Recruitment, counter-recruitment and critical military studies

Global Discourse

Volumn 4, Issue 2-3, 2014, Pages 244-262

  Rech, Matthew F ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Counter recruitment; Critical geopolitics; Feminist geopolitics; Militarism; Militarization; Military recruitment; Military sociology

Indexed keywords

EID: 84979946657     PISSN: 23269995     EISSN: 20437897     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/23269995.2014.909243     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Allen, R. 2009. “The Army Rolls through Indianapolis.” Transformative Works 2. doi:10.3983/twc.2009.0080.
2. Allison, A., and D. Solnit. 2007. Army of None: Strategies to Counter Military Recruitment, End War, and Build a Better World. London: Seven Stories Press.
3. Andreas, J. 2003. Addicted to War: Why the U.S. Can’t Kick Militarism. Edinburgh: AK Press.
4. Archer, E. M. 2013. “The Power of Gendered Stereotypes in the US Marine Corps.” Armed Forces & Society 39 (2): 359–391. doi:10.1177/0095327X12446924.
5. Armstrong, S. 2007. “Britain’s Child Army.” New Statesman. Accessed February 5. http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2007/02/british-army-recruitment-iraq
6. Avant, D. 1996/1997. “Are the Reluctant Warriors out of Control? Why the U.S. Military is Averse to Responding to Post Cold War Low Level Threats.” Security Studies 6 (2): 51–90. doi:10.1080/09636419608429306.
7. Avant, D. 2000. “Privatising Military Training.” Foreign Policy in Focus 7 (6). http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~davant/pub/10_avant_in_focus.pdf
8. Baaz, M. E., and M. Stern. 2013. “Fearless Fighters and Submissive Wives: Negotiating Identity among Women Soldiers in the Congo (DRC).” Armed Forces & Society 39 (4): 711–739. doi:10.1177/0095327X12459715.
9. Bland, D. L. 2001. “Patterns in Liberal Democratic Civil-Military Relations.” Armed Forces & Society 27 (4): 525–540. doi:10.1177/0095327X0102700402.
10. Born, H. 2003. “Democratic Control of Armed Forces: Relevance, Issues, and Research Agenda.” In Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, edited by G. Caforio, 151–166. London: Kluwer/Plenum.
11. Burk, J. 2002. “Theories of Democratic Civil-Military Relations.” Armed Forces & Society 29 (1): 7–29. doi:10.1177/0095327X0202900102.
12. Caforio, G. 2003. “Introduction.” In Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, edited by G. Caforio, 3–26. London: Kluwer/Plenum.
13. Carbonnier, G. 2006. “Privatisation and Outsourcing in Wartime: The Humanitarian Challenges.” Disasters 30 (4): 402–416. doi:10.1111/j.0361-3666.2006.00329.x.
14. Chapman, S. 1999. “Increasing the Operational Effectiveness of Women in the Australian Defence Force.” Australian Defence Force Journal 139 (Nov/Dec): 25–36.
15. Chodoff, E. P. 1983. “Ideology and Primary Groups.” Armed Forces & Society 9 (4): 569–593. doi:10.1177/0095327X8300900404.
16. Cohen, E. A. 1997. “Are U.S. Forces Overstretched? Civil-Military Relations.” Orbis 41 (2): 177–186. doi:10.1016/S0030-4387(97)90061-2.
17. Cowen, D. 2005. “Welfare Warriors: Towards a Genealogy of the Soldier Citizen in Canada.” Antipode 37 (4): 654–678. doi:10.1111/j.0066-4812.2005.00520.x.
18. Cowen, D. 2008. Military Workfare: the Soldier and Social Citizenship in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
19. Dalby, S. 1994. “Gender and Critical Geopolitics: Reading Security Discourse in the New World Disorder.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12 (5): 595–612.
20. Dalby, S. 2008. “Warrior Geopolitics: Gladiator, Black Hawk down and the Kingdom of Heaven.” Political Geography 27: 439–455. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2008.03.004.
21. Dalby, S. 2010. “Recontextualising Violence, Power and Nature: The Next Twenty Years of Critical Geopolitics?” Political Geography 29: 280–288.
22. Der Derian, J. 2001. Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Entertainment-Media-Entertainment Network. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
23. Dodds, K. 2007. Geopolitics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24. Dowler, L. 2012. “Gender, Militarization and Sovereignty.” Geography Compass 6: 490–499. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2012.00509.x.
25. Education.gov.uk. 2014. “Military Ethos.” Accessed April 11, 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/creating-a-military-ethos-in-academies-and-free-schools
26. Eighmey, J. 2006. “Why Do Youth Enlist? Identification of Underlying Themes.” Armed Forces & Society 32 (2): 307–328. doi:10.1177/0095327X05281017.
27. Enloe, C. 1983. Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women’s Lives. London: Pluto Press.
28. Enloe, C. 2007. Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
29. Evans, H. 2013. “Steyrs and Sheilas: The Modern Role of Women in the Australian Army.” Australian Army Journal 10 (3): 41–57.
30. Faris, J. H., and W. Burk. 1982. The Persistence and Importance of Patriotism in the All-Volunteer Force. Washington, DC: Battle Memorial Institute.
31. Feaver, P. D. 1996. “The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control.” Armed Forces & Society 23 (2): 149–178. doi:10.1177/0095327X9602300203.
32. Feaver, P. D. 1999. “Civil-Military Relations.” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 211–241. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.211.
33. Feaver, P. D., and M. Kohn 2000. “The Gap: Soldiers, Civilians and Their Mutual Misunderstanding.” The National Interest 61 (Fall): 29–37.
34. Feaver, P. D., and M. Kohn, eds. 2001. Civilians and Soldiers: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security. London: MIT Press.
35. Feaver, P. D., M. Kohn, and L. P. Cohn. 2001. “The Gap Between Military and Civilian in the United States.” In Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, edited by P. D. Feaver and R. H. Kohn, 1–11. London: MIT Press.
36. Ferner, M. 2006. “Pentagon Database Leaves No Child Alone.” Counterpunch. Accessed February 4–6. http://www.counterpunch.org/2006/02/04/pentagon-database-leaves-no-child-alone/
37. Fredland, J. E. 2004. “Outsourcing Military Force: A Transactions Cost Perspective on the Role of Military Companies.” Defence Peace Economics 15 (3): 205–219. doi:10.1080/10242690310001623410.
38. Gieselmann, H. 2007. “Ordinary Gamers – The Vanishing Violence in War Games and Its Influence on Male Gamers.” Eludamos: Journal for Computer Game Culture 1: 1. http://www.eludamos.org/index.php/eludamos/article/viewArticle/3/4.
39. Graham, S. 2010. Cities under Siege: The New Military Urbanism. London: Verso.
40. Harding, S., and S. Kershner. 2011. “‘Just Say No’: Organizing against Militarism in Public Schools.” Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 38: 79–109.
41. Harries-Jenkins, G. 1986. “Role Images, Military Attitudes and the Enlisted Culture in Great Britain.” In Life in Rank and File, edited by D. Segal and H. W. Sinaiko, 254–271. Mclean VA: Pergamon-Brassey.
42. Higate, P., and A. Cameron. 2006. “Reflexivity and Researching the Military.” Armed Forces & Society 32 (2): 219–233. doi:10.1177/0095327X05278171.
43. Hockey, J. 1981. “‘Squaddies!’ Patterns of Conflict and Cooperation Amongst Private Soldiers.” PhD diss., University of Lancaster.
44. Huntington, S. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
45. Hyndman, J. 2004. “Mind the Gap: Bridging Feminist and Political Geography through Geopolitics.” Political Geography 23: 307–322. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2003.12.014.
46. Hyndman, J. 2007. “Feminist Geopolitics Revisited: Body Counts in Iraq.” The Professional Geographer 59 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00589.x.
47. Jahnkow, R. 2006. “The Counter-Recruitment Movement Beyond Opt-out.” Counterpunch. Accessed July 8–10. http://www.projectyano.org/pdf/Equalaccess2006.pdf.
48. Janowitz, M. 1960. The Professional Soldier: A Sociological and Political Portrait. New York: Free Press.
49. Jenkings, K. N., R. Woodward, A. J. Williams, M. F. Rech, A. L. Murphy, and D. Bos. 2011. “Military Occupations: Methodological Approaches and the Military-Academy Research Nexus.” Sociology Compass 5 (1): 37–51. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00340.x.
50. Jones, L., and D. Sage. 2010. “New Directions in Critical Geopolitics: An Introduction.” Geojournal 75: 315–325. doi:10.1007/s10708-008-9255-4.
51. Katz, C. 2007. “Banal Terrorism: Spatial Fetishism and Everyday Practice.” In Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror and Political Violence, edited by D. Gregory and A. Pred, 349–361. New York: Routledge.
52. Klien, S. A. 2005. “Public Character and the Simulacrum: The Construction of the Soldier Patriot and Citizen Agency Inblack Hawk Down.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 22 (5): 427–449. doi:10.1080/07393180500342993.
53. Kohn, R. H. 1994. “Out of Control: The Crisis in Civil-Military Relations.” National Interest 35: 3–18.
54. Kümmell, G. 2002. “Complete Access: Women in the Bundeswehr and Male Ambivalence.” Armed Forces & Society 28 (4): 55–573.
55. Lewis, H. 2010. “The Wars of Air and Electricity.” Public: Art/Culture/Ideas 40: 12–23.
56. Lutz, C., and L. Bartlett. 1995. Making Soldiers in the Public Schools: An Analysis of the Army JROTC Curriculum. Philadelphia, PA: American Friends Service Committee.
57. McCrory, R. A. 2002. Recruitment and Retention: Targeting the Right Generations. A Research Report Submitted to the US Air Command and Staff College. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ada420596.
58. McSorley, K., ed. 2013. War and the Body: Militarisation, Practice and Experience. London: Routledge.
59. Megoran, N. 2008. “The Task and Responsibility of Geopolitical Analysis.” Geopolitics 13: 403–407. doi:10.1080/14650040801991704.
60. Miller, S. A., M. S. Clinton, and J. P. Camey. 2007. “The Relationship of Motivators, Needs, and Involvement Factors to Preferences for Military Recruitment Slogans.” Journal of Advertising Research 47 (1): 66–78. doi:10.2501/S0021849907070079.
61. Moskos, C. 1977. “From Institution to Occupation: Trends in Military Organizations.” Armed Forces & Society 4 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1177/0095327X7700400103.
62. Moskos, C., J. A. Willams, and D. R. Segal, eds. 2000. The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
63. Nava, P. R. 2011. “Equal Access Struggle: Counter-Military Recruitment on High School Campuses.” The John Marshall Law Review 44: 459–484.
64. Nicley, E. P. 2009. “Placing Blame or Blaming Place? Embodiment, Place and Materiality in Critical Geopolitics.” Political Geography 28: 19–22. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2009.01.006.
65. Nielsen, S. 2005. “Civil-Military Relations Theory and Military Effectiveness.” Public Administration and Management 10 (2): 61–84.
66. Nuciari, M. 2003. “Women in the Military.” In Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, edited by G. Caforio, 279–297. London: Kluwer/Plenum.
67. Ó Tuathail, G. 1996. Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. London: Routledge.
68. Padilla, P. A., and M. R. Laner. 2001. “Trends in Military Influences on Army Recruitment: 1915–1953.” Sociological Inquiry 71 (4): 421–436. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2001.tb01124.x.
69. Padilla, P. A., and M. R. Laner 2002. “Trends in Military Influences on Army Recruitment Themes: 1954–1990.” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 30 (1): 113–133.
70. Penner, D. 2006. War Free Schools: The Rise of the Counter-Recruitment Movement. Toronto, ON: ACT For the Earth.
71. Power, M. 2007. “Digitized Virtuosity: Video War Games and Post-9/11 Cyber-Deterrence.” Security Dialogue 38 (2): 271–288. doi:10.1177/0967010607078552.
72. Rahbek-Clemmensen, J., E. M. Archer, J. Barr, A. Belkin, M. Guerrero, C. Hall, and K. E. O. Swain. 2012. “Conceptualizing the Civil-Military Gap: A Research Note.” Armed Forces & Society 38 (4): 669–678. doi:10.1177/0095327X12456509.
73. Rech, M. F. 2012. “A Critical Geopolitics of RAF Recruitment.” PhD diss., Newcastle University.
74. Rech, M. F. 2014. “Be Part of the Story: A Popular Geopolitics of War Comics Aesthetics and Royal Air Force Recruitment.” Political Geography 39: 36–47. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.07.002.
75. Robb, D. L. 2004. Operation Hollywood: How the Pentagon Shapes and Censors the Movies. Amherst, NY: Premetheus Books.
76. Roderick, I. 2009. “Bare Life of the Virtuous Shadow Warrior: The Use of Silhouette in Military Training Advertisements.” Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 23 (1): 77–91. doi:10.1080/10304310802596325.
77. Rowland, M. 2006. “The Changing Face of the U.S. Military: A Textual Analysis of U.S. Army and U.S. Navy Recruiting Advertisements from Pre-9-11 to Six Years into the Iraq War.” Masters diss., Louisiana State University.
78. Rukavishnikov, V. O., and M. Pugh 2003. “Civil-military Relations.” In Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, edited by G. Caforio, 151–166. London: Kluwer/Plenum.
79. Sackett, P. R., and A. S. Mavor 2003. Attitude, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment: Committee on the Youth Population and Military Recruitment – Phase I. Washington, DC: National Research Council.
80. Sackett, P. R., and A. S. Mavor. 2004. Evaluating Military Advertising and Recruiting: Theory and Methodology. Committee on the Youth Population and Military Recruitment – Phase II. Washington, DC: National Research Council.
81. Salter, M. B. 2011. “The Geographical Imaginations of Video Games: Diplomacy, Civilization, America’s Army and Grand Theft Auto IV.” Geopolitics 16 (2): 359–388. doi:10.1080/14650045.2010.538875.
82. Sangster, E. 2012. “Militarizing Education.” Open Democracy, November 27. http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/emma-sangster/militarising-education
83. Sasson-Levy, O. 2003. “Feminism and Military Gender Practices: Israeli Women Soldiers in “Masculine” Roles.” Sociological Inquiry 73 (3): 440–465. doi:10.1111/1475-682X.00064.
84. Saucier, J. K. 2010. “Mobilizing the Imagination: Army Advertising and the Politics of Culture in Post-Vietnam America.” PhD diss., University of Rochester.
85. Schulzke, M. 2013. “Rethinking Military Gaming: America’s Army and It Critics.” Games and Culture 8 (2): 59–76.
86. Segal, M. S. 1995. “Women’s Military Roles Cross-Nationally: Past, Present, and Future.” Gender & Society 9 (6): 757–775. doi:10.1177/089124395009006008.
87. Sharp, J., P. Routlege, and R. Paddison, eds. 2000. Entanglements of Power: Geographies of Domination/Resistance. London: Routledge.
88. Shaw, I. G. R. 2010. “Playing War.” Social & Cultural Geography 11 (8): 789–803. doi:10.1080/14649365.2010.521855.
89. Sheppard, S. 1998. “Foot Soldiers of the New World Order: The Rise of the Corporate Military.” The New Left Review 228: 128–138.
90. Shyles, L., and J. E. Hocking. 1990. “The Army’s “Be All You Can Be” Campaign.” Armed Forces & Society 16 (3): 369–383. doi:10.1177/0095327X9001600304.
91. Singer, P. W. 2002. “Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry and its Ramifications for International Security.” International Security 26 (3): 186–220. doi:10.1162/016228801753399763.
92. Sisler, V. 2008. “Digital Arabs: Representation in Video Games.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 11: 203–220. doi:10.1177/1567549407088333.
93. Smith, N. 2000. “Is a Critical Geopolitics Possible? Foucault, Class and the Vision Thing.” Political Geography 19 (3): 365–371. doi:10.1016/S0962-6298(99)00069-4.
94. Sparke, M. 2000. “Graphing the Geo in Geo-Political: Critical Geopolitics and the Re-visioning of Responsibility.” Political Geography 19 (3): 373–380. doi:10.1016/S0962-6298(99)00070-0.
95. Stachowitsch, S. 2013. “Professional Soldier, Weak Victim, Patriotic Heroine.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 15 (2): 157–176. doi:10.1080/14616742.2012.699785.
96. Stahl, R. 2006. “Have you Played the War on Terror?” Critical Studies in Media Communication 23 (2): 112–130. doi:10.1080/07393180600714489.
97. Stahl, R. 2010. Militainment, Inc.: War, Media, and Popular Culture. London: Routledge.
98. Stahl, R. 2011. Returning Fire. Film. Media Education Foundation.
99. Sylvester, C., ed. 2011. Experiencing War. London: Routledge.
100. Sylvester, C. 2012. “War Experiences/War Practices/War Theory.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 40 (3): 483–503. doi:10.1177/0305829812442211.
101. Szayna, T. S., K. F. McCarthy, J. M. Sollinger, L. J. Demaine, J. P. Marquis, and B. Steele. 2007. The Civil-Miltary Gap in the United States: Does it Exist, Why, and Does it Matter? Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
102. Tannock, S. 2005. “Is ‘Opting Out’ Really an Answer? Schools, Militarism and the Counter-Recruitment Movement in Post-September 11 United States at War.” Social Justice 32 (3): 163–178.
103. Tuathail, G. Ó. 2005. “The Frustrations of Geopolitics and the Pleasures of War: Behind Enemy Lines and American Geopolitical Culture.” Geopolitics 10: 356–377. doi:10.1080/14650040590946647.
104. Twigg, S., and J. Murphy. 2012. “Why the Military Must Invade Our Schools.” The Telegraph. Accessed July 9. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/9386840/Why-the-military-must-invade-our-schools.html
105. Vogel, S. 2009. “Military Recruiting Faces a Budget Cut.” The Washington Post, May 11. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-05-11/politics/36868362_1_budget-cuts-retention-goals-military-services
106. Winslow, D. J., L. Heinecken, and J. L. Soeters 2003. “Diversity in the Armed Forces.” In Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, edited by G. Caforio, 299–310. London: Kluwer/Plenum.
107. Withers, G. 1977. “Armed Forces Recruitment in Great Britain.” Applied Economics 9: 289–306. doi:10.1080/00036847700000017.
108. Woodward, R., and T. Winter. 2004. “Discourses of Gender in the Contemporary British Army.” Armed Forces & Society 30 (2): 279–301. doi:10.1177/0095327X0403000207.
109. Woodward, R., and T. Winter. 2007. Sexing the Soldier: The Politics of Gender and the Contemporary British Army. London: Routledge.
110. Yeung, D., and B. Gifford. 2011. “Potential Recruits Seek Information Online for Military Enlistment Decision Making: A Research Note.” Armed Forces & Society 37 (3): 534–549. doi:10.1177/0095327X10366104.
111. Zgonjanin, S. 2006. “No Child Left (Behind) Unrecruited.” Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal 5 (2): 167–195.