Evidence-informed expert recommendations for the management of celiac disease in children

Pediatrics

Volumn 138, Issue 3, 2016, Pages

  Snyder, John ^a   Butzner, J Decker ^b   DeFelice, Amy R ^c   Fasano, Alessio ^d   Guandalini, Stefano ^e   Liu, Edwin ^f   Newton, Kimberly P ^g  

^a CHILDREN'S NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^c Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f CHILDREN S HOSPITAL COLORADO   (United States)

^g RADY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS; BONE MASS; CELIAC DISEASE; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; LIVER DISEASE; NUTRITIONAL COUNSELING; NUTRITIONAL HEALTH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCREENING TEST; TREATMENT PLANNING; CHILD; COMPLICATION; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE;

CELIAC DISEASE; CHILD; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS;

EID: 84985939888     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3147     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Fasano A, Catassi C. Clinical practice. Celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(25):2419-2426
2. Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisani D. Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(6):1912-1933
3. Rostam A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1981-2002
4. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement on Celiac Disease, June 28-30, 2004. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4 suppl 1):S1-S9
5. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, et al; ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis; ESPGHAN Gastroenterology Committee; European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(1):136-160
6. Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS, et al; North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;40(1):1-19
7. Herman ML, Rubio-Tapia A, Lahr BD, Larson JJ, Van Dyke CT, Murray JA. Patients with celiac disease are not followed up adequately. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(8): 893-899.e1
8. Silvester JA, Rashid M. Longterm follow-up of individuals with celiac disease: an evaluation of current practice guidelines. Can J Gastroenterol. 2007;21(9):557-564
9. Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(3):286-292
10. Biagi F, Klersy C, Balduzzi D, Corazza GR. Are we not over-estimating the prevalence of coeliac disease in the general population? Ann Med. 2010;42(8):557-561
11. Mustalahti K, Catassi C, Reunanen A, et al; Coeliac EU Cluster, Project Epidemiology. The prevalence of celiac disease in Europe: results of a centralized, international mass screening project. Ann Med. 2010;42(8):587-595
12. Murch S, Jenkins H, Auth M, et al; BSPGHAN. Joint BSPGHAN and Coeliac UK guidelines for the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease in children. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(10):806-811
13. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al; GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924-926
14. Mora S. Celiac disease in children: impact on bone health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2008;9(2):123-130
15. Bianchi ML, Bardella MT. Bone in celiac disease. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(12):1705-1716
16. Bianchi ML. Inflammatory bowel diseases, celiac disease, and bone. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010;503(1):54-65
17. Scotta MS, Salvatore S, Salvatoni A, et al. Bone mineralization and body composition in young patients with celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92(8):1331-1334
18. Turner J, Pellerin G, Mager D. Prevalence of metabolic bone disease in children with celiac disease is independent of symptoms at diagnosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(5):589-593
19. Mora S, Barera G, Ricotti A, Weber G, Bianchi C, Chiumello G. Reversal of low bone density with a gluten-free diet in children and adolescents with celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(3):477-481
20. Mora S, Barera G, Beccio S, et al. Bone density and bone metabolism are normal after long-term gluten-free diet in young celiac patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(2): 398-403
21. Barera G, Beccio S, Proverbio MC, Mora S. Longitudinal changes in bone metabolism and bone mineral content in children with celiac disease during consumption of a gluten-free diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(1):148-154
22. Mora S, Barera G, Beccio S, et al. A prospective, longitudinal study of the long-term effect of treatment on bone density in children with celiac disease. J Pediatr. 2001;139(4):516-521
23. Rea F, Polito C, Marotta A, et al. Restoration of body composition in celiac children after one year of gluten-free diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996;23(4): 408-412
24. Kavak US, Yüce A, Koçak N, et al. Bone mineral density in children with untreated and treated celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37(4):434-436
25. Tau C, Mautalen C, De Rosa S, Roca A, Valenzuela X. Bone mineral density in children with celiac disease. Effect of a gluten-free diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(3):358-363
26. Sdepanian VL, de Miranda Carvalho CN, de Morais MB, Colugnati FA, Fagundes-Neto U. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in children and adolescents with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet in São Paulo, Brazil. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37(5):571-576
27. Zanchi C, Di Leo G, Ronfani L, Martelossi S, Not T, Ventura A. Bone metabolism in celiac disease. J Pediatr. 2008;153(2):262-265
28. Blazina S, Bratanic N, Campa AS, Blagus R, Orel R. Bone mineral density and importance of strict gluten-free diet in children and adolescents with celiac disease. Bone. 2010;47(3):598-603
29. Mager DR, Qiao J, Turner J. Vitamin D and K status influences bone mineral density and bone accrual in children and adolescents with celiac disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(4):488-495
30. Hartman C, Hino B, Lerner A, et al. Bone quantitative ultrasound and bone mineral density in children with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39(5):504-510
31. Tilg H, Moschen AR, Kaser A, Pines A, Dotan I. Gut, inflammation and osteoporosis: basic and clinical concepts. Gut. 2008;57(5):684-694
32. Jansson UH, Kristiansson B, Magnusson P, Larsson L, Albertsson-Wikland K, Bjarnason R. The decrease of IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3 and bone alkaline phosphatase isoforms during gluten challenge correlates with small intestinal inflammation in children with coeliac disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2001;144(4):417-423
33. Kalayci AG, Kansu A, Girgin N, Kucuk O, Aras G. Bone mineral density and importance of a gluten-free diet in patients with celiac disease in childhood. Pediatrics. 2001;108(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/108/5/e89
34. Szathmári M, Tulassay T, Arató A, Bodánszky H, Szabó A, Tulassay Z. Bone mineral content and density in asymptomatic children with coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13(4):419-424
35. Margoni D, Chouliaras G, Duscas G, et al. Bone health in children with celiac disease assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry: effect of glutenfree diet and predictive value of serum biochemical indices. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(5): 680-684
36. Rizzoli R, Bianchi ML, Garabédian M, McKay HA, Moreno LA. Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly. Bone. 2010;46(2):294-305
37. Bianchi ML. Osteoporosis in children and adolescents. Bone. 2007;41(4):486-495
38. Baim S, Leonard MB, Bianchi ML, et al. Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 ISCD Pediatric Position Development Conference. J Clin Densitom. 2008;11(1):6-21
39. Clark EM, Tobias JH, Ness AR. Association between bone density and fractures in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/117/2/e291
40. Jatla M, Zemel BS, Bierly P, Verma R. Bone mineral content deficits of the spine and whole body in children at time of diagnosis with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48(2):175-180
41. Mora S, Weber G, Barera G, et al. Effect of gluten-free diet on bone mineral content in growing patients with celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57(2):224-228
42. Olmos M, Antelo M, Vazquez H, Smecuol E, Mauriño E, Bai JC. Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies on the prevalence of fractures in coeliac disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40(1):46-53
43. Ludvigsson JF, Michaelsson K, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Coeliac disease and the risk of fractures - a general population-based cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(3):273-285
44. Moreno ML, Vazquez H, Mazure R, et al. Stratification of bone fracture risk in patients with celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(2):127-134
45. Sánchez MI, Mohaidle A, Baistrocchi A, et al. Risk of fracture in celiac disease: gender, dietary compliance, or both? World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(25):3035-3042
46. Cellier C, Flobert C, Cormier C, Roux C, Schmitz J. Severe osteopenia in symptom-free adults with a childhood diagnosis of coeliac disease. Lancet. 2000;355(9206):806
47. Motta ME, Faria ME, Silva GA. Prevalence of low bone mineral density in children and adolescents with celiac disease under treatment. Sao Paulo Med J. 2009;127(5):278-282
48. Fouda MA, Khan AA, Sultan MS, Rios LP, McAssey K, Armstrong D. Evaluation and management of skeletal health in celiac disease: position statement. Can J Gastroenterol. 2012;26(11):819-829
49. Lombardi F, Franzese A, Iafusco D, et al. Bone involvement in clusters of autoimmune diseases: just a complication? Bone. 2010;46(2):551-555
50. Bottaro G, Cataldo F, Rotolo N, Spina M, Corazza GR. The clinical pattern of subclinical/silent celiac disease: an analysis on 1026 consecutive cases. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(3):691-696
51. Harper JW, Holleran SF, Ramakrishnan R, Bhagat G, Green PH. Anemia in celiac disease is multifactorial in etiology. Am J Hematol. 2007;82(11):996-1000
52. Kolho KL, Färkkilä MA, Savilahti E. Undiagnosed coeliac disease is common in Finnish adults. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33(12):1280-1283
53. Lo W, Sano K, Lebwohl B, Diamond B, Green PH. Changing presentation of adult celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(2):395-398
54. Hin H, Bird G, Fisher P, Mahy N, Jewell D. Coeliac disease in primary care: case finding study. BMJ. 1999;318(7177):164-167
55. Zanini B, Caselani F, Magni A, et al. Celiac disease with mild enteropathy is not mild disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(3):253-258
56. Logan RF, Howarth GF, West J, Shepherd K, Robinson MH, Hardcastle JD. How often is a positive faecal occult blood test the result of coeliac disease? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15(10):1097-1100
57. Mant MJ, Bain VG, Maguire CG, Murland K, Yacyshyn BR. Prevalence of occult gastrointestinal bleeding in celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(4):451-454
58. Howard MR, Turnbull AJ, Morley P, Hollier P, Webb R, Clarke A. A prospective study of the prevalence of undiagnosed coeliac disease in laboratory defined iron and folate deficiency. J Clin Pathol. 2002;55(10):754-757
59. Savage DG, Lindenbaum J, Stabler SP, Allen RH. Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies. Am J Med. 1994;96(3):239-246
60. Snow CF. Laboratory diagnosis of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency: a guide for the primary care physician. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(12):1289-1298
61. Kemppainen TA, Kosma VM, Janatuinen EK, Julkunen RJ, Pikkarainen PH, Uusitupa MI. Nutritional status of newly diagnosed celiac disease patients before and after the institution of a celiac disease diet-association with the grade of mucosal villous atrophy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(3):482-487
62. Haapalahti M, Kulmala P, Karttunen TJ, et al. Nutritional status in adolescents and young adults with screen-detected celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;40(5):566-570
63. Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Meyers S, Colman N, Herzlich B, Herbert V. The ileum is the major site of absorption of vitamin B12 analogues. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84(1):22-26
64. Bergamaschi G, Markopoulos K, Albertini R, et al. Anemia of chronic disease and defective erythropoietin production in patients with celiac disease. Haematologica. 2008;93(12):1785-1791
65. Ludvigsson JF, Welander A, Lassila R, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Risk of thromboembolism in 14, 000 individuals with coeliac disease. Br J Haematol. 2007;139(1):121-127
66. Saibeni S, Lecchi A, Meucci G, et al. Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in adult gluten-sensitive enteropathy at diagnosis: role of B12, folate, and genetics. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(6):574-580
67. Cavallaro R, Iovino P, Castiglione F, et al. Prevalence and clinical associations of prolonged prothrombin time in adult untreated coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16(2):219-223
68. Fisgin T, Yarali N, Duru F, Usta B, Kara A. Hematologic manifestation of childhood celiac disease. Acta Haematol. 2004;111(4):211-214
69. Djuric Z, Zivic S, Katic V. Celiac disease with diffuse cutaneous vitamin K-deficiency bleeding. Adv Ther. 2007;24(6):1286-1289
70. Cataldo F, Marino V, Ventura A, Bottaro G, Corazza GR. Prevalence and clinical features of selective immunoglobulin A deficiency in coeliac disease: an Italian multicentre study. Italian Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (SIGEP) and "Club del Tenue" Working Groups on Coeliac Disease. Gut. 1998;42(3):362-365
71. O'Grady JG, Stevens FM, Harding B, O'Gorman TA, McNicholl B, McCarthy CF. Hyposplenism and gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Natural history, incidence, and relationship to diet and small bowel morphology. Gastroenterology. 1984;87(6):1326-1331
72. Corazza GR, Frisoni M, Vaira D, Gasbarrini G. Effect of glutenfree diet on splenic hypofunction of adult coeliac disease. Gut. 1983;24(3):228-230
73. Smyth DJ, Plagnol V, Walker NM, et al. Shared and distinct genetic variants in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(26):2767-2777
74. Fichna M, Fichna P, Gryczynska M, Walkowiak J, Zurawek M, Sowinski J. Screening for associated autoimmune disorders in Polish patients with Addison's disease. Endocrine. 2010;37(2):349-360
75. Maida MJ, Praveen E, Crimmins SR, Swift GL. Coeliac disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: an association? Postgrad Med J. 2006;82(974):833-835
76. Giovenale D, Meazza C, Cardinale GM, et al. The prevalence of growth hormone deficiency and celiac disease in short children. Clin Med Res. 2006;4(3):180-183
77. Fasano A, Araya M, Bhatnagar S, et al; Celiac Disease Working Group, FISPGHAN. Federation of International Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition consensus report on celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008;47(2):214-219
78. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Kelly CP, Calderwood AH, Murray JA; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):656-676, quiz 677
79. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Recognition and assessment of coeliac disease. Available at: nice.org.uk/cg86. Accessed July 13, 2016
80. American Diabetes Association. ADA standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(suppl 1):S11-S61
81. Bai JC, Fried M, Corazza GR, et al; World Gastroenterology Organization. World Gastroenterology Organisation global guidelines on celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;47(2):121-126
82. Collin P, Reunala T, Pukkala E, Laippala P, Keyriläinen O, Pasternack A. Coeliac disease-associated disorders and survival. Gut. 1994;35(9):1215-1218
83. Ventura A, Neri E, Ughi C, Leopaldi A, Città A, Not T. Gluten-dependent diabetes-related and thyroid-related autoantibodies in patients with celiac disease. J Pediatr. 2000;137(2):263-265
84. Cassio A, Ricci G, Baronio F, et al. Longterm clinical significance of thyroid autoimmunity in children with celiac disease. J Pediatr. 2010;156(2):292-295
85. Meloni A, Mandas C, Jores RD, Congia M. Prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in children with celiac disease and effect of gluten withdrawal. J Pediatr. 2009;155(1):51-55
86. Diamanti A, Ferretti F, Guglielmi R, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity in children with coeliac disease: a prospective survey. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96(11):1038-1041
87. Ansaldi N, Palmas T, Corrias A, et al. Autoimmune thyroid disease and celiac disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37(1):63-66
88. Oderda G, Rapa A, Zavallone A, Strigini L, Bona G. Thyroid autoimmunity in childhood celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;35(5):704-705
89. Kowalska E, Wasowska-Królikowska K, Toporowska-Kowalska E. Estimation of antithyroid antibodies occurrence in children with coeliac disease. Med Sci Monit. 2000;6(4):719-721
90. Elfström P, Montgomery SM, Kämpe O, Ekbom A, Ludvigsson JF. Risk of thyroid disease in individuals with celiac disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3915-3921
91. Rapoport MJ, Bistritzer T, Vardi O, Broide E, Azizi A, Vardi P. Increased prevalence of diabetes-related autoantibodies in celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996;23(5):524-527
92. Ventura A, Magazzù G, Greco L; SIGEP Study Group for Autoimmune Disorders in Celiac Disease. Duration of exposure to gluten and risk for autoimmune disorders in patients with celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 1999;117(2):297-303
93. Sategna Guidetti C, Solerio E, Scaglione N, Aimo G, Mengozzi G. Duration of gluten exposure in adult coeliac disease does not correlate with the risk for autoimmune disorders. Gut. 2001;49(4):502-505
94. Toscano V, Conti FG, Anastasi E, et al. Importance of gluten in the induction of endocrine autoantibodies and organ dysfunction in adolescent celiac patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(7):1742-1748
95. Peretti N, Bienvenu F, Bouvet C, et al. The temporal relationship between the onset of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: a study based on immunoglobulin a antitransglutaminase screening. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/113/5/e418
96. Valerio G, Maiuri L, Troncone R, et al. Severe clinical onset of diabetes and increased prevalence of other autoimmune diseases in children with coeliac disease diagnosed before diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2002;45(12):1719-1722
97. Simell S, Hoppu S, Simell T, et al. Age at development of type 1 diabetesand celiac disease-associated antibodies and clinical disease in genetically susceptible children observed from birth. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):774-779
98. Ludvigsson JF, Ludvigsson J, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Celiac disease and risk of subsequent type 1 diabetes: a general population cohort study of children and adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(11):2483-2488
99. Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. The liver in celiac disease. Hepatology. 2007;46(5):1650-1658
100. Hagander B, Berg NO, Brandt L, Nordén A, Sjölund K, Stenstam M. Hepatic injury in adult coeliac disease. Lancet. 1977;2(8032):270-272
101. Bardella MT, Fraquelli M, Quatrini M, Molteni N, Bianchi P, Conte D. Prevalence of hypertransaminasemia in adult celiac patients and effect of gluten-free diet. Hepatology. 1995;22(3):833-836
102. Bonamico M, Pitzalis G, Culasso F, et al. Hepatic damage in celiac disease in children [in Italian]. Minerva Pediatr. 1986;38(21):959-962
103. Volta U. Pathogenesis and clinical significance of liver injury in celiac disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2009;36(1):62-70
104. Kaukinen K, Halme L, Collin P, et al. Celiac disease in patients with severe liver disease: gluten-free diet may reverse hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(4):881-888
105. Farre C, Esteve M, Curcoy A, et al. Hypertransaminasemia in pediatric celiac disease patients and its prevalence as a diagnostic clue. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(12):3176-3181
106. Novacek G, Miehsler W, Wrba F, Ferenci P, Penner E, Vogelsang H. Prevalence and clinical importance of hypertransaminasaemia in coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(3):283-288
107. Sainsbury A, Sanders DS, Ford AC. Meta-analysis: coeliac disease and hypertransaminasaemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(1):33-40
108. Ludvigsson JF, Elfström P, Broomé U, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Celiac disease and risk of liver disease: a general population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(1): 63-69.e1
109. Duggan JM, Duggan AE. Systematic review: the liver in coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21(5):515-518
110. Hepatitis B Foundation. Hepatitis B Vaccine Information. Available at: www.hepb.org/hepb/vaccine-information.htm. Accessed July 24, 2016
111. Hepatitis B Foundation. Vaccine non-responders. Available at: www.hepb.org/professionals/vaccine-nonresponders.htm. Accessed July 24, 2016
112. Alper CA, Kruskall MS, Marcus-Bagley D, et al. Genetic prediction of nonresponse to hepatitis B vaccine. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(11):708-712
113. Zingone F, Morisco F, Zanetti A, et al. Long-term antibody persistence and immune memory to hepatitis B virus in adult celiac patients vaccinated as adolescents. Vaccine. 2011;29(5):1005-1008
114. Leonardi S, Spina M, Spicuzza L, Rotolo N, La Rosa M. Hepatitis B vaccination failure in celiac disease: is there a need to reassess current immunization strategies? Vaccine. 2009;27(43):6030-6033
115. Park SD, Markowitz J, Pettei M, et al. Failure to respond to hepatitis B vaccine in children with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44(4):431-435
116. Urganci N, Kalyoncu D. Response to hepatitis A and B vaccination in pediatric patients with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56(4):408-411
117. Nemes E, Lefler E, Szegedi L, et al. Gluten intake interferes with the humoral immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in patients with celiac disease. Pediatrics. 2008;121(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/121/6/e1570
118. Noh KW, Poland GA, Murray JA. Hepatitis B vaccine nonresponse and celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(10):2289-2292
119. Ertem D, Gonen I, Tanidir C, et al. The response to hepatitis B vaccine: does it differ in celiac disease? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22(7):787-793
120. Ertekin V, Tosun MS, Selimoglu MA. Is there need for a new hepatitis B vaccine schedule for children with celiac disease? Hepat Mon. 2011;11(8):634-637
121. Fasano A. Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4 suppl 1):S68-S73
122. Botero-López JE, Araya M, Parada A, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies in patients with typical and atypical celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;53(3):265-270
123. Assiri AM. Isolated short stature as a presentation of celiac disease in Saudi children. Pediatr Rep. 2010;2(1):e4
124. Cacciari E, Salardi S, Volta U, et al. Can antigliadin antibody detect symptomless coeliac disease in children with short stature? Lancet. 1985;1(8444):1469-1471
125. Hashemi J, Hajiani E, Shahbazin HB, Masjedizadeh R, Ghasemi N. Prevalence of celiac disease in Iranian children with idiopathic short stature. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(48):7376-7380
126. Meazza C, Pagani S, Laarej K, et al. Short stature in children with coeliac disease. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2009;6(4):457-463
127. Troncone R, Kosova R. Short stature and catch-up growth in celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;51(suppl 3):S137-S138
128. Barera G, Mora S, Brambilla P, et al. Body composition in children with celiac disease and the effects of a gluten-free diet: a prospective case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(1):71-75
129. Carbone MC, Pitzalis G, Ferri M, et al. Body composition in coeliac disease adolescents on a gluten-free diet: a longitudinal study. Acta Diabetol. 2003;40(suppl 1):S171-S173
130. Mäki M, Kallonen K, Lähdeaho ML, Visakorpi JK. Changing pattern of childhood coeliac disease in Finland. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1988;77(3):408-412
131. Roma E, Panayiotou J, Karantana H, et al. Changing pattern in the clinical presentation of pediatric celiac disease: a 30-year study. Digestion. 2009;80(3):185-191
132. Reilly NR, Aguilar K, Hassid BG, et al. Celiac disease in normal-weight and overweight children: clinical features and growth outcomes following a gluten-free diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;53(5):528-531
133. Venkatasubramani N, Telega G, Werlin SL. Obesity in pediatric celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;51(3):295-297
134. Arikan C, Zihni C, Cakir M, Alkanat M, Aydogdu S. Morphometric analysis of small-bowel mucosa in Turkish children with celiac disease and relationship with the clinical presentation and laboratory findings. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(9): 2133-2139
135. Reinken L, Zieglauer H, Berger H. Vitamin B6 nutriture of children with acute celiac disease, celiac disease in remission, and of children with normal duodenal mucosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1976;29(7):750-753
136. Kumar J, Muntner P, Kaskel FJ, Hailpern SM, Melamed ML. Prevalence and associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in US children: NHANES 2001-2004. Pediatrics. 2009;124(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/124/3/e362
137. Lerner A, Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, et al. The clinical significance of 25OH-Vitamin D status in celiac disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012;42(3):322-330
138. Villanueva J, Maranda L, Nwosu BU. Is vitamin D deficiency a feature of pediatric celiac disease? J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2012;25(5-6):607-610
139. Altuntaş B, Filik B, Ensari A, Zorlu P, Teziç T. Can zinc deficiency be used as a marker for the diagnosis of celiac disease in Turkish children with short stature? Pediatr Int. 2000;42(6):682-684
140. Högberg L, Danielsson L, Jarleman S, Sundqvist T, Stenhammar L. Serum zinc in small children with coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(2):343-345
141. Rawal P, Thapa BR, Prasad R, Prasad KK, Nain CK, Singh K. Zinc supplementation to patients with celiac disease-is it required? J Trop Pediatr. 2010;56(6):391-397
142. Singhal N, Alam S, Sherwani R, Musarrat J. Serum zinc levels in celiac disease. Indian Pediatr. 2008;45(4):319-321
143. Bonamico M, Vania A, Monti S, et al. Iron deficiency in children with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1987;6(5):702-706
144. Kapur G, Patwari AK, Narayan S, Anand VK. Iron supplementation in children with celiac disease. Indian J Pediatr. 2003;70(12):955-958
145. Yüce A, Demir H, Temizel IN, Koçak N. Serum carnitine and selenium levels in children with celiac disease. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2004;23(3):87-88
146. Rujner J, Socha J, Syczewska M, Wojtasik A, Kunachowicz H, Stolarczyk A. Magnesium status in children and adolescents with coeliac disease without malabsorption symptoms. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(5):1074-1079
147. Rashid M, Cranney A, Zarkadas M, et al. Celiac disease: evaluation of the diagnosis and dietary compliance in Canadian children. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/116/6/e754
148. Olsson C, Hörnell A, Ivarsson A, Sydner YM. The everyday life of adolescent coeliacs: issues of importance for compliance with the gluten-free diet. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2008;21(4):359-367
149. Hopman EG, le Cessie S, von Blomberg BM, Mearin ML. Nutritional management of the gluten-free diet in young people with celiac disease in The Netherlands. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;43(1):102-108
150. Mariani P, Viti MG, Montuori M, et al. The gluten-free diet: a nutritional risk factor for adolescents with celiac disease? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;27(5):519-523
151. Ohlund K, Olsson C, Hernell O, Ohlund I. Dietary shortcomings in children on a gluten-free diet. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;23(3):294-300
152. Caponio F, Summo C, Clodoveo ML, Pasqualone A. Evaluation of the nutritional quality of the lipid fraction of gluten-free biscuits. Eur Food Res Technol. 2008;227(1):135-139
153. Thompson T. Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin contents of the gluten-free diet: is there cause for concern? J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(7):858-862
154. Thompson T. Folate, iron, and dietary fiber contents of the gluten-free diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(11): 1389-1396
155. American Dietetic Association. Celiac disease (CD). Evidence-based Nutrition Practice Guideline. Chicago, IL: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); 2009
156. Zintzaras E, Germenis AE. Performance of antibodies against tissue transglutaminase for the diagnosis of celiac disease: meta-analysis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13(2):187-192
157. Giersiepen K, Lelgemann M, Stuhldreher N, et al; ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis. Accuracy of diagnostic antibody tests for coeliac disease in children: summary of an evidence report. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(2):229-241
158. Tonutti E, Visentini D, Picierno A, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of the ELISA test for the detection of deamidated anti-gliadin peptide antibodies in the diagnosis and monitoring of celiac disease. J Clin Lab Anal. 2009;23(3):165-171
159. Swallow K, Wild G, Sargur R, et al. Quality not quantity for transglutaminase antibody 2: the performance of an endomysial and tissue transglutaminase test in screening coeliac disease remains stable over time. Clin Exp Immunol. 2013;171(1):100-106
160. Rashtak S, Ettore MW, Homburger HA, Murray JA. Combination testing for antibodies in the diagnosis of coeliac disease: comparison of multiplex immunoassay and ELISA methods. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(6):805-813
161. Wang N, Hammarström L. IgA deficiency: what is new? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;12(6):602-608
162. Kurien M, Leeds JS, Hopper AD, et al. Serological testing for coeliac disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus: is immunoglobulin A level measurement necessary? Diabet Med. 2013;30(7):840-845
163. Bai JC, Fried M, Corazza GR, et al. World Gastroenterology Organization. World Gastroenterology Organization: global guidelines on celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;47:121-126
164. Shahnaz A, Maguire G, Parker R, Heuschkel RB, Zilbauer M. Tissue transglutaminase antibody levels predict IgA deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(11):873-876
165. Green PHR, Cellier C. Celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(17):1731-1743
166. Tosco A, Salvati VM, Auricchio R, et al. Natural history of potential celiac disease in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(4):320-325, quiz e36
167. Kurppa K, Ashorn M, Iltanen S, et al. Celiac disease without villous atrophy in children: a prospective study. J Pediatr. 2010;157(3):373-380, 380.e1
168. Catassi C, Fasano A. Celiac disease diagnosis: simple rules are better than complicated algorithms. Am J Med. 2010;123(8):691-693
169. Megiorni F, Pizzuti A. HLA-DQA1 and HLADQB1 in celiac disease predisposition: practical implications of the HLA molecular typing. J Biomed Sci. 2012;19:88
170. Busch R, De Riva A, Hadjinicolaou AV, Jiang W, Hou T, Mellins ED. On the perils of poor editing: regulation of peptide loading by HLA-DQ and H2-A molecules associated with celiac disease and type 1 diabetes. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2012;14:e15
171. Nachman F, Sugai E, Vázquez H, et al. Serological tests for celiac disease as indicators of long-term compliance with the gluten-free diet. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23(6):473-480
172. Sugai E, Nachman F, Váquez H, et al. Dynamics of celiac disease-specific serology after initiation of a glutenfree diet and use in the assessment of compliance with treatment. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42(5):352-358