Erratum: Bladder cancer (The Lancet (2016) 388(10061) (2796–2810) (S0140673616305128) (10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30512-8));Bladder cancer

The Lancet

Volumn 388, Issue 10061, 2016, Pages 2796-2810

  Kamat, Ashish M ^a   Hahn, Noah M ^b   Efstathiou, Jason A ^c   Lerner, Seth P ^d   Malmström, Per Uno ^e   Choi, Woonyoung ^a   Guo, Charles C ^a   Lotan, Yair ^f   Kassouf, Wassim ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CISPLATIN;

ADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY; BLADDER CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GRADING; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CLINICAL FEATURE; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC TRAIT; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MUSCLE INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER; NON MUSCLE INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAPILLARY CARCINOMA; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA; TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION; CARCINOMA; CYSTECTOMY; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; GENETICS; HEMATURIA; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR INVASION; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CARCINOMA; CISPLATIN; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; CYSTECTOMY; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; HEMATURIA; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84977580444     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31776-7     Document Type: Erratum

References (183)

1. 1 American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures 2015, 2015, American Cancer Society, Atlanta.
2. 2 Chamie, K, Saigal, CS, Lai, J, et al., the Urologic Diseases in America Project. Quality of care in patients with bladder cancer: a case report?. Cancer 118 (2012), 1412–1421.
3. 3 Moch, H, Humphrey, PA, Ulbright, TM, Reuter, VE, Tumours of the urinary tract. World Health Organization classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs, 4th edn., 2016, IARC Press, Lyon, France, 77–133.
4. 4 Mostofi, FK, Sobin, LH, Torloni, H, Histological typing of urinary bladder tumours, 1973, World Health Organization, Geneva.
5. 5 Samaratunga, H, Makarov, DV, Epstein, JI, Comparison of WHO/ISUP and WHO classification of noninvasive papillary urothelial neoplasms for risk of progression. Urology 60 (2002), 315–319.
6. 6 Eble, JN, Sauter, G, Epstein, JI, et al. Tumors of the urinary system. World Health Organization classification of tumours: pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs, 2004, IARC Press, Lyon, France, 89–123.
7. 7 Epstein, JI, Amin, MB, Reuter, VR, Mostofi, FK, the Bladder Consensus Conference Committee. The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Am J Surg Pathol 22 (1998), 1435–1448.
8. 8 Mostofi, FK, Davis, CJ, Sesterhenn, IA, Histologic typing of urinary bladder tumors. World Health Organization international histologic classification of tumours, 14th edn., 1999, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 1–29.
9. 9 Cheng, L, MacLennan, GT, Lopez-Beltran, A, Histologic grading of urothelial carcinoma: a reappraisal. Hum Pathol 43 (2012), 2097–2108.
10. 10 Murphy, WM, Takezawa, K, Maruniak, NA, Interobserver discrepancy using the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathology classification of urothelial neoplasms: practical choices for patient care. J Urol 168 (2002), 968–972.
11. 11 Tuna, B, Yörükoglu, K, Düzcan, E, et al. Histologic grading of urothelial papillary neoplasms: impact of combined grading (two-numbered grading system) on reproducibility. Virchows Arch 458 (2011), 659–664.
12. 12 MacLennan, GT, Kirkali, Z, Cheng, L, Histologic grading of noninvasive papillary urothelial neoplasms. Eur Urol 51 (2007), 889–897.
13. 13 Burger, M, van der Aa, MN, van Oers, JM, et al. Prediction of progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer by WHO 1973 and 2004 grading and by FGFR3 mutation status: a prospective study. Eur Urol 54 (2008), 835–843.
14. 14 Chen, Z, Ding, W, Xu, K, et al. The 1973 WHO Classification is more suitable than the 2004 WHO Classification for predicting prognosis in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e47199.
15. 15 Edge, SB, Byrd, DR, Compton, CC, Fritz, AG, Greene, FL, Trotti, A, Urinary bladder. Edge, SB, Byrd, DR, Compton, CC, Fritz, AG, Greene, FL, Trotti, A, (eds.) AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th edn., 2010, Springer, New York, NY, 497–505.
16. 16 Reuter, VE, The pathology of bladder cancer. Urology 67:suppl 1 (2006), 11–17.
17. 17 Hansel, DE, Amin, MB, Comperat, E, et al. A contemporary update on pathology standards for bladder cancer: transurethral resection and radical cystectomy specimens. Eur Urol 63 (2013), 321–332.
18. 18 Miyamoto, H, Sharma, RB, Illei, PB, Epstein, JI, Pitfalls in the use of smoothelin to identify muscularis propria invasion by urothelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 34 (2010), 418–422.
19. 19 Paner, GP, Brown, JG, Lapetino, S, et al. Diagnostic use of antibody to smoothelin in the recognition of muscularis propria in transurethral resection of urinary bladder tumor (TURBT) specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 34 (2010), 792–799.
20. 20 Willis, D, Kamat, AM, Nonurothelial bladder cancer and rare variant histologies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 29 (2015), 237–252.
21. 21 Amin, MB, Histological variants of urothelial carcinoma: diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. Mod Pathol 22:suppl 2 (2009), S96–118.
22. 22 Black, PC, Brown, GA, Dinney, CP, The impact of variant histology on the outcome of bladder cancer treated with curative intent. Urol Oncol 27 (2009), 3–7.
23. 23 Li, W, Liang, Y, Deavers, MT, et al. Uroplakin II is a more sensitive immunohistochemical marker than uroplakin III in urothelial carcinoma and its variants. Am J Clin Pathol 142 (2014), 864–871.
24. 24 Liang, Y, Heitzman, J, Kamat, AM, Dinney, CP, Czerniak, B, Guo, CC, Differential expression of GATA-3 in urothelial carcinoma variants. Hum Pathol 45 (2014), 1466–1472.
25. 25 Lotan, TL, Ye, H, Melamed, J, Wu, XR, Shih, IM, Epstein, JI, Immunohistochemical panel to identify the primary site of invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 33 (2009), 1037–1041.
26. 26 Paner, GP, Annaiah, C, Gulmann, C, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of novel and traditional markers associated with urothelial differentiation in a spectrum of variants of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Hum Pathol 45 (2014), 1473–1482.
27. 27 Martin, JE, Jenkins, BJ, Zuk, RJ, Blandy, JP, Baithun, SI, Clinical importance of squamous metaplasia in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Clin Pathol 42 (1989), 250–253.
28. 28 Lopez-Beltran, A, Cheng, L, Histologic variants of urothelial carcinoma: differential diagnosis and clinical implications. Hum Pathol 37 (2006), 1371–1388.
29. 29 López-Beltrán, A, Martín, J, García, J, Toro, M, Squamous and glandular differentiation in urothelial bladder carcinomas. Histopathology, histochemistry and immunohistochemical expression of carcinoembryonic antigen. Histol Histopathol 3 (1988), 63–68.
30. 30 Compérat, E, Roupret, M, Yaxley, J, et al. Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathological analysis of 72 cases. Pathology 42 (2010), 650–654.
31. 31 Kamat, AM, Dinney, CP, Gee, JR, et al. Micropapillary bladder cancer: a review of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience with 100 consecutive patients. Cancer 110 (2007), 62–67.
32. 32 Beltran, AL, Cheng, L, Montironi, R, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of nested carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Virchows Arch 465 (2014), 199–205.
33. 33 Linder, BJ, Frank, I, Cheville, JC, et al. Outcomes following radical cystectomy for nested variant of urothelial carcinoma: a matched cohort analysis. J Urol 189 (2013), 1670–1675.
34. 34 Dayyani, F, Czerniak, BA, Sircar, K, et al. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma, a chemosensitive cancer with poor prognosis, and peritoneal carcinomatosis. J Urol 189 (2013), 1656–1661.
35. 35 Ricardo-Gonzalez, RR, Nguyen, M, Gokden, N, Sangoi, AR, Presti, JC Jr, McKenney, JK, Plasmacytoid carcinoma of the bladder: a urothelial carcinoma variant with a predilection for intraperitoneal spread. J Urol 187 (2012), 852–855.
36. 36 Lynch, SP, Shen, Y, Kamat, A, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in small cell urothelial cancer improves pathologic downstaging and long-term outcomes: results from a retrospective study at the MD Anderson Cancer Center. Eur Urol 64 (2013), 307–313.
37. 37 Abd El-Latif, A, Watts, KE, Elson, P, Fergany, A, Hansel, DE, The sensitivity of initial transurethral resection or biopsy of bladder tumor(s) for detecting bladder cancer variants on radical cystectomy. J Urol 189 (2013), 1263–1267.
38. 38 Shah, RB, Montgomery, JS, Montie, JE, Kunju, LP, Variant (divergent) histologic differentiation in urothelial carcinoma is under-recognized in community practice: impact of mandatory central pathology review at a large referral hospital. Urol Oncol 31 (2013), 1650–1655.
39. 39 Amin, MB, McKenney, JK, Paner, GP, et al., the International Consultation on Urologic Disease-European Association of Urology Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012. ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012: Pathology. Eur Urol 63 (2013), 16–35.
40. 40 Hansel, DE, Miller, JS, Cookson, MS, Chang, SS, Challenges in the pathology of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a dialogue between the urologic surgeon and the pathologist. Urology 81 (2013), 1123–1130.
41. 41 Dinney, CP, McConkey, DJ, Millikan, RE, et al. Focus on bladder cancer. Cancer Cell 6 (2004), 111–116.
42. 42 Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma. Nature 507 (2014), 315–322.
43. 43 Allory, Y, Beukers, W, Sagrera, A, et al. Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in bladder cancer: high frequency across stages, detection in urine, and lack of association with outcome. Eur Urol 65 (2014), 360–366.
44. 44 Balbás-Martínez, C, Sagrera, A, Carrillo-de-Santa-Pau, E, et al. Recurrent inactivation of STAG2 in bladder cancer is not associated with aneuploidy. Nat Genet 45 (2013), 1464–1469.
45. 45 Gui, Y, Guo, G, Huang, Y, et al. Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling genes in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Nat Genet 43 (2011), 875–878.
46. 46 Hurst, CD, Platt, FM, Knowles, MA, Comprehensive mutation analysis of the TERT promoter in bladder cancer and detection of mutations in voided urine. Eur Urol 65 (2014), 367–369.
47. 47 Solomon, DA, Kim, JS, Bondaruk, J, et al. Frequent truncating mutations of STAG2 in bladder cancer. Nat Genet 45 (2013), 1428–1430.
48. 48 Theodorescu, D, Cech, TR, Telomerase in bladder cancer: back to a better future?. Eur Urol 65 (2014), 370–371.
49. 49 Kim, J, Akbani, R, Creighton, CJ, et al. Invasive bladder cancer: genomic insights and therapeutic promise. Clin Cancer Res 21 (2015), 4514–4524.
50. 50 Biton, A, Bernard-Pierrot, I, Lou, Y, et al. Independent component analysis uncovers the landscape of the bladder tumor transcriptome and reveals insights into luminal and basal subtypes. Cell Rep 9 (2014), 1235–1245.
51. 51 Aine, M, Eriksson, P, Liedberg, F, Sjödahl, G, Höglund, M, Biological determinants of bladder cancer gene expression subtypes. Sci Rep, 5, 2015, 10957.
52. 52 Choi, W, Porten, S, Kim, S, et al. Identification of distinct basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with different sensitivities to frontline chemotherapy. Cancer Cell 25 (2014), 152–165.
53. 53 Damrauer, JS, Hoadley, KA, Chism, DD, et al. Intrinsic subtypes of high-grade bladder cancer reflect the hallmarks of breast cancer biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111 (2014), 3110–3115.
54. 54 Rebouissou, S, Bernard-Pierrot, I, de Reynies, A, et al. EGFR as a potential therapeutic target for a subset of muscle-invasive bladder cancers presenting a basal-like phenotype. Sci Transl Med, 6, 2014, 244ra91.
55. 55 Sjödahl, G, Lauss, M, Lövgren, K, et al. A molecular taxonomy for urothelial carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 18 (2012), 3377–3386.
56. 56 McConkey, DJ, Choi, W, Dinney, CP, New insights into subtypes of invasive bladder cancer: considerations of the clinician. Eur Urol 66 (2014), 609–610.
57. 57 Shin, K, Lim, A, Odegaard, JI, et al. Cellular origin of bladder neoplasia and tissue dynamics of its progression to invasive carcinoma. Nat Cell Biol 16 (2014), 469–478.
58. 58 Van Batavia, J, Yamany, T, Molotkov, A, et al. Bladder cancers arise from distinct urothelial sub-populations. Nat Cell Biol 16 (2014), 982–991 1–5.
59. 59 Groenendijk, FH, de Jong, J, Fransen van de Putte, EE, et al. ERBB2 mutations characterize a subgroup of muscle-invasive bladder cancers with excellent response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur Urol 69 (2016), 384–388.
60. 60 Plimack, ER, Dunbrack, RL, Brennan, TA, et al. Defects in DNA repair genes predict response to neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 68 (2015), 959–967.
61. 61 Van Allen, EM, Mouw, KW, Kim, P, et al. Somatic ERCC2 mutations correlate with cisplatin sensitivity in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Discov 4 (2014), 1140–1153.
62. 62 Powles, T, Eder, JP, Fine, GD, et al. MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer. Nature 515 (2014), 558–562.
63. 63 Rosenberg, JE, Hoffman-Censits, J, Powles, T, et al. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet 387 (2016), 1909–1920.
64. 64 McConkey, DJ, Choi, W, Ochoa, A, Siefker-Radtke, A, Czerniak, B, Dinney, CP, Therapeutic opportunities in the intrinsic subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 29 (2015), 377–394.
65. 65 McConkey, DJ, Choi, W, Shen, Y, et al. A prognostic gene expression signature in the molecular classification of chemotherapy-naive urothelial cancer is predictive of clinical outcomes from neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a phase 2 trial of dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin with bevacizumab in urothelial cancer. Eur Urol 69 (2015), 855–862.
66. 66 Jones, R, Latinovic, R, Charlton, J, Gulliford, MC, Alarm symptoms in early diagnosis of cancer in primary care: cohort study using General Practice Research Database. BMJ, 334, 2007, 1040.
67. 67 Månsson, A, Anderson, H, Colleen, S, Time lag to diagnosis of bladder cancer—influence of psychosocial parameters and level of health-care provision. Scand J Urol Nephrol 27 (1993), 363–369.
68. 68 Jancke, G, Rosell, J, Jahnson, S, Impact of tumour size on recurrence and progression in Ta/T1 carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol 45 (2011), 388–392.
69. 69 Carel, RS, Silverberg, DS, Kaminsky, R, Aviram, A, Routine urinalysis (dipstick) findings in mass screening of healthy adults. Clin Chem 33 (1987), 2106–2108.
70. 70 Bangma, CH, Loeb, S, Busstra, M, et al. Outcomes of a bladder cancer screening program using home hematuria testing and molecular markers. Eur Urol 64 (2013), 41–47.
71. 71 Pesch, B, Nasterlack, M, Eberle, F, et al., the UroScreen Group. The role of haematuria in bladder cancer screening among men with former occupational exposure to aromatic amines. BJU Int 108 (2011), 546–552.
72. 72 Steiner, H, Bergmeister, M, Verdorfer, I, et al. Early results of bladder-cancer screening in a high-risk population of heavy smokers. BJU Int 102 (2008), 291–296.
73. 73 Krogsbøll, LT, Jørgensen, KJ, Gøtzsche, PC, Screening with urinary dipsticks for reducing morbidity and mortality. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, 2015 CD010007.
74. 74 Helenius, M, Brekkan, E, Dahlman, P, Lönnemark, M, Magnusson, A, Bladder cancer detection in patients with gross haematuria: Computed tomography urography with enhancement-triggered scan versus flexible cystoscopy. Scand J Urol 49 (2015), 377–381.
75. 75 Burger, M, Grossman, HB, Droller, M, et al. Photodynamic diagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with hexaminolevulinate cystoscopy: a meta-analysis of detection and recurrence based on raw data. Eur Urol 64 (2013), 846–854.
76. 76 Daneshmand, S, Schuckman, AK, Bochner, BH, et al. Hexaminolevulinate blue-light cystoscopy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: review of the clinical evidence and consensus statement on appropriate use in the USA. Nat Rev Urol 11 (2014), 589–596.
77. 77 Zheng, C, Lv, Y, Zhong, Q, Wang, R, Jiang, Q, Narrow band imaging diagnosis of bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int 110:11 Pt B (2012), E680–E687.
78. 78 Lee, JY, Cho, KS, Kang, DH, et al. A network meta-analysis of therapeutic outcomes after new image technology-assisted transurethral resection for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: 5-aminolaevulinic acid fluorescence vs hexylaminolevulinate fluorescence vs narrow band imaging. BMC Cancer, 15, 2015, 566.
79. 79 Chou, R, Gore, JL, Buckley, D, et al. Urinary biomarkers for diagnosis of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 163 (2015), 922–931.
80. 80 Schmitz-Dräger, BJ, Droller, M, Lokeshwar, VB, et al. Molecular markers for bladder cancer screening, early diagnosis, and surveillance: the WHO/ICUD consensus. Urol Int 94 (2015), 1–24.
81. 81 Lotan, Y, Roehrborn, CG, Sensitivity and specificity of commonly available bladder tumor markers versus cytology: results of a comprehensive literature review and meta-analyses. Urology 61 (2003), 109–118.
82. 82 Xylinas, E, Kluth, LA, Rieken, M, Karakiewicz, PI, Lotan, Y, Shariat, SF, Urine markers for detection and surveillance of bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 32 (2014), 222–229.
83. 83 Schlomer, BJ, Ho, R, Sagalowsky, A, Ashfaq, R, Lotan, Y, Prospective validation of the clinical usefulness of reflex fluorescence in situ hybridization assay in patients with atypical cytology for the detection of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 183 (2010), 62–67.
84. 84 Kamat, AM, Dickstein, RJ, Messetti, F, et al. Use of fluorescence in situ hybridization to predict response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for bladder cancer: results of a prospective trial. J Urol 187 (2012), 862–867.
85. 85 Kamat, AM, Willis, DL, Dickstein, RJ, et al. Novel fluorescence in situ hybridization-based definition of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) failure for use in enhancing recruitment into clinical trials of intravesical therapies. BJU Int 117 (2016), 754–760.
86. 86 Cambier, S, Sylvester, RJ, Collette, L, et al. EORTC nomograms and risk groups for predicting recurrence, progression, and disease-specific and overall survival in non-muscle-invasive stage Ta-T1 urothelial bladder cancer patients treated with 1–3 years of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol 69 (2016), 60–69.
87. 87 Gontero, P, Sylvester, R, Pisano, F, et al. Prognostic factors and risk groups in T1G3 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients initially treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: results of a retrospective multicenter study of 2451 patients. Eur Urol 67 (2015), 74–82.
88. 88 Martin-Doyle, W, Leow, JJ, Orsola, A, Chang, SL, Bellmunt, J, Improving selection criteria for early cystectomy in high-grade t1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of 15ä215 patients. J Clin Oncol 33 (2015), 643–650.
89. 89 Sylvester, RJ, van der Meijden, AP, Oosterlinck, W, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol 49 (2006), 466–565.
90. 90 Willis, DL, Fernandez, MI, Dickstein, RJ, et al. Clinical outcomes of cT1 micropapillary bladder cancer. J Urol 193 (2015), 1129–1134.
91. 91 Kamat, AM, Witjes, JA, Brausi, M, et al. Defining and treating the spectrum of intermediate risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 192 (2014), 305–315.
92. 92 Kamat, AM, Sylvester, RJ, Böhle, A, et al. Definitions, endpoints and clinical trial designs for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC): recommendations from the International Bladder Cancer Group (IBCG). J Clin Oncol 34 (2016), 1935–1944.
93. 93 Divrik, RT, Yildirim, U, Zorlu, F, Ozen, H, The effect of repeat transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with T1 tumors of the bladder who received intravesical mitomycin: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Urol 175 (2006), 1641–1644.
94. 94 Guevara, A, Salomon, L, Allory, Y, et al. The role of tumor-free status in repeat resection before intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin for high grade Ta, T1 and CIS bladder cancer. J Urol 183 (2010), 2161–2164.
95. 95 Sfakianos, JP, Kim, PH, Hakimi, AA, Herr, HW, The effect of restaging transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin. J Urol 191 (2014), 341–345.
96. 96 Herr, HW, The value of a second transurethral resection in evaluating patients with bladder tumors. J Urol 162 (1999), 74–76.
97. 97 Sylvester, RJ, Oosterlinck, W, Holmang, S, et al. Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing a single immediate instillation of chemotherapy after transurethral resection with transurethral resection alone in patients with stage pTa-pT1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: which patients benefit from the instillation?. Eur Urol 69 (2016), 231–244.
98. 98 Kaasinen, E, Rintala, E, Hellström, P, et al., the FinnBladder Group. Factors explaining recurrence in patients undergoing chemoimmunotherapy regimens for frequently recurring superficial bladder carcinoma. Eur Urol 42 (2002), 167–174.
99. 99 Huncharek, M, Geschwind, JF, Witherspoon, B, McGarry, R, Adcock, D, Intravesical chemotherapy prophylaxis in primary superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of 3703 patients from 11 randomized trials. J Clin Epidemiol 53 (2000), 676–680.
100. 100 Kamat, AM, Flaig, TW, Grossman, HB, et al. Expert consensus document: Consensus statement on best practice management regarding the use of intravesical immunotherapy with BCG for bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 12 (2015), 225–235.
101. 101 Malmström, PU, Sylvester, RJ, Crawford, DE, et al. An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 56 (2009), 247–256.
102. 102 Kamat, AM, Porten, S, Myths and mysteries surrounding bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for bladder cancer. Eur Urol 65 (2014), 267–269.
103. 103 Sylvester, RJ, van der Meijden, AP, Witjes, JA, Kurth, K, Bacillus calmette-guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 174 (2005), 86–91.
104. 104 Brausi, M, Oddens, J, Sylvester, R, et al. Side effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in the treatment of intermediate- and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder: results of the EORTC genito-urinary cancers group randomised phase 3 study comparing one-third dose with full dose and 1 year with 3 years of maintenance BCG. Eur Urol 65 (2014), 69–76.
105. 105 Di Stasi, SM, Giannantoni, A, Giurioli, A, et al. Sequential BCG and electromotive mitomycin versus BCG alone for high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 7 (2006), 43–51.
106. 106 Arends, TJ, Nativ, O, Maffezzini, M, et al. Results of a randomised controlled trial comparing intravesical chemohyperthermia with mitomycin c versus bacillus Calmette-Guérin for adjuvant treatment of patients with intermediate- and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 69 (2016), 1046–1052.
107. 107 Segal, R, Yafi, FA, Brimo, F, Tanguay, S, Aprikian, A, Kassouf, W, Prognostic factors and outcome in patients with T1 high-grade bladder cancer: can we identify patients for early cystectomy?. BJU Int 109 (2012), 1026–1030.
108. 108 Lamm, D, Persad, R, Brausi, M, et al. Defining progression in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: it is time for a new, standard definition. J Urol 191 (2014), 20–27.
109. 109 Jarow, J, Maher, VE, Tang, S, et al. Development of systemic and topical drugs to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Bl Cancer 1 (2015), 133–136.
110. 110 Lerner, SP, Dinney, C, Kamat, A, et al. Clarification of bladder cancer disease states following treatment of patients with intravesical BCG. Bl Cancer 1 (2015), 29–30.
111. 111 Gakis, G, Efstathiou, J, Lerner, SP, et al., the International Consultation on Urologic Disease-European Association of Urology Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012. ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012: Radical cystectomy and bladder preservation for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 63 (2013), 45–57.
112. 112 Witjes, JA, Compérat, E, Cowan, NC, et al., the European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: summary of the 2013 guidelines. Eur Urol 65 (2014), 778–792.
113. 113 Kessler, TM, Burkhard, FC, Studer, UE, Clinical indications and outcomes with nerve-sparing cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 32 (2005), 165–175.
114. 114 Pettus, JA, Al-Ahmadie, H, Barocas, DA, et al. Risk assessment of prostatic pathology in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy. Eur Urol 53 (2008), 370–375.
115. 115 Shen, SS, Lerner, SP, Muezzinoglu, B, Truong, LD, Amiel, G, Wheeler, TM, Prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma in patients with bladder cancer and its prognostic significance. Hum Pathol 37 (2006), 726–734.
116. 116 Fritsche, HM, Aziz, A, Eder, F, et al. Potentially clinically relevant prostate cancer is found more frequently after complete than after partial histopathological processing of radical cystoprostatectomy specimens. Virchows Arch 461 (2012), 655–661.
117. 117 Kassouf, W, Spiess, PE, Brown, GA, et al. Prostatic urethral biopsy has limited usefulness in counseling patients regarding final urethral margin status during orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. J Urol 180 (2008), 164–167.
118. 118 von Rundstedt, FC, Lerner, SP, Godoy, G, et al. Usefulness of transurethral biopsy for staging the prostatic urethra before radical cystectomy. J Urol 193 (2015), 58–63.
119. 119 Gordetsky, J, Bivalacqua, T, Schoenberg, M, Epstein, JI, Ureteral and urethral frozen sections during radical cystectomy or cystoprostatectomy: an analysis of denudation and atypia. Urology 84 (2014), 619–623.
120. 120 Satkunasivam, R, Hu, B, Metcalfe, C, et al. Utility and significance of ureteric frozen section analysis during radical cystectomy. BJU Int 117 (2016), 463–468.
121. 121 Roth, B, Wissmeyer, MP, Zehnder, P, et al. A new multimodality technique accurately maps the primary lymphatic landing sites of the bladder. Eur Urol 57 (2010), 205–211.
122. 122 Dhar, NB, Klein, EA, Reuther, AM, Thalmann, GN, Madersbacher, S, Studer, UE, Outcome after radical cystectomy with limited or extended pelvic lymph node dissection. J Urol 179 (2008), 873–878.
123. 123 Bochner, BH, Cho, D, Herr, HW, Donat, M, Kattan, MW, Dalbagni, G, Prospectively packaged lymph node dissections with radical cystectomy: evaluation of node count variability and node mapping. J Urol 172 (2004), 1286–1290.
124. 124 Leissner, J, Hohenfellner, R, Thüroff, JW, Wolf, HK, Lymphadenectomy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder; significance for staging and prognosis. BJU Int 85 (2000), 817–823.
125. 125 Aziz, A, May, M, Burger, M, et al., the PROMETRICS 2011 research group. Prediction of 90-day mortality after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in a prospective European multicenter cohort. Eur Urol 66 (2014), 156–163.
126. 126 Donat, SM, Shabsigh, A, Savage, C, et al. Potential impact of postoperative early complications on the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy: a high-volume tertiary cancer center experience. Eur Urol 55 (2009), 177–185.
127. 127 Gangkak, G, Giri, V, Yadav, SS, Re: Enhanced recovery protocol after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J Urol 194 (2015), 852–853.
128. 128 Linder, BJ, Frank, I, Cheville, JC, et al. The impact of perioperative blood transfusion on cancer recurrence and survival following radical cystectomy. Eur Urol 63 (2013), 839–845.
129. 129 Morgan, TM, Barocas, DA, Chang, SS, et al. The relationship between perioperative blood transfusion and overall mortality in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 31 (2013), 871–877.
130. 130 Bochner, BH, Dalbagni, G, Sjoberg, DD, et al. Comparing open radical cystectomy and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Urol 67 (2015), 1042–1050.
131. 131 Khan, MS, Gan, C, Ahmed, K, et al. A single-centre early phase randomised controlled three-arm trial of open, robotic, and laparoscopic radical cystectomy (CORAL). Eur Urol 69 (2016), 613–621.
132. 132 Kurpad, R, Woods, M, Robot-assisted radical cystectomy. J Surg Oncol 112 (2015), 728–735.
133. 133 Smith, ND, Castle, EP, Gonzalgo, ML, et al. The RAZOR (randomized open vs robotic cystectomy) trial: study design and trial update. BJU Int 115 (2015), 198–205.
134. 134 Jani, AB, Efstathiou, JA, Shipley, WU, Bladder preservation strategies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 29 (2015), 289–300.
135. 135 European Association of Urology. Muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. http://uroweb.org/guideline/bladder-cancer-muscle-invasive-and-metastatic/ (accessed Oct 10, 2015).
136. 136 National Comprehensive Cancer Network. National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical practice guidelines in oncology. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp, 2016 (available June 15, 2016).
137. 137 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Treating muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In: Bladder cancer: diagnosis and management. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng2/chapter/1-recommendations#treating-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer-2 (accessed Oct 10, 2015).
138. 138 Gospodarowicz, MK, Rider, WD, Keen, CW, et al. Bladder cancer: long-term follow-up results of patients treated with radical radiation. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 3 (1991), 155–161.
139. 139 Quilty, PM, Duncan, W, Treatment of superficial (T1) tumours of the bladder by radical radiotherapy. Br J Urol 58 (1986), 147–152.
140. 140 Weiss, C, Wolze, C, Engehausen, DG, et al. Radiochemotherapy after transurethral resection for high-risk T1 bladder cancer: an alternative to intravesical therapy or early cystectomy?. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006), 2318–2324.
141. 141 Harland, SJ, Kynaston, H, Grigor, K, et al., the National Cancer Research Institute Bladder Clinical Studies Group. A randomized trial of radical radiotherapy for the management of pT1G3 NXM0 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 178 (2007), 807–813.
142. 142 RTOG. RTOG 0926 protocol information. https://www.rtog.org/ClinicalTrials/ProtocolTable/StudyDetails.aspx?study=0926 (accessed Oct 13, 2015).
143. 143 Efstathiou, JA, Saylor, P, Wszolek, M, Giacalone, NJ, Bladder preservation treatment options for muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/bladder-preservation-treatment-options-for-muscle-invasive-urothelial-bladder-cancer, 2015 (accessed June 15, 2016).
144. 144 James, ND, Hussain, SA, Hall, E, et al., the BC2001 Investigators. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 366 (2012), 1477–1488.
145. 145 Mitin, T, Hunt, D, Shipley, WU, et al. Transurethral surgery and twice-daily radiation plus paclitaxel-cisplatin or fluorouracil-cisplatin with selective bladder preservation and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (RTOG 0233): a randomised multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 14 (2013), 863–872.
146. 146 Choudhury, A, Swindell, R, Logue, JP, et al. Phase II study of conformal hypofractionated radiotherapy with concurrent gemcitabine in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 29 (2011), 733–738.
147. 147 Efstathiou, JA, Spiegel, DY, Shipley, WU, et al. Long-term outcomes of selective bladder preservation by combined-modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer: the MGH experience. Eur Urol 61 (2012), 705–711.
148. 148 Giacalone, N, Clayman, R, Efstathiou, J, et al. Long-term outcomes after bladder-preserving combined modality therapy for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93:suppl (2015), S22–S23.
149. 149 Mak, RH, Hunt, D, Shipley, WU, et al. Long-term outcomes in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer after selective bladder-preserving combined-modality therapy: a pooled analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol 32 (2014), 3801–3809.
150. 150 Sanchez, A, Wszolek, MF, Clayman, RH, et al. Incidence and management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer recurrences after complete response to combined-modality organ-preserving therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 193, 2015, e298.
151. 151 Eswara, JR, Efstathiou, JA, Heney, NM, et al. Complications and long-term results of salvage cystectomy after failed bladder sparing therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 187 (2012), 463–468.
152. 152 Efstathiou, JA, Bae, K, Shipley, WU, et al. Late pelvic toxicity after bladder-sparing therapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: RTOG 89-03, 95-06, 97-06, 99-06. J Clin Oncol 27 (2009), 4055–4061.
153. 153 Mak, KS, Smith, A, Eidelman, A, et al. Quality of life in long-term survivors of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol, 33(suppl 7), 2015 abstract 319.
154. 154 Zietman, AL, Sacco, D, Skowronski, U, et al. Organ conservation in invasive bladder cancer by transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiation: results of a urodynamic and quality of life study on long-term survivors. J Urol 170 (2003), 1772–1776.
155. 155 Choudhury, A, Nelson, LD, Teo, MT, et al. MRE11 expression is predictive of cause-specific survival following radical radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Res 70 (2010), 7017–7026.
156. 156 Baumann, BC, Guzzo, TJ, He, J, et al. Bladder cancer patterns of pelvic failure: implications for adjuvant radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85 (2013), 363–369.
157. 157 Christodouleas, JP, Baumann, BC, He, J, et al. Optimizing bladder cancer locoregional failure risk stratification after radical cystectomy using SWOG 8710. Cancer 120 (2014), 1272–1280.
158. 158 Oncology, NRG, NRG-GU001: Randomized phase II trial of postoperative adjuvant IMRT following cystectomy for pT3/pT4 urothelial bladder cancer. https://www.nrgoncology.org/Clinical-Trials/NRG-GU001 (accessed Sep 20, 2015).
159. 159 Grossman, HB, Natale, RB, Tangen, CM, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 349 (2003), 859–866.
160. 160 Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer (ABC) meta-analysis collaboration. Eur Urol 48 (2005), 202–205.
161. 161 Plimack, ER, Hoffman-Censits, JH, Viterbo, R, et al. Accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin is safe, effective, and efficient neoadjuvant treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of a multicenter phase II study with molecular correlates of response and toxicity. J Clin Oncol 32 (2014), 1895–1901.
162. 162 Choueiri, TK, Jacobus, S, Bellmunt, J, et al. Neoadjuvant dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin with pegfilgrastim support in muscle-invasive urothelial cancer: pathologic, radiologic, and biomarker correlates. J Clin Oncol 32 (2014), 1889–1894.
163. 163 Dash, A, Pettus, JA 4th, Herr, HW, et al. A role for neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a retrospective experience. Cancer 113 (2008), 2471–2477.
164. 164 Griffiths, G, Hall, R, Sylvester, R, Raghavan, D, Parmar, MK the International Collaboration of Trialists the Medical Research Council Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party (now the National Cancer Research Institute Bladder Cancer Clinical Studies Group) the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Group the Australian Bladder Cancer Study Group the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group the Finnbladder the Norwegian Bladder Cancer Study Group, the Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico Group. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of the BA06 30894 trial. J Clin Oncol 29 (2011), 2171–2177.
165. 165 Sternberg, CN, Skoneczna, I, Kerst, JM, et al. the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Cancers Group the Groupe d'Etude des Tumeurs Urogénitales the National Cancer Research Institute Bladder Cancer Study Group the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group, the German Association of Urologic Oncology. Immediate versus deferred chemotherapy after radical cystectomy in patients with pT3-pT4 or N+ M0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (EORTC 30994): an intergroup, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16 (2015), 76–86.
166. 166 Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration. Adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Eur Urol 48 (2005), 189–199.
167. 167 Leow, JJ, Martin-Doyle, W, Rajagopal, PS, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: a 2013 updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Urol 66 (2014), 42–54.
168. 168 Gogna, NK, Matthews, JHL, Turner, SL, et al., the Trans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group. Efficacy and tolerability of concurrent weekly low dose cisplatin during radiation treatment of localised muscle invasive bladder transitional cell carcinoma: a report of two sequential Phase II studies from the Trans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group. Radiother Oncol 81 (2006), 9–17.
169. 169 von der Maase, H, Hansen, SW, Roberts, JT, et al. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. J Clin Oncol 18 (2000), 3068–3077.
170. 170 Sternberg, CN, de Mulder, PH, Schornagel, JH, et al., the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol no. 30924. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001), 2638–2646.
171. 171 De Santis, M, Bellmunt, J, Mead, G, et al. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol 30 (2012), 191–199.
172. 172 Bellmunt, J, Théodore, C, Demkov, T, et al. Phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone after a platinum-containing regimen in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. J Clin Oncol 27 (2009), 4454–4461.
173. 173 Apolo, AB, Infante, JR, Hamid, O, et al. Safety, clinical activity, and PD-L1 expresssion of avelumab (MSB0010718C), an anti-PD-L1 antibody, in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma from the JAVELIN solid tumor phase Ib trial. J Clin Oncol, 34(suppl 2), 2016 abstract 367.
174. 174 Plimack, E, Bellmunt, J, Gupta, S, et al. Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) for advanced urothelial cancer: updated results and biomarker analysis from KEYNOTE-012. J Clin Oncol, 33, 2015 abstract 4502.
175. 175 Carthon, BC, Wolchok, JD, Yuan, J, et al. Preoperative CTLA-4 blockade: tolerability and immune monitoring in the setting of a presurgical clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res 16 (2010), 2861–2871.
176. 176 Galsky, MD, Hahn, NM, Albany, C, et al. Phase II trial of gemcitabine + cisplatin + ipilimumab in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol, 34(suppl 2), 2016 abstract 357.
177. 177 van Kessel, KEM, Zuiverloon, TCM, Alberts, AR, Boormans, JL, Zwarthoff, EC, Targeted therapies in bladder cancer: an overview of in vivo research. Nat Rev Urol 12 (2015), 681–694.
178. 178 Sharma, P, Allison, JP, The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science 348 (2015), 56–61.
179. 179 Babjuk, M, Burger, M, Zigeuner, R, et al., the European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: update 2013. Eur Urol 64 (2013), 639–653.
180. 180 Clark, PE, Agarwal, N, Biagioli, MC, et al., the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Bladder cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 11 (2013), 446–475.
181. 181 Hall, MC, Chang, SS, Dalbagni, G, et al. Guideline for the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Ta, T1, and Tis): 2007 update. J Urol 178 (2007), 2314–2330.
182. 182 Kamat, AM, Briggman, J, Urbauer, DL, et al. Cytokine panel for response to intravesical therapy (CyPRIT): nomogram of changes in urinary cytokine levels predicts patient response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Eur Urol 69 (2016), 197–200.
183. 183 Culp, SH, Dickstein, RJ, Grossman, HB, et al. Refining patient selection for neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical cystectomy. J Urol 191 (2014), 40–47.