Wrongs of the past, history of the future?

European Journal of International Law

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 279-288

  d'Argent, Pierre ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645883235     PISSN: 09385428     EISSN: 14643596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ejil/chi165     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Christian Michelsen Institute, Bergen; Danish Centre for Human Rights, Copenhagen; Icelandic Human Rights Centre, Reykjavik; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Vienna; International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, Montreal; Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht; Norwegian Institute of Human Rights, Oslo; Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Lund and Åbo Academy University, Åbo.
2. E/CN.4/2000/62.
3. Roth, 'Le juge et l'histoire', in L. Boisson de Chazournes, J.-F. Quéguiner, and S. Villalpando (eds), Crimes de l'histoire (2004), at 3-11.
4. Boisson de Chazournes and Heathcote, 'Mise en œuvre de la réparation des crimes de l'histoire: Une possible [ré]conciliation des temps passés, présents et futurs?', in ibid., at 99.
5. Kikuchi, 'Les "femmes de réconfort" devant la juridiction japonaise', in ibid., at 131.
6. Heiskanen, 'CRT-II: The Second Phase of the Swiss Banks Claims Process', in ibid., at 147.
7. Wühler, 'German Compensation for World War II Slave and Forced Labour', in ibid., at 163.
8. Kriebaum, 'Restitution Claims for Massive Violations of Human Rights During The Nazi Regime - The Austrian Case', in G. Ulrich and L. Krabbe Boserup (eds), Reparations (2003), at 165.
9. See Hellenic Supreme Court, 4 May 2000, Prefecture of Voiotia v. Federal Republic of Germany, reported by Gavouneli and Bantekas in 95 AJIL (2001) 198.
10. See, however, contra Hellenic Supreme Special Court, 17 Sept. 2002, Federal Republic of Germany v. Miltiadis Margellos, reported in de Wet, 'The Prohibition of Torture as an International Norm of jus cogens and its Implications for National and Customary Law', 15 EJIL (2004) 97, n. 61.
11. Corte di Cassazione, Ferrini v. Federal Republic of Germany, 11 Mar. 2004, 87 Riv Dir Int (2004) 539
12. see de Sena and De Vittor, 'State Immunity and Human Rights: The Italian Supreme Court Decision on the Ferrini Case', 16 EJIL (2005) 89.
13. Among many writings on this subject, see Tomuschat, 'L'immunité des Etats en cas de violations graves des droits de l'homme' [2005] RGDIP 51.
14. Brooks, 'African Redress Movement: The Quest for Atonement', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup (eds), supra note 8, at 13.
15. Sala-Molins, 'Esclavage: Peut-on juridiquement envisager de ne pas réparer?', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 179.
16. Chakma, 'The Issue of Compensation for Colonialism and Slavery at the World Conference against Racism: A fine Balance Between Rhetoric and Legality', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup (eds), supra note 8, at 57
17. Hazan, 'Durban: Le repli victimaire', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 277.
18. Brown, 'Etat des lieux des droits de l'homme, du droit international humanitaire et du droit international pénal face aux requêtes en 'réparation' des crimes de l'histoire: Bilan prospectif', in ibid., at 73, 82.
19. The declaration 'acknowledge[s] that slavery and the slave trade, including the transatlantic slave trade, were appalling tragedies in the history of humanity not only because of their abhorrent barbarism but also in terms of their magnitude, organized nature and especially their negation of the essence of the victims, and further acknowledge that slavery and the slave trade are a crime against humanity and should always have been so, especially the transatlantic slave trade and are among the major sources and manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and that Africans and people of African descent, Asians and people of Asian descent and indigenous peoples were victims of these acts and continue to be victims of their consequences.': A/CONF.189/12. Report of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, Declaration, para. 13.
20. I. Bottigliero, Redress (2004), at 193.
21. E/CN.4/Res/2005/35. 40 votes to none, with 13 abstentions. See www.unhchr.org. The Basic Principles were approved without a vote by the General Assembly on 10 Nov. 2005 (A/C.3/60/L.24).
22. On the reports of T. Van Boven and C. Bassiouni, see Bottigliero, supra note 16, at 179-182
23. Novak, 'The Right to Reparation of Victims of Gross Human Rights Violations', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup, supra note 8, at 282-284.
24. Howard-Hassmann, 'Moral Integrity and Reparations to Africa', in ibid., at 343, 367.
25. Plumelle-Uribe, 'Les crimes contre l'humanité et le devoir de réparation', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 187, 199-200.
26. Ibid., at 199.
27. Diop, 'La réparation des crimes contre l'humanité en Afrique: impératif catégorique ou devoir contingent?', in ibid., at 263, 266.
28. Thipanyane, 'Current Claims, Regional Experiences, Pressing Problems: Identification of the Salient Issues and Pressing Problems in an African Post-colonial Perspective', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup, supra note 8, at 35.
29. Nahoum-Grappe, 'Vertige de l'impunité on l'impasse du rêve de justice', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 13.
30. Howard-Hassmann, supra note 19, at 343-367
31. Ulrich, 'The Moral Case for Reparations: Three Theses about Reparations for Past Wrongs', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup, supra note 8, at 371.
32. See for instance, as introductory reading, Meyer, 'Intergenerational Justice', in E.N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2003 edn.), available at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2003/ entries/justice-intergenerational/.
33. Ulrich, supra note 24, at 377-379.
34. See, e.g., Boschiero, 'La traite transatlantique et la responsabilité internationale des Etats', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 203, 261.
35. Boisson de Chazournes and Heathcote, supra note 4, at 127.
36. On this notion, see the interesting discussion by Quéguiner and Villalpando, 'La réparation des crimes de l'histoire: état et perspectives du droit international public contemporain', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 39.
37. Thipanyane, supra note 22, at 47.
38. Quéguiner and Villalpando, supra note 29, at 58-60.
39. Boschiero, 'La traite transatlantique et la responsabilité internationale des Etats', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 203.
40. Ibid., at 256 ff.
41. Condorelli, 'Conclusions générales', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 291, 305.
42. See recently, Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territory, Advisory Opinion [2004] ICJ Rep 136, at 198, para. 153.
43. Madrigal-Borloz, 'Damage and Redress in the Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (1979-2001)', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup, supra note 8, at 211
44. Novak, supra note 18, at 277.
45. Myntti, 'The Right to Reparation of Victims of Racial Discrimination in Human Rights Law', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup, supra note 8, at 311.
46. Bottigliero, supra note 16, at 111, 193.
47. Krabbe Boserup and Mohammed Cissé, 'Accessibility - A Precondition for Reparation? The Case of the Nigerien Commission on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup, supra note 8, at 139.
48. Kessedjian, 'La réparation des crimes de l'histoire vue sous l'angle du droit international privé', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 85-96.
49. Within the European community legal order, see Joined Cases C-6 & 9/90, A. Francovich v. ItalL; D. Bonifaci and others v. Italy [1991] ECR I-5415, at paras. 41-43
50. Joined Cases C-46 & 48/93, Brasserie du pêcheur SA v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland; The Queen v. Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd [1996] ECR I-1163, at para. 67.
51. Bottigliero, supra note 16, at 109.
52. Gloppen, 'Review Essay: Reparatory Justice - a Road to Reconciliation? On the Role of Reparations in Transitional Justice Theory', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup, supra note 8, at 387.
53. The difficulty of 'apply[ing] a compensation policy of the kind ... under debate in the Commission on Human Rights for cases of massive human rights violations in protracted conflicts' is shown by Strand, 'Bombs and Butter: Compensation Issues in Protracted Conflicts and the Case of Afghanistan', in ibid., at 111, 133.
54. Gareau, 'Insoutenable imprescriptibilité à la lettre: Note sur l'interaction du temps, du droit et du symbole dans la problématique des crimes de l'histoire', in Boisson de Chazournes, Quéguiner, and Villalpando (eds), supra note 3, at 25-38.
55. See also, as far as resort to traditional forms of criminal justice is concerned, Hvidt Thelle, 'The Gacaca Jurisdictions: A Solution to the Challenge of the Rwandan Judicial Settlement?', in Ulrich and Krabbe Boserup, supra note 8, at 75.
56. Barkan, 'Legal Settlements as a Form of Cultural Politics: A Moral and Historical Framework for the Right to Reparations', in ibid., at 407, 421.
57. Quéguiner and Villalpando, supra note 29, at 69.
58. Condorelli, supra note 34, at 300-301.
59. P. d'Argent, Les réparations de guerre en droit international public. La responsabilité internationale des Etats à l'épreuve de la guerre (2002), at 759-774.
60. Benjamin, 'On the Concept of History', in H. Arendt, Illuminations (1968), 254, quoted in Ulrich, supra note 24, at 374.