. E/2256-E/CN.4/669 (1952).
68. See also UN Doc. A/C.3/SR.1262, (1963)
69. the point was stressed that Article 4 could only apply within the territory of a state (Romania) ¶ 46, UN Doc. A/C.3/SR.1261(1963).
70. This appears to be the position adopted by the European Court of Human Rights: Isayeva v. Russia, UN Doc. A/C.3/SR.1261, at para. 191
71. of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, ¶ 71 (Dec. 12, 2005).
72. See also Human Rights First Submission to the Human Rights Committee, (Jan. 18,2006) at 5, available at http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngos/hrfirst.doc (last visited June 20, 2007).
73. CROC, Human Rights First Submission to the Human Rights Committee, at Article 13.
74. On the application of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to situations of armed conflict see Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Occupied Kuwait, ¶ 50–54, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1992/26 (Jan. 16, 1992).
75. Concluding Observations on: Democratic Republic of Congo, UN Doc. CCPR/C/COD/CO/3 (Apr. 26, 2006)
76. Belgium, 6, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/81/BEL, (Aug. 12,2004)
77. Colombia, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/80/COL, (May 26, 2004)
78. Sri Lanka, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/79/LKA (Dec. 1, 2003)
79. Israel, 11, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/78/ISR (Aug. 21, 2003)
80. Guatemala, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/72/GTM (Aug. 27, 2001)
81. Netherlands, 8, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/72/NET (Aug. 27, 2001)
82. Belgium, 14, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.99 (Nov. 19, 1998)
83. Israel, 10, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.93 (Aug. 18, 1998)
84. UN Doc. CCPR A/46/40 (1991)
85. UN Doc. CCPR A/46740 (1991)
86. United States of America, UN Doc. CCPR/C/USA/CO/NON ENCORE PUBLIÉ
87. Sarma v. Sri Lanka, UN Doc. CCPR/C/78/D/950/2000 (July 31,2003)
88. Bautista v. Colombia, UN Doc. CCPR/C/55/D/563/1993 (Nov. 13, 1995)
89. Guerrero v. Colombia, UN Doc. CCPR/C/157D/45/1979 (Mar. 31, 1982).
90. Concluding Observations on: Sri Lanka, ¶¶ 256–302, UN Doc. A/57/38 (Part I)(May 7, 2002)
91. Democratic Republic of the Congo, ¶¶ 194–238, UN Doc. A/55/381 (Feb. 2000)
92. Colombia, ¶¶ 337–401 UN Doc. A/54/38 (Feb. 4, 1999).
93. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding Observations on Colombia, UN Doc. E/C.12/1/Add.74 (Nov. 30,2001)
94. Concluding Observations on Guatemala, UN Doc. E/C.12/1/Add.93 (Dec. 12,2003)
95. Concluding Observations on Israel, ¶¶ 14–15, UN Doc. E/C.12/1/Add.90 (May 23, 2003)
96. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Concluding Observations on Israel, UN Doc. CERD/C/304/Add.45 (March 30, 1998)
97. Committee on the Rights of the Child: Concluding Observations on the Democratic Republic of Congo, UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.l53 (July 9, 2001)
98. Concluding Observations on Sri Lanka, UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.207 (July 2, 2003)
99. Concluding Observations on Colombia, UN Doc. CRC/C/COL/CO/3 (June 8, 2006).
100. See, e.g., Isayeva, Yusupova and Basayea v. Russia, UN Doc. CRC/C/COL/CO/3
101. Isayeva v. Russia, UN Doc. CRC/C/COL/CO/3, at paras. 172–178
102. Ergi v. Turkey, 1998-IV, Eur. Ct. H.R., at paras. 79–81
103. Özkan v. Turkey, Eur. Ct. H.R Judgment of April 6, 2004, at para. 297, available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkpl97/view.asp?item=1&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=%D6zkan&sessionid= 1751995&skin=hudoc-en (last visited August 12, 2007).
104. Cyprus v. Turkey, Eur. Ct. H.R
105. for an overview see Aisling Reidy, The Approach of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights to International Humanitarian Law, 324 Int'l Rev. Red Cross 513–529 (1998).
106. Bámaca Velásquez v. Guatemala, Case No. 11/129, Inter-Am. C.H.R., para. 209
107. Coard v. the United States of America, Case 10.951, Inter-Am. Commission.H.R., OEA/ser.L/V/II.106. doc.3rev (1999), at para. 37
108. Alejandre v. Cuba, Case 11.589, Inter-Am. Commission.H.R., Report No. 86/99, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106 Doc. 3 rev (1999)
109. Victor Saldaño v. Argentina, Petition Inter.-Am. Commission H.R., Report No. 38/99, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95, doc. 7 rev. at 289 (1998), at para. 18
110. Rafael Ferrer-Matorra and others v. the United States, Case No. 9903, Inter-Am. Commission. H.R., Report No. 51/01, OEA/Ser.L/V/II 111, doc. 20 rev. 289 (19980), at para. 179
111. Request for Precautionary Measures Concerning the Detainees at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, Inter-Am. Commission.H.R. decision of March 12, 2002, 41 ILM 532 (2002).
112. Bámaca Velázquez v. Guatemala, ILM, at paras. 207–209.
113. The Human Rights Committee has stated that it can take other branches of law into account to consider the lawfulness of derogations: Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 29: States of Emergency (article 4),¶ 10, UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.l/Add.11 (July 24, 2001).
114. Abella v. Argentina, Case 11.137, Inter-Am. Commission H.R. Report No. 55/97, OEA/Ser.L/V/11.98, doc 6 rev, (1997), at paras. 157–171.
115. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 1996 I.C.J. 226–593 (July 8), at para. 25 [hereinafter Nuclear Weapons case].
116. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 2004 I.C.J. (July 9), at para. 106 [hereinafter Wall case].
117. Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v. Uganda), 2005 I.C.J. 116, (Dec. 19), at para. 119 [hereinafter DRC v. Uganda].
118. As argued by Michael J. Dennis, Application of Human Rights Treaties Extraterritorial ly in Times of Armed Conflict and Military Occupation, 99 Am. J. Int'l L. 119, 122 (2005).
119. Summary Legal Position of the Government of Israel, Annex I to the Report of the Secretary-General Prepared Pursuant to GA Res., ES-10713, ¶ 4, UN Doc. A/ES-10/248 (Nov. 24, 2003)(relating to the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territory)
120. Annex I: Territorial Scope of the Application of the Covenant, 2nd and 3rd Periodic Reports of the United States of America, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/USA/3 (Nov. 28, 2005)
121. Summary Record of the 2380th Meeting: United States of America, at 2, UN Doc. CCPR/C/SR.2380 (July 27, 2006).
122. See Article 19 (c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties; on the non-applicability of the reservation to human rights treaties see Sub-Commission, Reservations to Human Rights Treaties, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/2000/26 (Aug. 18, 2000).
123. Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, arts. 77(2) and 4(3)(d), Dec. 12, 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter Additional Protocol I]
124. Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, art. 4(3)(d), Dec. 12, 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S. 609.
125. See Article 2(1) ICCPR, U.N.T.S.
126. Article 1 ECHR, U.N.T.S.
127. Article 1 ACHR, U.N.T.S.
128. Convention Against Torture, art. 2(1), Dec. 10, 1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85 [hereinafter (CAT].
129. Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 31 on Article 2 of the Covenant: The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, ¶ 10, UN Doc. CCPR/C/74/CRP.4/Rev.6 (2004) [hereinafter General Comment No. 31] (emphasis added CD.).
130. Concluding Observations on: Cyprus, ¶ 3, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.39 (Sept. 21, 1994)
131. Israel, ¶ 10, CCPR/C/79/Add.93 (Aug. 18 1998)
132. Concluding Observations on Israel, CCPR/C/79/Add.93.
133. Concluding Observations on: Belgium, ¶ 17, CCPR/C/79/Add.99, (Nov. 19, 1998)
134. Netherlands, ¶ 8, CCPR/CO/72/NET, (Aug. 27, 2001)
135. Belgium, ¶, CCPR/CO/81/BEL, (Aug. 12, 2004).
136. Wall case, CCPR/CO/81/BEL, at paras. 108–111.
137. Replies of the Government of the Netherlands to the Concerns Expressed by the Human Rights Committee, ¶ 19, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/72/NET/Add.1 (Apr. 29, 2003)
138. Second Periodic Report of Israel to the Human Rights Committee, ¶ 8, UN Doc. CCPR/C/ISR/2001/2 (Dec. 4,2001)
139. Second periodic report of Israel to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ¶ 5, UN Doc. E/1990/6/Add.32, (Oct. 16, 2001)
140. Conclusions and Recommendations on the United Kingdom, ¶ 4(b), UN Doc. CAT/C/CR/33/3 (Dec. 10, 2004)
141. CAT, Summary Record of the 703rd meeting, ¶ 14, UN Doc. CAT/C/SR.703 (May 12, 2006)
142. Annex I: Territorial Scope of the Application of the Covenant, 2nd and 3rd periodic reports of the United States of America, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/USA/3 (Nov. 28, 2005).
143. See, e.g., Marab v. IDF Commander in the West Bank, UN Doc. CCPR/C/USA/3.
144. Al-Skeini v. Sec. of State for Defence [2004] EWHC 2911 (Admin) [hereinafter Al-Skeini (HC)]
145. Al-Skeini (CA), EWHC, at paras. 3–11,48–53, 189–190
146. Al Jedda v. Sec. of State for Defense [2006] EWCA (Civ) 327.
147. The importance of court decisions in forming customary law when conflicting with positions of the executive is subject to debate: see International Law Association, Final Report of the Committee on Formation of Customary International Law, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law, at 17, 18.
148. Annex I: Territorial Scope of the Application of the Covenant, 2nd and 3rd periodic reports of the United States of America, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under Article 40 of the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/USA/3 (Nov. 28, 2005)
149. Summary Record of the 2380th meeting, 18 July 2006, Second and third periodic reports of the United States of America, UN Doc. CCPR/C/SR.2380 (July 27,2006)
150. Human Rights First, Submission to the Human Rights Committee, Jan. 18, 2006, at 7, available at http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/87ngo_info. htm (last visited Sept. 10, 2006).
151. The disputed passages of the travaux préparatoires are the following: Compilation of the Comments of Governments on the Draft International Covenant on Human Rights and on the Proposed Additional Articles, U.N. ESCOR Hum. Rts. Comm., 6th Sess. at 14, UN Doc. E/CN.4/365 (1950)(U.S. proposal)
152. Summary Record of the Hundred and Thirty-Eighth Meeting U.N. ESCOR Hum. Rts. Comm., 6th Sess., 138th mtg at 10, UN Doc. E/CN.4/SR.138 (1950).
153. The State party should review its approach and interpret the Covenant in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to its terms in their context including subsequent practice, and in the light of its object and purpose. Concluding Observations on the United States of America, Advance Unedited Version, ¶ 10, UN Doc. CCPR/C/USA/Q/3/CRP.4 (2006).
154. Loizidou v. Turkey, 310 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) at paras. 62–64 (1995)(GC)(Preliminary Objections) [hereinafter Loizidou (Preliminary Objections)].
155. Loizidou v. Turkey, 1996-VI Eur. Ct. H.R. 2216, 2234–2235, para. 52 (GC)(Merits) [hereinafter Loizidou (Merits)].
156. Cyprus v. Turkey, Eur. Ct. H.R., para. 77.
157. Ilaşcu v. Moldova and Russia, 2004-VII Eur. Ct. of H.R., paras. 434,442,453,464, 481 (GC).
158. Cyprus v. Turkey, Eur. Ct. H.R., at para. 78.
159. Interim Resolution ResDH(2005)44, concerning the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 10 May 2001 in the case of Cyprus against Turkey (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 7 June 2005, at the 928th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)
160. Interim Resolution ResDH (2006)26 concerning the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 8 July 2004 (Grand Chamber)
161. Ilaşcu v. Moldova and Russia, (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 10 May 2006 at the 964th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies).
162. Banković v. Belgium, 2001-XII Eur. Ct. H.R. 333 (GC).
163. Id. at para. 75.
164. Id. at para. 80.
165. See P. Leach, The British Military in Iraq—the Applicability of the Espace Juridique Doctrine under the European Convention on Human Rights, Pub. L. 448 (2005) with further references
166. L. Condorelli, La protection des droits de l'Homme lors d'actions militaires menees a Vetranger, 32 Collegium 89, 100 (2005).
167. Öcalan v. Turkey, Eur. Ct. H.R (GC) Judgment of May 12, 2005, available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkpl97/view.asp?item=l&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=%D6 calan&sessionid=1751995&skin=hudoc-en (last visited August 12, 2007)
168. confirmed in Issa v. Turkey, 41 Eur. Ct. H.R. 27 (2004), at para. 71.
169. Issa v. Turkey, id. at para. 71.
170. For an overview of its jurisprudence see C. Cerna, Extraterritorial Application of the Human Rights Instruments of the Inter-American System, in Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties 141–174 (F. Coomans & M.T. Kamminga eds., 2004)
171. Douglas Cassel, id. at 175–181.
172. Coard v. the United States, id, at para. 37.
173. Salas v. the United States, Case 10.573, Inter-Am. C.H.R., Report No. 31/93, OEA/Ser.L/V.85, Doc. 9 rev. (1994), at para. 6.
174. See also Articles 64 & 65 of the Fourth Geneva Convention; M. Sassòli, Legislation and Maintenance of Public Order and Civil Life by Occupying Powers, 16 Eur, J. Int'l L. 661, 663–667 (2005).
175. Orna Ben-Naftali & Yuval Shany, Living in Denial: The Application of Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 37 Isr. L. Rev. 17, 64 (2003).
176. See, e.g., Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. Art. 43, Oct. 18, 1907, U.S.T.S. 539 [hereinafter the Hague Regulations]
177. Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, arts. 40, 55, & 56, Aug. 12, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 287 [hereinafter Geneva Convention IV].
178. Ilaşcu v. Moldova and Russia, U.N.T.S., at para. 392.
179. Al-Skeini (CA) U.N.T.S., at para. 119.
180. U.N.T.S. at para. 124.
181. U.N.T.S. at paras. 195–197.
182. López Burgos v. Uruguay, Comm. No. 52/1979, UN Doc. CCPR/C/13/D/52/1979 (1981)
183. see also de Casariego v. Uruguay, Comm. No. 56/1979, UN Doc. CCPR/C/13/D/56/1979 (1981).
184. López Burgos v. Uruguay, UN Doc. CCPR/C/13/D/56/1979, para. 12.3
185. de Casariego v. Uruguay, UN Doc. CCPR/C/13/D/56/1979, at para. 10.3.
186. Issa v. Turkey, UN Doc. CCPR/C/13/D/56/1979, at para. 71 (emphasis added CD.).
187. Coard v. the United States, UN Doc. CCPR/C/13/D/56/1979, at para. 37.
188. Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Chile, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.66, Doc. 17 (Sept. 9,1985), ch. III, at paras. 81–91, 181.
189. Second Report on the Human Rights Situation in Suriname, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.66, doc.21 rev. 1, (Oct. 2, 1985),at ch.V,E.
190. Al-Skeini (CA), OEA/Ser.L/V/II.66, at paras. 197.
191. David Kretzmer, Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: Extra-Judicial Executions or Legitimate Means of Defence?, 16 Eur. J. Int'l L. 171, 185 (2005).
192. Bothe, Eur. J. Int'l L., at 37.
193. Wall case, Eur. J. Int'l L., at para. 106.
194. See Common Article 3 to the Geneva Convention IV, Eur. J. Int'l L.
195. Article 2 ICCPR, Eur. J. Int'l L.
196. Article 1 ECHR, Eur. J. Int'l L.
197. Article 1 ACHR, Eur. J. Int'l L.
198. see A. Clapham, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (2006).
199. See Article 4 ICCPR, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors
200. Article 15 ECHR, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors
201. Article 27 ACHR, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors.
202. Campbell McLachlan, The Principle of Systemic Integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention, 54 ICLQ 279–320 (2005)
203. International Law Commission, Report of the Study Group on Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties arising from Diversification and Expansion of International Law, ¶ 27, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.676, (July 29, 2005)
204. see also Philippe Sands, Treaty, Custom and the Cross-fertilization of International Law, 1 Yale Hum. Rts. Dev. L.J. 85, 95 (1999).
205. Emerich De Vattel, Le Droit des gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle Bk. II, ch. xvii, at para. 316 (reproduction of Books I and II ed. 1758, Geneva, Slatkine Reprints, Henry Dunant Institute, 1983).
206. Huoo Grotius, De Jure belli ac pacis, bk II, sect. XXIX.
207. Wall case, De Jure belli ac pacis, at para. 106
208. reiterated in the DRC v. Uganda case, De Jure belli ac pacis, at para. 216.
209. Coard v. the United States, De Jure belli ac pacis, at para. 42.
210. General Comment No. 31, De Jure belli ac pacis, at para. 11.
211. DRC v. Uganda, De Jure belli ac pacis, at para. 216.
212. A. Lindroos, Adressing the Norm Conflicts in a Fragmented System: The Doctrine of Lex Specialis, 74 Nordic J. Int'l L. 24, 28 (2005).
213. See, e.g., International Law Commission's Study Group, Nordic J. Int'l L.
214. Lindroos, Nordic J. Int'l L., at 27–28.
215. Nancie Prud'homme, Lex Specialis: Oversimplifying a More Complex andMultifacetedRelationship?, 40(2) Isr. L. Rev. 356 (2007).
216. Louise Doswald-Beck, International Humanitarian Law and the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 316 Int'l Rev Red Cross 35 (1997).
217. Prud'homme, Int'l Rev Red Cross, at 14.
218. Id. at 6.
219. Rene Provost, International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 350 (2005).
220. Sands, International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, at 85–105.
221. Kretzmer, International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, at 171.
222. Martti Koskenniemi, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes,’ UN Doc. ILC(LVI)/SG/FIL/CRD.1 and Add. 1 (2004), at 4.
223. See International Law Commission's Study Group, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’, at para. 42.
224. Sandoz, Swinarski, & Zimmermann Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’, at para. 3092.
225. Article 4 ICCPR, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’.
226. Article 15 ECHR, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’.
227. Article 27 ACHR, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’.
228. General Comment 29, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’, at para. 16.
229. Article 7 ICCPR, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’.
230. Article 2 CAT, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’.
231. Article 3 ECHR, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’.
232. Article 5 ACHR, Study on the Function and Scope of the Lex Specialis Rule and the Question of ‘Self Contained Regimes’.
233. Article 5 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, adopted June 27, 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force Oct. 21, 1986 [hereinafter ACHPR].
234. Common Article 3, I.L.M.
235. Article 147 of the Geneva Convention (IV), I.L.M.
236. Article 2, CAT, I.L.M.
237. See ICTY Prosecutor v. Kunarac and Others, Case Nos. IT-96–23 & IT-96–23/1, Trial Chamber, (Feb. 22, 2001) at para. 491
238. confirmed by the Appeals Chamber judgment, (June 12, 2000), at para. 148
239. Prosecutor v. Kvocka and Others, Case No. IT-98–30/1-A, Appeals Chamber, (Feb. 28, 2005), at para. 284
240. ICTR: The Prosecutor v. Laurent Semanza, ICTR-97–20, (May 15, 2003), at para. 32–343
241. Rome Statute, ICTR-97–20, at arts. 7(1)(f) (Crimes against Humanity) and 8(2)(c)(i) and (ii)(War Crime).
242. But see the discussion in Noam Lubell, Challenges in Applying Human Rights Law to Armed Conflict, 860 Int'l Rev. Red Cross 737, 751 (2005).
243. See, e.g., CESCR, Concluding Observations on Israel, ¶ 11 & 19, UN Doc. E/C.12/1/Add.90, (May 23, 2003)
244. CRC, Concluding Observations on Israel, ¶ 44 & 55, UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Addd.195,(Oct. 9, 2002).
245. Article 50 of the Geneva Convention (IV), UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Addd.195.
246. Id. Articles 56 & 57.
247. Id. Articles 59 et seq.
248. Article 6 of the Geneva Convention (IV), Id.
249. M. Bothe, K. Ipsen, & K.J. Partsch, Die Genfer Konferenz über humanitäres Völkerrecht, 38 ZaöRV 1, 72 (1978).
250. Adopted by General Assembly Resolution 61/177 (Dec. 20, 2006).
251. See Meron, General Assembly Resolution, at 241.
252. See Articles 9 and 10 of the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, 27 August-7 September 1990, Report prepared by the Secretariat (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.91.IV.2), Chap. I, sect. B.2, annex [hereinafter UN Basic Principles]
253. see also Nigel Rodley, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law, 182–188 (2000)
254. Kretzmer, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law, at 179.
255. Principle 10 of the UN Basic Principles, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law.
256. McCann v. United Kingdom, 324 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) para. 202–213 (1995)
257. Andronicou and Constantinou v. Cyprus, 1997-VI Eur. H.R. Rep. (1997)
258. Eur. Ct. H.R. Jordan v. United Kingdom, App. No. 24726/94, (given May 4, 2001), at paras. 103–104, available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkpl97/view.asp?item=2&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=Jordan%20%7C%20v.%20%7C%20United%20%7C%20Kingdom&sessionid=1751995&skin=hudoc-en (last visited August 12, 2007)
259. McKerr v. the United Kingdom, app. no. 28883/95, (given May 4, 2001) at paras. 109–110
260. Kelly v. the United Kingdom, app. no. 30054/96, (given May 4, 2001) at paras. 91–92, available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp 197/view.asp?item=6&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=Jordan%20%7C%20v.%20%7C%20United%20%7C%20Kingdom&sessionid=1751995&skin=hudoc-en (last visited August 12, 2007)
261. Shanaghan v. the United Kingdom, appl. no. 37715/97, (given May 4, 2001), at paras. 85–86, available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkpl97/view.asp?item=7&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=Jordan%20%7C%20v.%20%7C%20United%20%7C%20Kingdom&sessionid=1751995&skin=hudoc-en (last visited August 12, 2007)
262. Ergi v. Turkey, Eur. H.R. Rep., at para. 79
263. Isayeva, Yusupova and Basayea v. Russia, Eur. H.R. Rep., at paras. 169–171
264. Isayeva Russia, Eur. H.R. Rep., at para. 189.
265. See the codification in Article 51 5(b) of Additional Protocol I, Eur. H.R. Rep.
266. See also the discussion in Michael Bothe, Humanitäres Völkerrechl und Schutz der Menschenrechte: Aufder Suche nach Synergien und Schutzlücken, in Essays in Honour of C. Tomuschat, 63, 82 (P.M. Dupuy et al. eds., 2006).
267. See Humanitäres Völkerrechl und Schutz der Menschenrechte: Aufder Suche nach Synergien und Schutzlücken and corresponding text.
268. Özkan v. Turkey, Humanitäres Völkerrechl und Schutz der Menschenrechte: Aufder Suche nach Synergien und Schutzlücken, at para. 297
269. Ergi v. Turkey, Humanitäres Völkerrechl und Schutz der Menschenrechte: Aufder Suche nach Synergien und Schutzlücken, at para. 79
270. Isayeva v. Russia, Humanitäres Völkerrechl und Schutz der Menschenrechte: Aufder Suche nach Synergien und Schutzlücken, at para. 176.
271. The Court uses a similar, but not identical formulation, in Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia, Humanitäres Völkerrechl und Schutz der Menschenrechte: Aufder Suche nach Synergien und Schutzlücken, at paras. 177.
272. Isayeva v. Russia, Humanitäres Völkerrechl und Schutz der Menschenrechte: Aufder Suche nach Synergien und Schutzlücken, at paras. 190, 191.
273. The Court uses a similar, but not identical formulation, in Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia, Humanitäres Völkerrechl und Schutz der Menschenrechte: Aufder Suche nach Synergien und Schutzlücken, at para. 192.
274. Ben-Naftali & Shany, Humanitäres Völkerrechl und Schutz der Menschenrechte: Aufder Suche nach Synergien und Schutzlücken, at 17, 31.
275. Commentary to the First Geneva Convention 82, 83 (Jean Pictet ed., 1960); see in particular the discussion on Common Article 6/6/6/7.
276. Sean Mac Bride, Human Rights in Armed Conflict, The Inter-Relationship between the Humanitarian Law and the Law of Human Rights, IX Revue de droit pénal militaire et de droit de la guerre 373, 388 (1970).
277. See A.H. Robertson, Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, in Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles, in Honour of Jean Pictet 793, 799 (Christophe Swinarski ed., 1984)
278. Sandoz, Swinarski, & Zimmermann, Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles, at paras. 3600–3602.
279. Report of the Secretary General on Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflict, ¶ 230, UN Doc. A/7720 (Nov. 20, 1969)
280. F. Hampson, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Internal Armed Conflict, in Armed Conflict and the New Law 55, 71 (M. Meyer ed., 1993)
281. D. Schindler, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Interrelationship of the Laws, 31 Am. University L. Rev. 935, 941(1982).
282. At the 1949 Geneva conference, not quite with the same idea but in the same direction, France proposed the establishment of a “High International Committee” to “supervise the application of and ensure respect for the Convention[s]”: Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949 (1963) see vol. 3 annex No. 21 and vol. 2, sec. B, at 61.
283. UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Working paper by Ms. Hampson and Mr. Salama on the Relationship between Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law, ¶ 9–37, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/14 (June 21, 2005).
284. Bothe, Relationship between Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law, at 45
285. see also Meron, Relationship between Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law, at 247 who writes that “their very idealism and naïveté are their greatest strength”
286. Reidy, Relationship between Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law, at 529.
287. William Abresch, A Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya, 16 Eur. J. Int'l L. 741 (2005)
288. see also Bothe Eur. J. Int'l L., at 90.
289. Aeyal M. Gross, Human Proportions: Are Human Rights the Emperors New Clothes of the International Law of Occupation?, 18 Eur. J. Int'l L. 35.
290. Article 106 of the Geneva Convention (IV), Eur. J. Int'l L.
291. See Article 24 (2) of the Convention forthe Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, art. 24(2), UN Doc. A/RES/61/177 (Dec. 20, 2006) [not yet in force].
292. See the UN Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions, recommended by Economic and Social Council resolution 1989/65 of 24 May 1989
293. Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; among the vast body of jurisprudence see Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations on Serbia and Montenegro, ¶ 9, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/81/SEMO, (Aug. 12, 2004)
294. Concluding Observations on Brazil, ¶ 20, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.66 (July 24, 1996)
295. Concluding Observations on Colombia, ¶ 32 & 34, UVN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 76, (May 5, 1997)
296. Committee against Torture: Conclusions and Recommendations on Colombia, ¶ 10 (f), UN Doc. CAT/C/CR/31/1, (Feb. 4, 1997)
297. Finucane v. the United Kingdom, 2003-VIII Eur. Ct. H.R. (2003) at para. 69 (summary of its constant jurisprudence)
298. Myrna Mack-Chang v. Guatemala Case, 2003 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 101
299. Caracazo Case v. Venezuela Case 2002 (Reparation), Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 95
300. Juan Humberto Sánchez v. Honduras Case 2003 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 99, at para. 186
301. ACHPR: Amnesty International et al v. Sudan, (26th and 27th Ordinary Sessions, May 2000), at para. 51.
302. Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., at paras. 208–213
303. Myrna Mack-Chang v. Guatemala, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.
304. Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations on Colombia, ¶ 32, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 76 (May 5, 1997).
305. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, ¶ 33–38, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/53m (March 8,2006).
306. Kretzmer, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/53m, at 201, 204.
307. Report of the Special Rapporteur, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/53m, at para. 37.
308. Kenneth Watkin, Controlling the Use of Force: A Role for Human Rights Norms in Contemporary Armed Conflict, 98 Am. J. Int'l L. 1, 34 (2004).
309. Liesbeth Zegveld, Remedies for Victims of Violations of International Humanitarian Law, 851 Int'l Rev. Red Cross. 497–528 (2003).
310. See the UN Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Serious Violations of International Human Rights Law.
311. Hague Regulations of 1907, UN Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Serious Violations of International Human Rights Law, art. 3
312. Additional Protocol I, UN Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Serious Violations of International Human Rights Law, art. 91
313. see Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, Reparation for Violations of International Humanitarian Law, 851 Int'l Rev. Red Cross 529–554 (2003).
314. UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Int'l Rev. Red Cross, at paras. 20, 49.
315. GA Res. 60/147 of 16 December 2005.
316. Wall case, GA Res., at para. 106.
317. One can speculate whether it held so in the absence of another state to whom Israel could have paid compensation, see P. d'Argent, Compliance, Cessation, Reparation and Restitution in the Wall Advisory Opinion, in Völicerrecht als Wertordnung—Common Values in International Law, Festschrift for Christian Tomuschat 463, 475 (P.-M. Dupuy et al. eds., 2006).
318. See Gillard, Völicerrecht als Wertordnung—Common Values in International Law, Festschrift for Christian Tomuschat at 540.
319. On Germany see Roland Bank, The New Programs for Payments to Victims of National Socialist Injustice, 44 German Y.B. Int'l L. 307–352 (2001)
320. the most comprehensive description of national reparations programmes can be found in, The Handbook on Reparations (Pablo de Greiff ed., 2006).
321. On this discussion see Elke Schwager & Roland Bank, An Individual Right to Compensation for Victims of Armed Conflicts?, Paper submitted to the ILA Committee on Compensation for Victims of War, see 45–48
322. P. d'Argent, Wrongs of the Past, History of the Future, 17 Eur. J. Int'l L. 279, 286 (2006).